Prostaglandins and Menstruation

Disorders of menstruation present a significant burden to health services. Furthermore, hysterectomy, the definitive surgical treatment for menorrhagia, is the most common major operation performed on women of reproductive age in Britain and America [1–3]. Heavy menstrual bleeding may be the result of organic disease such as fibroids, infection or malignancy, but in most cases, no such underlying lesion can be found and the diagnosis of dysfunctional bleeding is made. In some circumstances, and especially at the extremes of the reproductive career, dysfunctional bleeding may be the result of anovulation [4,5]. However, in most women with regular but heavy periods no abnormality of the hypothala-mopituitary axis can be demonstrated, and the abnormality is therefore thought to lie at the level of the endometrium itself [6]. Preview Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF. Similar content being viewed by others

Office of Population Censuses and Surveys. Hospital in patient statistics, 1985. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1987; 848. Bunker J, McPherson K, Henneman PL. Elective hysterectomy. In: Bunker J, Barnes BA, Mosteller F, eds. Costs, risks and benefits of surgery. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977; 262–76. Dicker RC, Greenspan JR, Strauss LT et al. Complications of abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy among women of reproductive age in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 144:841–8. Fraser IS, Michie EA, Wide L, Baird DT. Pituitary gonadotrophins and ovarian function in adolescent dysfunctional uterine bleeding. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1973; 37:407–14. Van Look PFA, Lothian H, Hunter WM, Michie EA, Baird DT. Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian function in perimenopausal women. Clin Enocrinol 1977; 7:13–31. Cameron IT, Dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Bailliere’s Clinical Obstet Gynaecol 1989; 3:315–27. Hourihan HM, Sheppard BL, Brosens IA. Endometrial hemostasis. In: D’Arcangues C, Fraser IS, Newton JR, Odlind V, eds. Contraception and mechanisms of endometrial bleeding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990; 95–116. Findlay JK, Salamonsen LA. Paracrine regulation of implantation and uterine function. Bailliere’s Clinical Obstet Gynaecol 1991; 5:117–31. Markee JE. Menstruation in intraocular endometrial transplants in the rhesus monkey. Contrib Embryol 1940; 28:219–308. Wester J, Sixma JJ, Gueze JJ, Van der Veen J. Morphology of the early haemostasis in human skin wounds. Lab Invest 1978; 39:298–311. Christaens GCML, Sixma JJ, Haspels AA. Morphology of haemostasis in menstrual endo-metrium. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1980; 87:425–39. Christaens GCML, Sixma JJ, Haspels AA. Haemostasis in menstrual endometrium: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1982; 37:281–303. Von Euler US. Zur kenntis der pharmakologischen Wirkungen von nativsekreten und extracten mannlicher accessorischer geschlechtsdrusen. Arch Exp Pathol Pharmacol 1934; 175:78–84. Pickles VR. A plain muscle stimulant in the menstruum. Nature 1957; 180:1198–9. Pickles VR, Hall WJ, Best FA, Smith GN. Prostaglandins in endometrium and menstrual fluid from normal and dysmenorrhoeic subjects. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Cmwlth 1965; 72:185–92. Hagenfeldt K. The role of prostaglandins and allied substances in uterine haemostasis. Contraception 1987; 36:23–35. Smith SK. Prostaglandins and growth factors in the endometrium. Bailliere’s Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1989; 3:249–70. Gurpide E, Schatz F, Markiewicz L. Steroid effects on endometrial prostaglandin production. In: D’Arcangues C, Fraser IS, Newton JR, Odlind V, eds. Contraception and mechanisms of endometrial bleeding. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990; 267–78. Van Eijkeren MA, Christiaens GCML, Sixma JJ, Haspels AA. Menorrhagia: a review. Obstet Gynecol Survey 1989; 44:421–9. Bonney RC. Measurement of phospholipase A2 activity in human endometrium during the menstrual cycle. J Endocrinol 1985; 107:183–9. Bonney RC, Franks S. Phospholipase C activity in human endometrium: its significance in endometrial pathology. Clin Endocrinol 1987; 27:307–20. Lapetina EG. Regulation of arachidonic acid production: role of phospholipase C and A2. