Anti-Müllerian hormone is decreased in women with superficial peritoneal endometriosis and associated with an elevated inflammatory profile

Meaghan J. Griffiths, Martha E. Brown, Douglas A Gibson, Frances Collins, Cheryl E. Dunlop, Philippa T. K. Saunders, Andrew W. Horne
In: medRxiv · 2025 · doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.25334349 · W4413756956
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⚙ AI-generated summary by claude@2026-06, 2026-06-08 ⓘ

Superficial peritoneal endometriosis is associated with reduced anti-Müllerian hormone levels and elevated circulating IL-17 and TNF-α, as well as pelvic IL-23, suggesting a pro-inflammatory environment.

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⚙ AI-generated deep summary by claude@2026-06, 2026-06-08 ⓘ

This study evaluated how superficial peritoneal endometriosis (SPE) affects anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and inflammatory cytokines, using venous blood (n=105) collected before diagnostic laparoscopy and pelvic peritoneal fluid from a subset (n=38). Women were categorized by surgical findings as no endometriosis, SPE only, or SPE with an ovarian endometrioma, and the Endometriosis Fertility Index (EFI) was calculated after surgery; serum AMH and cytokines were measured by ELISA or multiplex assays. The key findings were that EFI scores were reduced in SPE groups versus controls, and serum AMH was lower in SPE and more strongly in SPE with ovarian endometrioma after accounting for age (with hormone use further modifying some cytokine patterns). A stated limitation was that the small number of women not using hormones prevented determining whether circulating IL-17/TNF-α or pelvic IL-23 levels negatively correlated with AMH. This paper is centrally about endometriosis — specifically superficial peritoneal endometriosis and its association with decreased AMH and a compartment-specific inflammatory profile.

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Abstract

Abstract Study question How are the levels of anti-Müllerian hormone and inflammatory cytokines influenced by superficial peritoneal endometriosis (SPE)? Summary answer Fertility metrics (Endometriosis Fertility Index (EFI), and serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels) are reduced in women with SPE. Simultaneously, inflammatory markers are elevated in the circulation and local pelvic peritoneal microenvironment, with distinct changes in each compartment. What is known already Between 25-40% of women with endometriosis experience infertility, though the mechanisms behind this are poorly understood. Ovarian endometriosis is known to decrease AMH levels and contribute to infertility, but little is known about SPE-associated infertility, and how the peritoneal microenvironment might play a role in infertility for women with SPE. Study design, size, duration Venous blood samples from women with suspected endometriosis were collected prior to diagnostic laparoscopy (n=105). Pelvic peritoneal fluid was also collected from a subset of the women (n=38). The Endometriosis Fertility Index (EFI) was calculated after surgery, and levels of AMH and inflammatory cytokines measured by ELISA or multiplex Luminex. Participants/materials, setting, methods Based on their surgical findings, women were classified as no endometriosis observed (no endo; n=39), superficial peritoneal lesions only (SPE; n=43), or SPE with an ovarian endometrioma (SPE+OE; n=23). Women were further grouped by their use of hormone treatments to manage their endometriosis symptoms (no endo: no hormones n=14, hormones n=25; SPE: no hormones n=20, hormones n=23; SPE+OE: no hormones n=17, hormones n=6). Data are described as either mean ± standard deviation, or median [interquartile range]. Main results and the role of chance SPE+OE women were older (31.73±6.31) than SPE (27.77±6.14; p=0.04) and control women (27.65±5.81; p=0.02). Both SPE and SPE+OE groups had lower EFI scores compared to women with no endometriosis (no endo 9.41±0.50; SPE 8.63±1.11 p=0.04, SPE+OE 6.95±1.60 p<0.0001). Serum AMH levels were lower for SPE alone (p=0.009) and SPE+OE women (0.73ng/mL [0.32, 1.19], p=0.002) compared to women with no endometriosis (1.15ng/mL [0.75, 1.94]) when accounting for age. When also accounting for hormone use, women with SPE+OE had lower AMH levels compared to women with no endometriosis (p=0.02), while women with SPE alone did not (p=0.069). Moreover, women with SPE not using hormones had elevated serum IL-17 (4.45pg/mL [4.26, 4.88] vs 3.84pg/mL [3.54, 4.19], p=0.02) and TNF-α compared to women with no endometriosis (4.28pg/mL, [3.37, 5.88] vs 1.99pg/mL, [1.49, 3.43], p=0.03), while pelvic peritoneal fluid levels of IL-23 were elevated in women with SPE not using hormones (212.4pg/mL, [184.0, 244.5] vs 121.3, [46.37, 147.60], p=004). These differences were not significant in women using hormones. Limitations, reasons for caution Due to the limited sample size of women not using hormones, we were unable to determine if serum IL-17 or TNF-α, or pelvic peritoneal IL-23 levels negatively correlated with AMH levels. Wider implications of the findings Women with SPE, with or without OE, have lower AMH levels - indicative of reduced ovarian reserve - compared to women without endometriosis. Among those with SPE, diminished AMH was associated with increased serum levels of IL-17 and TNF-α and elevated IL-23 in the pelvic peritoneal fluid, suggesting compartment-specific inflammatory profiles. Notably, changes to circulating inflammatory cytokines were different when use of hormonal therapy was taken into account, highlighting such treatments may modulate inflammation linked to endometriosis. Taken together, our data support the need for further investigation into inflammation as a potential mechanism underlying infertility in women with SPE in the absence of OE. Study funding/competing interest(s) Deanery of Clinical Sciences Funding Challenge, University of Edinburgh awarded to MJG. Trial registration number University of Edinburgh Lothian Ethics Committee REC 20/LO/1298.

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endometriosisendometriomainfertility

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