The rarest forms of endometriosis
This paper describes rare forms of extragenital endometriosis, including in the lungs, diaphragm, abdominal wall, umbilicus, appendix, and brain, detailing clinical cases and management strategies.
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This paper reviews rare forms of endometriosis, focusing on extragenital presentations such as pulmonary and diaphragmatic disease, and summarizes proposed mechanisms and diagnostic/management approaches using a mix of guideline statements and case-based evidence. It reports that lung endometriosis may present with catamenial recurrent pneumothorax and hemoptysis, with final verification requiring histology and immunohistochemistry, and notes limitations such as low detection frequency and incomplete understanding of extragenital prevalence and pathogenesis. The authors describe experimental data (including mouse tissue findings 8 weeks after induced disease) and theoretical models suggesting migration/implantation of endometrial cells via hematogenous/lymphatic routes and mesothelial or endothelial metaplasia, while also citing that clinical expression of extragenital endometriosis may be broader than previously assumed. Relevance to endometriosis: this paper is centrally about endometriosis—specifically rare extragenital forms including pulmonary and diaphragmatic endometriosis.
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Cited by (6)
- Fertility index after surgical treatment of endometriosis as a predictor of pregnancy 2026
- Thoracic Endometriosis Complicated by Catamenial Pneumothorax: A Clinical Case 2026
- Clinical and anamnestic features of patients with genital endometriosis 2026
- Endometriosis of the umbilical region in combination with multiple uterine fibroids and external genital endometriosis. Clinical observation 2025
- Primary (spontaneous) endometriosis of the umbilical ring 2025
- Endometriosis of the diaphragm 2025
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