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1982; 115–18. Van Voorhis BJ, Huetter PC, Clark MR, Hill JA. Immunohistochemical localization of prostaglandin H synthase in the female reproductive tract and endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 163:57–62. Ylikorkala O, Makila U-M. Prostacyclin and thromboxane in gynecology and obstetrics. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 152:318–29. Chan WY, Hill JC. Determination of menstrual prostaglandin levels in non-dysmenorrhoeic and dysmenorrhoeic subjects. Prostaglandins 1978; 15:365–75. Lumsden MA, Kelly RW, Baird DT. Is prostaglandin F2α involved in the increased myometrial contractility of primary dysmenorrhoea? Prostaglandins 1983; 25:683–92. Rees MCP, Anderson ABM, Demers LM, Turnbull AC. Prostaglandins in menstrual fluid in menorrhagia and dysmenorrhoea. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1984; 91:673–80. Csapo AI, Mocsary P, Nagy T, Kaihola HL. The efficacy and acceptability-of the “prostaglandin impact” in inducing complete abortion during the second week after the missed menstrual period. Prostaglandins 1973; 3:125–39. Brenneke SP, Castle BM, Demers LM, Turnbull AC. Maternal plasma prostaglandin E2 metabolite levels during human pregnancy and parturition. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1985; 92:345–9. Downie J, Poyser NL, Wunderlich M. Levels of prostaglandins in human endometrium during the normal menstrual cycle. J Physiol 1974; 236:465–72. Green K, Hagenfeldt K. Prostaglandins in the human endometrium. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrophotometric quantitation before and after IUD insertion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975; 122:611–14. Maathuis JB, Kelly RW. Concentrations of prostaglandin F2α and E2 in the endometrium throughout the human menstrual cycle, after the administration of clomiphene or an oestrogen-progestogen pill and in early pregnancy. J Endocrinol 1978; 77:361–71. Abel MH, Baird DT. The effect of 17-β-estradiol and progesterone on prostaglandin production by human endometrium maintained in organ culture. Endocrinology 1980; 106:1599–606. Peek MJ, Fraser IS, Phillips CA, Resta TM, Blackwell PM, Markham R. The measurement of human endometrial prostaglandin production. A comparison of two in vitro methods. Prostaglandins 1985; 29:3–18. Demers LM, Halbert DR, Jones DE, Fontana J. Prostaglandin F levels in endometrial jet wash specimens during the normal menstrual cycle. Prostaglandins 1975; 10:1057–65. Jordan VC, Pokoly TB. Steroid and prostaglandin relations during the menstrual cycle. Obstet Gynecol 1977; 49:449–53. Levitt MJ, Tobon H, Josimovich JB. Prostaglandin content of human endometrium. Fertil Steril 1975; 26:296–300. Schatz F, Markiewicz L, Gurpide E. Effects of estriol on PGF2α output by cultures of human endometrium and endometrial cells. J Steroid Biochem 1984; 20:999–1003. Schatz F, Markiewicz L, Barg P, Gurpide E. In-vitro effects of ovarian steroids on prostaglandin F2α output by human endometrium and endometrial epithelial cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985; 61:361–7. Markiewicz L, Schatz F, Barg P, Gurpide E. Prostaglandin F2α output by human endometrium under superfusion and organ culture conditions. J Steroid Biochem 1985; 22:231–5. Tsang BK, Ooi TC. Prostaglandin secretion by human endometrium in vitro. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 142:626–33. Leaver A, Richmond DH. The effect of oxytocin, estrogen, calcium ionophore A23187 and hydrocortisone on prostaglandin F2α and 6-oxo prostaglandin Flα production by cultured human endometrial and myometrial expiants. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Med 1984; 13:179–96. Green K. Determination of prostaglandins in body fluids and tissues. