Endometriosis, in vitro fertilisation and the risk of gynaecological malignancies, including ovarian and breast cancer

Nikolaos Vlahos, Nikos F Vlahos, Konstantinos P. Economopoulos, Fotiou S, Stylianos Fotiou
Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology · 2009 · vol. 24(1) , pp. 39–50 · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2009.08.004 · PMID:19733123 · W2140262143
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This paper investigates the association between endometriosis, in vitro fertilization, and the risk of gynecological malignancies, specifically ovarian and breast cancer.

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Abstract

There is evidence that endometriosis as well as drugs used in the process of in vitro fertilisation appear to associate with increased risk for gynaecological cancer. In this review, we attempt to describe this relationship according to the most recent epidemiologic data and to present the possible mechanisms on the molecular level that could potentially explain this correlation. There are data to support that ovarian endometriosis could have the potential for malignant transformation. Epidemiologic and genetic studies support this notion. It seems that endometriosis is associated with specific types of ovarian cancer (endometrioid and clear cell). There is no clear association between endometriosis and breast or endometrial cancer. More studies are needed to establish the risk factors that may lead to malignant transformation of this condition and to identify predisposed individuals who may require closer surveillance. Currently, there is no proven relationship between any type of gynaecological cancer and drugs used for infertility treatment. In principle, infertile women have increased risk for gynaecologic malignancies. Nulligravidas who received treatment are at increased risk for malignancy compared with women who had conceived after treatment. There is limited evidence that clomiphene citrate use for more than six cycles or 900mg or treatment of women over the age of 40 could increase their risk for ovarian and breast cancer. More studies with the appropriate statistical power and follow-up time are required to evaluate accurately the long-term effects of these drugs and procedures.

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Condition tags

endometriosis

MeSH descriptors

Endometriosis Fertilization in Vitro Genital Neoplasms, Female bcl-2-Associated X Protein bcl-2-Associated X Protein Biomarkers, Tumor Biomarkers, Tumor Breast Neoplasms Breast Neoplasms Clomiphene Clomiphene Clomiphene Endometriosis Estrogens Estrogens Estrogens Female Fertility Agents, Female Fertility Agents, Female Fertility Agents, Female

Citation neighborhood

Papers in the corpus that this work cites (lower rings, blue) and that cite this one (upper rings, green). Dot size scales with the paper's in-corpus citation count — bigger dot = more influential within the endo/adeno field. Click a dot to open that paper. [ expand to 2 hops ] — adds papers reached through this work's immediate citers/citees. Heavier; up to 60 extra dots.

References (86)

Cited by (31)

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License: CC0 · commercial use OK