Focusing on the role of protein kinase mTOR in endometrial physiology and pathology: insights for therapeutic interventions

review OA: closed CC0 ⤵ 2 in-corpus citations
AI-generated summary by claude@2026-06+body, 2026-06-08

This review summarizes research on the mTOR signaling pathway's role in endometrial physiology and pathology, including its influence on receptivity, decidualization, endometriosis, and endometrial cancer.

One-sentence paraphrase of the abstract; not a substitute for reading it. No clinical advice. How this works

AI-generated deep summary by claude@2026-06, 2026-06-08 · read from full text

This review discusses the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) serine/threonine kinase and its signaling roles in endometrial physiology and pathology, synthesizing recent research on how mTOR influences endometrial cell differentiation, proliferation, receptivity, decidualization, and autophagy. The paper reports that mTOR activity supports growth and maturation of endometrial cells and can also contribute to the development of endometriosis and endometrial cancer, highlighting mTOR pathway components as potential therapeutic targets while summarizing mechanistic findings across the field. A major caveat is that, as a narrative review, it does not provide new experimental data and does not standardize evidence quality or quantify effect sizes across included studies. This paper is centrally about endometriosis and related uterine pathology — focusing on mTOR signaling in the endometrium and how it contributes to the development of endometriosis.

Read from the paper's body, not the abstract. Not a substitute for reading the paper. No clinical advice. How this works

Abstract

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase crucial for cellular differentiation, proliferation, and autophagy. It shows a complex role in the endometrium, influencing both normal and pathogenic conditions. mTOR promotes the growth and maturation of endometrial cells, enhancing endometrial receptivity and decidualization. However, it also contributes to the development of endometriosis (EMs) and endometrial cancer (EC), thus emerging as a therapeutic target for these conditions. In this review, we summarize recent research progress on the mTOR signalling pathway in the endometrium. This provides insights into female endometrial structure and function and guides the prevention and treatment of related diseases.
Full text 19,794 characters · extracted from oa-doi-fallback · 3 sections · click to expand

Abstract

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase crucial for cellular differentiation, proliferation, and autophagy. It shows a complex role in the endometrium, influencing both normal and pathogenic conditions. mTOR promotes the growth and maturation of endometrial cells, enhancing endometrial receptivity and decidualization. However, it also contributes to the development of endometriosis (EMs) and endometrial cancer (EC), thus emerging as a therapeutic target for these conditions. In this review, we summarize recent research progress on the mTOR signalling pathway in the endometrium. This provides insights into female endometrial structure and function and guides the prevention and treatment of related diseases. Similar content being viewed by others Data and material availability The data and material that support this review are openly available.