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Scand 1979; 87(suppl): 15–20. Peek MJ, Norman TM, Morgan CC, Fraser IS, Markham R. Trauma-induced human endometrial prostaglandin concentrations. Prostaglandins 1987; 34:919–25. Poyser NL. Tissue levels of prostaglandins and what do they mean? Studies on the guinea-pig uterus. Prostaglandins 1988; 36:645–53. Cameron IT, Leask R, Kelly RW, Baird DT. Endometrial prostaglandins in women with abnormal menstrual bleeding. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Med 1987; 29:249–57. Smith SK, Abel MH, Kelly RW, Baird DT. Prostaglandin synthesis in the endometrium of women with ovular dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1981; 88:434–42. Rees MCP, Anderson ABM, Demers LM, Turnbull AC. Endometrial and myometrial prostaglandin release during the menstrual cycle in relation to menstrual blood loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984; 58:813–18. Elderling JA, Nay MG, Hobert LM, Longcope C, McCracken JA. Hormonal regulation of prostaglandin production by rhesus monkey endometrium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 71:596–604. Wilson T, Liggins GC, Aimer GP, Watkins EJ. The effect of progesterone on the release of arachidonic acid from human endometrial cells stimulated by histamine. Prostaglandins 1986; 31:343–60. Gurpide E, Markiewicz L, Schatz F, Hirata F. Lipocortin output by human endometrium in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986; 63:162–6. Wiqvist N, Bygdeman M, Kirton K. Non-steroidal infertility agents in the female. In: Diczfalusy E, Borell B, eds. Control of human fertility. Nobel symposium 15, 1971; 137–49. Turksoy RN, Safaii HS. Immediate effect of prostaglandin F2α during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Fertil Steril 1975; 26:634–7. Kelly RW, Lumsden MA, Abel MH, Baird DT. The relationship between menstrual blood loss and prostaglandin production in the human: evidence for increased availability of arachidonic acid in women suffering from menorrhagia. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Med 1984; 16:69–78. Anderson ABM, Haynes PJ, Guillebaud J, Turnbull AC. Reduction of menstrual blood loss by prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors. Lancet 1976; i:774–6. Cameron IT, Leask R, Kelly RW, Baird DT. The effects of danazol, mefenamic acid, norethisterone and a progesterone-impregnated coil, on endometrial prostaglandin concentrations in women with menorrhagia. Prostaglandins 1987; 34:99–110. Bergqvist A, Rybo G. Treatment of menorrhagia with intrauterine release of progesterone. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1983; 90:255–8. Maigaard S, Forman A, Andersson K-E. Different responses to prostaglandin F2α and E2 in human extra-and intramyometrial arteries. Prostaglandins 1985; 30:599–607. Cameron IT, Davenport AP. Endothelins in reproduction. Rep Med Review 1992; in press. Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S et al. A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature 1988; 332:411–15. Inoue A, Yanagisawa M, Kimura S et al. The human endothelin family: three structurally and pharmacologically distinct isopeptides predicted by three separate genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86:2863–7. Fried G, Samuelson U. Endothelin and neuropeptide Y are vasoconstrictors in human uterine blood vessels. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 164:1330–6. van Papendorp CL, Cameron IT, Davenport AP, Brown MJ, Smith SK. Endothelin-like immunoreactivity in human endometrium. J Endocrinol 1991; 129 (suppl):64. van Papendorp CL, Cameron IT, Davenport AP, Brown MJ, Smith SK. Endothelin-like immunoreactivity (ET-IR) in human endometrium. J Reprod Fertil 1991; 7 (abstract series): 40. Davenport AP, Cameron IT, Smith SK, Brown MJ. Binding sites for iodinated endothelin-1, endothelin-2 and endothelin-3 demonstrated on uterine glandular epithelial cells by quantitative high-resolution autoradiography. J Endocrinol 1991; 129:149–54. Economos K, Nagai K, Hersh LB, MacDonald PC, Casey ML. Endothelin expression in the human endometrium: potential role in menstruation. Soc Gynecol Invest 1991; abstract 404:300. Cameron IT, Davenport AP, Brown MJ, Smith SK. Endothelin-1 stimulates prostaglandin F2α release from human endometrium. