Der derzeitige Stand der konservativen Therapie der Endometriose
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Abstract
Bei Verdacht auf Vorliegen einer Endometriose ist als erste Maßnahme, insbesondere bei bestehendem Kinderwunsch, die operative (prioritär endoskopische) Intervention mit Gewebsentnahme zur histologischen Sicherung der Diagnose und, nach Maßgabe, die Ablation bzw. Exzision endometriotisch veränderten Gewebes anzustreben. Vielfach wird postoperativ eine konservative Therapie angeschlossen. In ausgewählten Fällen kann, nach Vorliegen der Histologie, eine ausschließlich medikamentöse Behandlung als Primärtherapie empfohlen werden. Es ist zu berücksichtigen, daß in 2080 % der Fälle innerhalb von fünf Jahren Rezidive bzw. rezidivierende Beschwerden auftreten, unabhängig davon, ob die Primärtherapie operativ, konservativ oder kombiniert erfolgte. Für das Verständnis konservativer Therapiekonzepte ist die Kenntnis der Theorien über die Pathogenese der Endometriose unerläßlich. Die Entstehung des Krankheitsbildes Endometriose ist offensichtlich multifaktoriell. So scheinen Faktoren wie retrograde Menstruation, Metaplasie des Peritonealepithels, aberrante Genexpressionen im eutopen Endometrium, wie auch in ektopen Endometrioseläsionen, der Einfluß erhöhter Estrogengewebskonzentrationen, eine relative Progesteronresistenz wie auch genetische, immunologische, inflammatorische und angiogenetische Faktoren und Umwelteinflüsse eine Rolle zu spielen. Viele Jahre standen "klassische" konservative Endometriosetherapiekonzepte (z. B. GnRHAnaloga, GnRH-Antagonisten, Antigonadotropine u. a.), denen eine Absenkung zirkulierender Estrogenspiegel als Wirkmechanismus zugrunde liegt, im Vordergrund. Um den daraus resultierenden Estrogenmangelsymptomen (insbesondere einer Osteoporose) entgegenzuwirken, wurden derartige Therapiekonzepte durch die Zugabe von Steroiden, Tibolon bzw. Bisphosphonaten ("Add-back-Therapie") erweitert. Basierend auf den derzeit in Diskussion stehenden pathogenetischen Mechanismen, wurde eine Vielzahl von Substanzen zur konservativen Therapie der Endometriose mit unterschiedlichem Erfolg in Studien getestet (z. B. selektive Estrogen- bzw. Progesteronrezeptormodulatoren, Aromatasehemmer, Cyclooxygenase-2-Inhibitoren, Angiogenesehemmer, Immunmodulatoren u. a.). Von den neueren Therapieoptionen haben bisher insbesondere Aromatasehemmer und Cyclooxygenase-2-Inhibitoren Eingang in praktische Therapiekonzepte gefunden.
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