References

Heitman J, Movva NR, Hall MN (1991) Targets for cell cycle arrest by the immunosuppressant rapamycin in yeast. Science 253(5022):905–909 Condon KJ, Sabatini DM (2019) Nutrient regulation of mTORC1 at a glance. J Cell Sci 132(21):jcs222570 Correia B, Sousa MI, Ramalho-Santos J (2020) The mTOR pathway in reproduction: from gonadal function to developmental coordination. Reproduction 159(4):R173–R188 Devis-Jauregui L, Eritja N, Davis ML, Matias-Guiu X, Llobet-Navàs D (2021) Autophagy in the physiological endometrium and cancer. Autophagy 17(5):1077–1095 Hussain T, Tan B, Murtaza G, Metwally E, Yang H, Kalhoro MS et al (2020) Role of dietary amino acids and nutrient sensing system in pregnancy associated disorders. Front Pharmacol 11:586979 Xue J, Zhang H, Liu W, Liu M, Shi M, Wen Z et al (2013) Metformin inhibits growth of eutopic stromal cells from adenomyotic endometrium via AMPK activation and subsequent inhibition of AKT phosphorylation: a possible role in the treatment of adenomyosis. Reproduction 146(4):397–406 Guo Z, Yu Q (2019) Role of mTOR signaling in female reproduction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 10:692 Driva TS, Schatz C, Sobočan M, Haybaeck J (2022) The role of mTOR and eIF signaling in benign endometrial diseases. Int J Mol Sci 23(7):3416 Murakami M, Ichisaka T, Maeda M, Oshiro N, Hara K, Edenhofer F et al (2004) mTOR is essential for growth and proliferation in early mouse embryos and embryonic stem cells. Mol Cell Biol 24(15):6710–6718 Gangloff YG, Mueller M, Dann SG, Svoboda P, Sticker M, Spetz JF et al (2004) Disruption of the mouse mTOR gene leads to early postimplantation lethality and prohibits embryonic stem cell development. Mol Cell Biol 24(21):9508–9516 Siddappa D, Kalaiselvanraja A, Bordignon V, Dupuis L, Gasperin BG, Roux PP et al (2014) Mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) signaling during ovulation in mice. Mol Reprod Dev 81(7):655–665 Zoncu R, Efeyan A, Sabatini DM (2011) mTOR: from growth signal integration to cancer, diabetes and ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 12(1):21–35 Saxton RA, Sabatini DM (2017) mTOR signaling in growth, metabolism, and disease. Cell 168(6):960–976 Liu GY, Sabatini DM (2020) mTOR at the nexus of nutrition, growth, ageing and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 21(4):183–203 Dong J, Shin N, Chen S, Lei J, Burd I, Wang X (2020) Is there a definite relationship between placental mTOR signaling and fetal growth? Biol Reprod 103(3):471–486 Kose M, Hitit M, Kaya MS, Kırbas M, Dursun S, Alak I et al (2022) Expression pattern of microRNAs in ovine endometrium during the peri-implantation. Theriogenology 191:35–46 Qi Y, Wang X, Hou S, Wu Z, Xu X, Pang C (2022) Intracavitary physiotherapy combined with acupuncture mediated AMPK/mTOR signalling to improve endometrial receptivity in patients with thin endometrium. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 277:32–41 Mitra A, Raychaudhuri SK, Raychaudhuri SP (2012) IL-22 induced cell proliferation is regulated by PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling cascade. Cytokine 60(1):38–42 Fabi F, Grenier K, Parent S, Adam P, Tardif L, Leblanc V et al (2017) Regulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway during decidualization of endometrial stromal cells. PLoS ONE 12(5):e0177387 Liu X, Zhang L, Yang L, Cui J, Che S, Liu Y et al (2020) miR-34a/c induce caprine endometrial epithelial cell apoptosis by regulating circ-8073/CEP55 via the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways. J Cell Physiol 235(12):10051–10067 Zhang Y, Du X, Chen X, Tang H, Zhou Q, He J et al (2021) Rictor/mTORC2 is involved in endometrial receptivity by regulating epithelial remodeling. Faseb J 35(7):e21731 Lee MY, Jo SD, Lee JH, Han HJ (2008) l-Leucine increases [3H]-thymidine incorporation in chicken hepatocytes: involvement of the PKC, PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2, and mTOR signaling pathways. J Cell Biochem 105(6):1410–1419 Parrales A, López E, Lee-Rivera I, López-Colomé AM (2013) ERK1/2-dependent activation of mTOR/mTORC1/p70S6K regulates thrombin-induced RPE cell proliferation. Cell Signal 25(4):829–838 Muscella A, Vetrugno C, Calabriso N, Cossa LG, De Pascali SA, Fanizzi FP et al (2014) [Pt(O,O′-acac)(γ-acac)(DMS)] alters SH-SY5Y cell migration and invasion by the inhibition of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 occurring through a PKC-ε/ERK/mTOR pathway. PLoS ONE 9(11):e112186 Wang Y, Zhu L, Kuokkanen S, Pollard JW (2015) Activation of