Heme metabolism and HO-1 in the pathogenesis and potential intervention of endometriosis

Heme metabolism and HO-1 in the pathogenesis and potential intervention of endometriosis Ding-Yu Hou Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Search for more papers by this authorJia-Jing Lu Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Search for more papers by this authorXing Zhang Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Search for more papers by this authorAyitila Abudukeyoumu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Jiading District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author Ming-Qing Li Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Correspondence Feng Xie and Ming-Qing Li, Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Email: [email protected] and [email protected] Xiao-Yong Zhu, Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Email: [email protected] Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author Xiao-Yong Zhu Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Correspondence Feng Xie and Ming-Qing Li, Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Email: [email protected] and [email protected] Xiao-Yong Zhu, Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Email: [email protected] Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author Feng Xie Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Medical Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Cervical and Intrauterine Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Correspondence Feng Xie and Ming-Qing Li, Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Email: [email protected] and [email protected] Xiao-Yong Zhu, Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Email: [email protected] Search for more papers by this authorDing-Yu Hou Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Search for more papers by this authorJia-Jing Lu Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Search for more papers by this authorXing Zhang Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Search for more papers by this authorAyitila Abudukeyoumu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Jiading District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author Ming-Qing Li Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Correspondence Feng Xie and Ming-Qing Li, Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Email: [email protected] and [email protected] Xiao-Yong Zhu, Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Email: [email protected] Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author Xiao-Yong Zhu Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Correspondence Feng Xie and Ming-Qing Li, Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Email: [email protected] and [email protected] Xiao-Yong Zhu, Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Email: [email protected] Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author Feng Xie Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Medical Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Cervical and Intrauterine Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China Correspondence Feng Xie and Ming-Qing Li, Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Email: [email protected] and [email protected] Xiao-Yong Zhu, Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Email: [email protected] Search for more papers by this authorAbstract Endometriosis (EM) is one of the diseases related to retrograded menstruation and hemoglobin. Heme, released from hemoglobin, is degraded by heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). In EM lesions, heme metabolites regulate processes such as inflammation, redox balance, autophagy, dysmenorrhea, malignancy, and invasion, where macrophages (Mø) play a fundamental role in their interactions. Regulation occurs at molecular, cellular, and pathological levels. Numerous studies suggest that heme is an indispensable component in EM and may contribute to its pathogenesis. The regulatory role of heme in EM encompasses cytokines, signaling pathways, and kinases that mediate cellular responses to external stimuli. HO-1, a catalytic enzyme in the catabolic phase of heme, mitigates heme's cytotoxicity in EM due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative properties. Certain compounds may intervene in EM by targeting heme metabolism, guiding the development of appropriate treatments for all stages of endometriosis. CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT The authors declare no conflicts of interest. 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