Benign breast diseases in the focus of proliferative pathology of the reproductive system

L.V. Adamyan, А. Э. Протасова, A.A. Stepanian, Anna Alyasova
In: Russian Journal of Human Reproduction · 2024 · vol. 30(3) , pp. 33 · doi:10.17116/repro20243003133 · W4400649141
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⚙ AI-generated summary by claude@2026-06, 2026-06-07 ⓘ

Benign breast diseases, comprising 95-97% of mammary gland pathologies, are frequently associated with gynecological conditions and require comprehensive examination and management to prevent progression.

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⚙ AI-generated deep summary by claude@2026-06, 2026-06-07 ⓘ

The paper reviews benign breast diseases, focusing on benign breast dysplasia as part of proliferative pathology in the reproductive system, describing prevalence, age trends, and proposed pathogenesis in women. It synthesizes epidemiologic associations and mechanistic links, including chronic hyperestrogenism, progesterone deficiency, altered steroid hormone receptor signaling, neuroendocrine dysregulation, changes in estrogen metabolite balance (2-hydroxyestrone vs 16α-hydroxyestrone), and roles of growth factors, apoptosis inhibition, immune response, and angiogenesis, while noting a caveat that it is a narrative overview rather than a new empirical study. The article also summarizes suggested biomarker use of prolactin for diagnosing and staging endometriosis and reports that benign breast dysplasia commonly co-occurs with hyperplastic processes in the endometrium/myometrium and other gynecologic conditions. Relevance to endometriosis: the paper explicitly cites endometriosis as a comorbidity/risk context within hormone-dependent gynecologic disorders and states that prolactin levels can differentiate patients with and without endometriosis and distinguish its severity, though the paper’s main focus is benign breast dysplasia and related breast pathology.

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Abstract

The mammary gland is a paired organ of the reproductive system, belonging to the type of apocrine glands of the skin. The main function of the mammary gland is the synthesis and secretion of milk. The structure and function of the mammary glands change significantly at different stages of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and lactation. In the structure of mammary gland diseases there are benign, accounting for 95—97% and representing a heterogeneous group of pathologies and malignant neoplasms, which account for 3—5%. Benign mammary dysplasia (BMD) is a group of diseases characterised by a wide range of proliferative and regressive changes in the gland tissue with disordered ratios of epithelial and connective tissue components. Patients diagnosed with AMD often have gynaecological diseases (menstrual disorders, uterine leiomyoma, endometrial hyperplasia, endometriosis, STD). Such women should form a special group of dispensary observation by a gynaecologist, and their examination and treatment should be aimed at reducing proliferative processes, prevention of progression and recurrence of diseases of the breast and female genital organs. Any patient who comes to a gynaecologist with breast pathology should be fully examined in order to exclude gynaecological diseases. The main principles of prevention of benign breast dysplasia in the practice of obstetrician-gynaecologist should be the earliest possible detection, etiopathogenetic treatment, prevention of abortion, proper management of pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum period and, of course, rational individualised contraception.

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endometriosis

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