protein synthesis in mouse uterine epithelial cells by estradiol-17β is mediated by a PKC-ERK1/2-mTOR signaling pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112(11):E1382–E1391 Niknafs B, Hesam Shariati MB, Shokrzadeh N (2021) miR223-3p, HAND2, and LIF expression regulated by calcitonin in the ERK1/2-mTOR pathway during the implantation window in the endometrium of mice. Am J Reprod Immunol 85(1):e13333 Shokrzadeh N, Alivand MR, Abedelahi A, Hessam Shariati MB, Niknafs B (2018) Upregulation of HB-EGF, Msx.1, and miRNA Let-7a by administration of calcitonin through mTOR and ERK1/2 pathways during a window of implantation in mice. Mol Reprod Dev 85(10):790–801 Hesam Shariati MB, Seghinsara AM, Shokrzadeh N, Niknafs B (2019) The effect of fludrocortisone on the uterine receptivity partially mediated by ERK1/2-mTOR pathway. J Cell Physiol 234(11):20098–20110 Shariati MBH, Niknafs B, Seghinsara AM, Shokrzadeh N, Alivand MR (2019) Administration of dexamethasone disrupts endometrial receptivity by alteration of expression of miRNA 223, 200a, LIF, Muc1, SGK1, and ENaC via the ERK1/2-mTOR pathway. J Cell Physiol 234(11):19629–19639 Cao Y, Ye Q, Zhuang M, Xie S, Zhong R, Cui J et al (2017) Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits angiogenesis in a rat model of endometriosis through the VEGFR-2-mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. PLoS ONE 12(11):e0186520 Szymanska M, Blitek A (2023) Diverse effects of prostacyclin on angiogenesis-related processes in the porcine endometrium. Sci Rep 13(1):14133 Yuan L, Feng F, Mao Z, Huang JZ, Liu Y, Li YL et al (2021) Regulation mechanism of miR-494-3p on endometrial receptivity in mice via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Gen Physiol Biophys 40(5):351–363 Sang Y, Li Y, Xu L, Li D, Du M (2020) Regulatory mechanisms of endometrial decidualization and pregnancy-related diseases. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 52(2):105–115 Huang H, Long L, Zhou P, Chapman NM, Chi H (2020) mTOR signaling at the crossroads of environmental signals and T-cell fate decisions. Immunol Rev 295(1):15–38 Sugiyama M, Yoshizumi T, Yoshida Y, Bekki Y, Matsumoto Y, Yoshiya S et al (2017) p62 promotes amino acid sensitivity of mTOR pathway and hepatic differentiation in adult liver stem/progenitor cells. J Cell Physiol 232(8):2112–2124 Khumukcham SS, Manavathi B (2021) Two decades of a protooncogene HPIP/PBXIP1: uncovering the tale from germ cell to cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 1876(1):188576 Zhang X, Fu LJ, Liu XQ, Hu ZY, Jiang Y, Gao RF et al (2016) nm23 regulates decidualization through the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathways in mice and humans. Hum Reprod 31(10):2339–2351 Lou Y, Hu M, Mao L, Zheng Y, Jin F (2017) Involvement of serum glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 in reproductive success. Faseb J 31(2):447–456 Roberti SL, Gatti CR, Fornes D, Higa R, Jawerbaum A (2021) Diets enriched in PUFAs at an early postimplantation stage prevent embryo resorptions and impaired mTOR signaling in the decidua from diabetic rats. J Nutr Biochem 95:108765 Zhao X, Jiang Y, Ren J, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Feng X (2022) Deciphering the mechanism of Bushen Huoxue decoction on decidualization by intervening autophagy via AMPK/mTOR/ULK1: a novel discovery for URSA treatment. Front Pharmacol 13:794938 Lu H, Yang HL, Zhou WJ, Lai ZZ, Qiu XM, Fu Q et al (2021) Rapamycin prevents spontaneous abortion by triggering decidual stromal cell autophagy-mediated NK cell residence. Autophagy 17(9):2511–2527 Baek MO, Song HI, Han JS, Yoon MS (2018) Differential regulation of mTORC1 and mTORC2 is critical for 8-Br-cAMP-induced decidualization. Exp Mol Med 50(10):1–11 Jing X, Peng J, Dou Y, Sun J, Ma C, Wang Q et al (2019) Macrophage ERα promoted invasion of endometrial cancer cell by mTOR/KIF5B-mediated epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Immunol Cell Biol 97(6):563–576 Zhang L, Li HH, Yuan M, Li D, Wang GY (2020) Exosomal miR-22-3p derived from peritoneal macrophages enhances proliferation, migration, and invasion of ectopic endometrial stromal cells through regulation of the SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 24(2):571–580 Qi H, Liang G, Yu J, Wang X, Liang Y, He X et al (2019) Genome-wide profiling of miRNA expression patterns in tubal endometriosis. Reproduction 157(6):525–534 McKinnon BD, Kocbek V, Nirgianakis K, Bersinger NA, Mueller MD (2016) Kinase signalling pathways in endometriosis: potential targets for non-hormonal therapeutics. Hum Reprod Update 22(3):382–403 Kim SI, Yeo SG, Gen Y, Ju HR, Kim SH, Park DC (2019) Differences in autophagy-associated mRNAs in peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis and gynecologic cancers. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X 2:100016 Jamali N, Zal F, Mostafavi-Pour Z, Samare-Najaf M, Poordast T, Dehghanian A (2021) Ameliorative effects of quercetin and metformin and their combination against experimental endometriosis in rats. Reprod Sci 28(3):683–692 Zhang L, Mohankumar K, Martin G, Mariyam F, Park Y, Han SJ et al (2023) Flavonoids quercetin and kaempferol are NR4A1 antagonists and suppress endometriosis in female mice. Endocrinology 164(10):bqad133 Wang Y, Zhao H, Shao Y, Liu J, Li J, Luo L et al (2018) Copper or/and arsenic induces autophagy by oxidative stress-related PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways and cascaded mitochondrial fission in chicken skeletal muscle. J Inorg Biochem 188:1–8 Siracusa R, D’Amico R, Impellizzeri D, Cordaro M, Peritore AF, Gugliandolo E et al (2021) Autophagy and mitophagy promotion in a rat model of endometriosis. Int J Mol Sci 22(10):5074 Rogers-Broadway KR, Kumar J, Sisu C, Wander G, Mazey E, Jeyaneethi J et al (2019) Differential expression of mTOR components in endometriosis and ovarian cancer: effects of rapalogues and dual kinase inhibitors on mTORC1 and mTORC2 stoichiometry. Int J Mol Med 43(1):47–56 Wei J, Huang B, Nong Y, Zhang Q, Liu W, Xie Y et al (2023) Identification of a novel cuproptosis-related gene signature in eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis. Reprod Sci 30(6):1841–1853 Poli-Neto OB, Meola J, Rosa ESJC, Tiezzi D (2020) Transcriptome meta-analysis reveals differences of immune profile between eutopic endometrium from stage I–II and III–IV endometriosis independently of hormonal milieu. Sci Rep 10(1):313 Zhao R, Feng D, Zhuang G, Liu Y, Chi S, Zhang J et al (2020) Protein kinase CK2 participates in estrogen-mediated endothelial progenitor cell homing to endometriotic lesions through stromal cells in a stromal cell-derived factor-1-CXCR4-dependent manner. Fertil Steril 113(5):1067–79.e5 Xue W, Yao X, Ting G, Ling J, Huimin L, Yuan Q et al (2021) BPA modulates the WDR5/TET2 complex to regulate ERβ expression in eutopic endometrium and drives the development of endometriosis. Environ Pollut 268(Pt B):115748 Choi J, Jo M, Lee E, Lee DY, Choi D (2019) Involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress in regulation of endometrial stromal cell invasiveness: possible role in pathogenesis of endometriosis. Mol Hum Reprod 25(3):101–110 Zhou X, Chen Z, Pei L, Sun J (2021) MicroRNA miR-106a-5p targets forkhead box transcription factor FOXC1 to suppress the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of ectopic endometrial stromal cells via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Bioengineered 12(1):2203–2213 Liu Y, Lu C, Fan L, Wang J, Li T, Liu Z et al (2020) MiR-199a-5p targets ZEB1 to inhibit the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of ovarian ectopic endometrial stromal cells via PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway in vitro and in vivo. Reprod Sci 27(1):110–118 Xu H, Gao Y, Shu Y, Wang Y, Shi Q (2019) EPHA3 enhances macrophage autophagy and apoptosis by disrupting the mTOR signaling pathway in mice with endometriosis. Biosci Rep 39(7):BSR20182274 Assaf L, Eid AA, Nassif J (2022) Role of AMPK/mTOR, mitochondria, and ROS in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Life Sci 306:120805 Kacan T, Yildiz C, Baloglu Kacan S, Seker M, Ozer H, Cetin A (2017) Everolimus as an mTOR inhibitor suppresses endometriotic implants: an experimental rat study. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 77(1):66–72 Mogensen JB, Kjær SK, Mellemkjær L, Jensen A (2016) Endometriosis and risks for ovarian, endometrial and breast cancers: a nationwide cohort study. Gynecol Oncol 143(1):87–92 Driva TS, Schatz C, Haybaeck J (2023) Endometriosis-associated ovarian carcinomas: how PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway affects their pathogenesis. Biomolecules 13(8):1253 Suda K, Nakaoka H, Yoshihara K, Ishiguro T, Tamura R, Mori Y et al (2018) Clonal expansion and diversification of cancer-associated mutations in endometriosis and normal endometrium. Cell Rep 24(7):1777–1789 Murakami R, Matsumura N, Brown JB, Higasa K, Tsutsumi T, Kamada M et al (2017) Exome sequencing landscape analysis in ovarian clear cell carcinoma shed light on key chromosomal regions