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes EFA 1991; 42:155–7. Orlicky DJ, Lieberman R, Gerschenson LE. Prostaglandin F2α and E1 regulation of proliferation in primary cultures of rabbit endometrial cells. J Cell Physiol 1986; 127:55–60. Orlicky DJ, Lieberman R, Williams C, Gerchenson LE. Requirement for prostaglandin F2α in 17β-estradiol stimulation of DNA synthesis in rabbit endometrial cultures. J Cell Physiol 1987; 130:292–300. Nelson KG, Takahashi T, Bossert NL, Walmer DK, McLachlan JA. Epidermal growth factor replaces estrogen in the stimulation of female genital-tract growth and differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88:21–4. Haining REB, Schofield JP, Jones DSC, Rajput-Williams J, Smith SK. Identification of mRNA for epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-α present in low copy number in human endometrium and decidua using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. J Mol Endocrinol 1991; 6:207–14. Haining REB, Cameron IT, van Papendorp CL, Davenport AP, Prentice A, Thomas EJ, Smith SK. Epidermal growth factor in human endometrium: proliferative effects in culture and immunocytochemical localisation in normal and endometriotic tissues. Hum Reprod 1991; 6:1200–5. Blay J, Hollenberg MD. Epidermal growth factor stimulation of prostacylin production by cultured aortic smooth muscle cells: requirement for increased cellular calcium levels. J Cell Physiol 1989; 139:524–30. Ishihara S, Taketani Y, Mizuno M. Effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on prostaglandin E2 synthesis by cultured human endometrial cells. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Jpn 1990; 42:1317–22. Bicknell R, Vallee BL. Angiogenin stimulates endothelial cell prostacyclin secretion by activation of phospholipase A2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86:1573–7. Form DM, Auerbach R. PGE2 and angiogenesis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1983; 172:214–18. Ziche M, Jones J, Gullino P. Role of prostaglandins E1 and copper in angiogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1982; 69:475–81. Silverman KJ, Lund DP, Zetter BR et al. Angiogenic activity of adipose tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 153:347–52. Healy DL, Hodgen GD. The endocrinology of human endometrium. Obstet Gynecol Surv 1983; 38:509–30. Tabibzadeh S, Kaffka KL, Satyaswaroop PG, Kilian PL. Interleukin-1 regulation of human endometrial function: presence of IL-1 receptor correlates with IL-1 stimulated prostaglandin E2 production. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 70:1000–6. Salamonsen LA, Stuchbery SJ, O’Grady CM, Godkin JD, Findlay JK. Interferon-α mimics effects of ovine trophoblast protein 1 on prostaglandin and protein secretion by ovine endometrial cells in vitro. J Endocrinol 1988; 117:R1–4 Mitchell SN, Smith SK. Progesterone and human interferon-α have a different effect on the release of prostaglandin F2α from human endometrium. In: Samuelsson B, Dahlen SE, Fritsch J, Hedqvist P, eds. Advances in prostaglandin, thromboxane, and leukotriene research, vol 21. New York: Raven Press, 1990; 823–6. Alecozay AA, Harper MJK, Schenken RS, Hanahan DJ. Paracrine interactions between platelet-activating factor and prostaglandins in hormonally-treated human luteal phase endometrium in vitro. J Reprod Fertil 1991; 91:301–12. Editor information Editors and Affiliations Rights and permissions Copyright information © 1992 Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists About this chapter Cite this chapter Cameron, I.T. (1992). Prostaglandins and Menstruation. In: Drife, J.O., Calder, A.A. (eds) Prostaglandins and the Uterus. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1931-9_2 Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1931-9_2 Publisher Name: Springer, London Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-1933-3 Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-1931-9 eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

- Okadaic Acid - Human Endometrium - Heavy Menstrual Bleeding - Menstrual Blood Loss - Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.