Epidemiological Analysis of Endometriosis in Women: Risk Factors and Health Outcomes

Parvathy Sreekumar, Anitha Chandrahausan, Anthony Josephine, Prabu Dhandapani, Rasitha Chathoth, Sheeja Mullukalayil Joseph, Bobby Joseph, Sigha Unnikrishnan, Jayasudha Edatholath, Dinesh Roy D
In: Fertility & Reproduction · 2026 · vol. 08(02) , pp. 62–72 · doi:10.1142/s2661318226500039 · W7165565961
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This study found that endometriosis is associated with metabolic, hormonal, and immune dysregulation, with risk factors including impaired glucose metabolism, dyslipidaemia, thyroid dysfunction, and psychological stress.

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Abstract

Introduction: Endometriosis is a benign, chronic inflammatory condition affecting about 10% of women, particularly of reproductive age. It is characterised by ectopic endometrial glands and stroma, often causing pelvic pain, dysmenorrhoea and infertility. Although its association with infertility is established, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Aims: To investigate the contributing factors related to endometriosis, focusing on demographic, metabolic, hormonal, lifestyle and inflammatory parameters, and to assess its association with adverse health outcomes. Methods: A total of 300 women were recruited, comprising 150 diagnosed cases of endometriosis and 150 healthy controls. Data on demographic, anthropometric, physiological, clinical and lifestyle factors were collected using a structured questionnaire. Laboratory investigations assessed biochemical and hormonal profiles. Results: Socio-demographic characteristics were similar between groups, except for significant differences in geographic residence and religious affiliation. Women with endometriosis showed a higher occurrence of impaired glucose metabolism, dyslipidaemia, thyroid dysfunction, psychological stress, menorrhagia, dysmenorrhoea, painful bowel movements during menstruation, polycystic ovary syndrome, parental consanguinity, dyspareunia and distinctive dietary patterns. Physiological variations included shorter menstrual cycles, longer menstruation duration, increased abdominal circumference and elevated body mass index. These findings suggest a multifactorial aetiology involving genetic predisposition, hormonal imbalance, lifestyle influences and inflammatory processes. Conclusion: The findings suggest an association between endometriosis and metabolic, hormonal and immune dysregulation. Biomarkers such as fasting glucose, triglycerides, prolactin and uric acid may support early detection and diagnosis. Combining biochemical and metabolic assessments with advanced molecular diagnostics may enhance individualised risk evaluation and targeted therapeutic strategies.

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