and mutation gene networks. Am J Pathol 187(10):2246–2258 Berger AA, Dao F, Levine DA (2021) Angiogenesis in endometrial carcinoma: therapies and biomarkers, current options, and future perspectives. Gynecol Oncol 160(3):844–850 Fatima I, Barman S, Rai R, Thiel KWW, Chandra V (2021) Targeting Wnt signaling in endometrial cancer. Cancers (Basel) 13(10):2351 Cong R, Kong F, Ma J, Li Q, Yang H, Ma X (2021) The PVT1/miR-612/CENP-H/CDK1 axis promotes malignant progression of advanced endometrial cancer. Am J Cancer Res 11(4):1480–1502 Liu Z, Hong Z, Qu P (2020) Proteomic analysis of human endometrial tissues reveals the roles of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and tumor angiogenesis molecules in the pathogenesis of endometrial cancer. Biomed Res Int 2020:5273969 Hameed JSF, Devarajan A, Devu Priya MS, Bhattacharyya A, Shirude MB, Dutta D et al (2023) PTEN-negative endometrial cancer cells protect their genome through enhanced DDB2 expression associated with augmented nucleotide excision repair. BMC Cancer 23(1):399 Chen Y, Cheng H, Long H (2021) Tripartite motif containing 28 (TRIM28) promotes the growth and migration of endometrial carcinoma cells by regulating the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Gen Physiol Biophys 40(3):245–252 Shin J, Bae J, Park S, Kang HG, Shin SM, Won G et al (2020) mTOR-dependent role of Sestrin2 in regulating tumor progression of human endometrial cancer. Cancers (Basel) 12(9):2515 Filippi-Chiela EC, Viegas MS, Thomé MP, Buffon A, Wink MR, Lenz G (2016) Modulation of autophagy by calcium signalosome in human disease. Mol Pharmacol 90(3):371–384 Kondratskyi A, Yassine M, Kondratska K, Skryma R, Slomianny C, Prevarskaya N (2013) Calcium-permeable ion channels in control of autophagy and cancer. Front Physiol 4:272 Takahashi N, Hatakeyama K, Nagashima T, Ohshima K, Urakami K, Yamaguchi K et al (2021) Activation of oxidative phosphorylation in TP53-inactive endometrial carcinomas with a poor prognosis. Int J Gynecol Cancer 31(12):1557–1563 Xiao Y, Jin L, Deng C, Guan Y, Kalogera E, Ray U et al (2021) Inhibition of PFKFB3 induces cell death and synergistically enhances chemosensitivity in endometrial cancer. Oncogene 40(8):1409–1424 Zhou L, Li S, Sun J (2021) Ginkgolic acid induces apoptosis and autophagy of endometrial carcinoma cells via inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in vivo and in vitro. Hum Exp Toxicol 40(12):2156–2164 Lange C, Machado Weber A, Schmidt R, Schroeder C, Strowitzki T, Germeyer A (2021) Changes in protein expression due to metformin treatment and hyperinsulinemia in a human endometrial cancer cell line. PLoS ONE 16(3):e0248103 Sun F, Zhou J, Hao Y, Kuang L, Zhang B (2023) MET inhibits the proliferation of EC cells by increasing MPA sensitivity. Altern Ther Health Med 29(5):334–341 Felip I, Moiola CP, Megino-Luque C, Lopez-Gil C, Cabrera S, Solé-Sánchez S et al (2019) Therapeutic potential of the new TRIB3-mediated cell autophagy anticancer drug ABTL0812 in endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 153(2):425–435 Wang H, Li D, Li X, Ou X, Liu S, Zhang Y et al (2016) Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor RAD001 sensitizes endometrial cancer cells to paclitaxel-induced apoptosis via the induction of autophagy. Oncol Lett 12(6):5029–5035 Fabi F, Adam P, Parent S, Tardif L, Cadrin M, Asselin E (2021) Pharmacologic inhibition of Akt in combination with chemotherapeutic agents effectively induces apoptosis in ovarian and endometrial cancer cell lines. Mol Oncol 15(8):2106–2119 Liu H, Zhang L, Zhang X, Cui Z (2017) PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway promotes progestin resistance in endometrial cancer cells by inhibition of autophagy. Onco Targets Ther 10:2865–2871 Melendez B, Shah S, Jiang Y, Dottino J, Watson E, Pearce H et al (2021) Novel polymer-based system for intrauterine delivery of everolimus for anti-cancer applications. J Control Release 339:521–530 Shen K, Yang L, Li FY, Zhang F, Ding LL, Yang J et al (2022) Research progress of PARP inhibitor monotherapy and combination therapy for endometrial cancer. Curr Drug Targets 23(2):145–155 Yang L, Shi P, Zhao G, Xu J, Peng W, Zhang J et al (2020) Targeting cancer stem cell pathways for cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 5(1):8 Kasoha M, Dernektsi C, Seibold A, Bohle RM, Takacs Z, Ioan-Iulian I et al (2020) Crosstalk of estrogen receptors and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in endometrial cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 146(2):315–327

