Predisposing and Protective Factors of Endometriosis
Endometriosis risk is associated with early menarche, short cycles, heavy bleeding, nulliparity, low birth weight, and obesity, often linked to elevated estrogen levels or prolonged menstruation.
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This chapter reviews predisposition and protection factors for endometriosis, focusing on epidemiologic and mechanistic links between reproductive history and disease risk. It summarizes associations with early menarche (age ≤11), short menstrual cycles, menorrhagia, nulliparity, low birth weight, and obesity, noting that many factors relate to elevated estrogen or prolonged menstruation. The key finding is that these converging associations support estrogen dependence of endometriosis and connect menstruation-related exposures to risk, with the caveat that the discussion is based on reported associations rather than new pooled analyses in the chapter itself. This paper is centrally about endometriosis — it synthesizes predisposing and protective factors (e.g., estrogen-related and menstruation-related exposures) underlying endometriosis risk.
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