Acknowledgements

None. Funding This work was supported by the Hospital Fund Projects of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University [ldyyyn2018-05] and the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province [18JR3RA304]. Author information Authors and Affiliations Contributions BW, YY and HL wrote the manuscript. XZ and MG designed and revised the manuscript. All authors have approved this version of the article. Corresponding author Ethics declarations Conflict of interest The authors report no conflict of interest. Ethical approval This review does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by the authors. Additional information Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Rights and permissions Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. About this article Cite this article Wang, B., Gao, M., Yao, Y. et al. Focusing on the role of protein kinase mTOR in endometrial physiology and pathology: insights for therapeutic interventions. Mol Biol Rep 51, 359 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-023-08937-w Received: Accepted: Published: Version of record: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-023-08937-w

Text is read by the "Ask this paper" AI Q&A widget below. Extraction quality varies by source — PMC NXML preserves structure cleanly, OA-HTML may include some navigation residue, and OA-PDF can have broken hyphenation. The publisher copy (via DOI) is the canonical version.

My notes (saved in your browser only)

Ask this paper AI returns verbatim quotes from the full text · source: oa-doi-fallback

Answers must be backed by verbatim quotes from this paper's full text. Hallucinated quotes are dropped automatically; if no verbatim passage answers the question, we say so. How this works

Condition tags

endometriosis

MeSH descriptors

Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis

Citation neighborhood

Papers in the corpus that this work cites (lower rings, blue) and that cite this one (upper rings, green). Dot size scales with the paper's in-corpus citation count — bigger dot = more influential within the endo/adeno field. Click a dot to open that paper. [ expand to 2 hops ] — adds papers reached through this work's immediate citers/citees. Heavier; up to 60 extra dots.

References (90)

Cited by (2)

Source provenance

europepmc
last seen: 2026-08-02T06:10:09.037253+00:00
openalex
last seen: 2026-06-10T17:14:06.276822+00:00
pubmed
last seen: 2026-08-02T06:08:36.725361+00:00
unpaywall
last seen: 2026-08-02T06:40:33.490260+00:00
License: CC0 · commercial use OK