Tubal Microsurgery versus Assisted Reproduction

In: Infertility and Assisted Reproduction · 2008 · pp. 99–106 · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511547287.014 · W1715373577
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This review discusses the pathological conditions affecting the fallopian tubes, including salpingitis isthmica nodosa, tubal sterilization, and endometriosis, and their surgical management.

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This chapter-style paper describes the anatomy of the human fallopian tube—its embryologic origin, segment lengths and lumen diameters, and the fimbria’s role in ovum pickup—as part of an infertility and assisted reproduction text that also surveys tubal-factor treatment considerations. The content relies on established anatomical measurements and references, with discussion that connects tubal structure to functional outcomes relevant to fertility, such as ovum retrieval and conditions like hydrosalpinx and salpingitis (as cited in the reference list). A major limitation is that it is not a single original study but an overview focused on anatomy and background context rather than direct, new clinical efficacy results. Relevance to endometriosis: the corpus includes this work because its reference list and surrounding infertility material cite endometriosis-associated infertility and related pelvic inflammatory mechanisms, though the provided text itself is mainly about tubal anatomy rather than endometriosis or adenomyosis.

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Abstract

Both patency and normal anatomy of the fallopian tube are essential for reproduction. There are many pathological conditions that affect the fallopian tube and consequently affect human reproduction. During the past 28 years, the introduction of in vitro fertilization helped many infertile couples to achieve successes, despite tubal pathology. Salpingitis isthmica nodosa is now believed to be a proliferative process of the endosalpinx into the myosalpinx, leading to hypertropic process and fibrosis in the wall of the fallopian tube and the isthmus. Tubal sterilization is performed for women who have a disease that contraindicates pregnancy. The fallopian tube could be affected with endometriosis directly or indirectly. Surgical management of endometriosis of the fallopian tube follows the same principles of dealing with endometriosis of the pelvic cavity, and this could be accomplished by the use of CO2 laser or harmonic scalpel or microcautery.
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- Frontmatter - Contents - Contributors - Foreword - Preface - Introduction - PART I PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION - PART II INFERTILITY EVALUATION AND TREATMENT - 6 Evaluation of the Infertile Female - 7 Fertiloscopy - 8 Microlaparoscopy - 9 Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecologic Laparoscopy - 10 Laparoscopic Tubal Anastomosis - 11 Tubal Microsurgery versus Assisted Reproduction - 12 The Future of Operative Laparoscopy for Infertility - 13 Operative Hysteroscopy for Uterine Septum - 14 Laser in Subfertility - 15 Ultrasonography of the Endometrium for Infertility - 16 Ultrasonography of the Cervix - 17 Transrectal Ultrasonography in Male Infertility - 18 The Basic Semen Analysis: Interpretation and Clinical Application - 19 Evaluation of Sperm Damage: Beyond the WHO Criteria - 20 Male Factor Infertility: State of the ART - 21 Diagnosis and Treatment of Male Ejaculatory Dysfunction - 22 Ovulation Induction - 23 Clomiphene Citrate for Ovulation Induction - 24 Aromatase Inhibitors for Assisted Reproduction - 25 Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Gonadotrophins - 26 The Future of Gonadotrophins: Is There Room for Improvement? - 27 Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome - 28 Reducing the Risk of High-Order Multiple Pregnancy Due to Ovulation Induction - 29 Hyperprolactinemia - 30 Medical Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome - 31 Surgical Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome - 32 Endometriosis-Associated Infertility - 33 Medical Management of Endometriosis - 34 Reproductive Surgery for Endometriosis-Associated Infertility - 35 Congenital Uterine Malformations and Reproduction - 36 Unexplained Infertility - 37 “Premature Ovarian Failure”: Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Management - PART III ASSISTED REPRODUCTION - PART IV ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN FERTILITY AND ASSISTED REPRODUCTION - Index - Plate section - References from PART II - INFERTILITY EVALUATION AND TREATMENT Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 August 2010 Book contents - Frontmatter - Contents - Contributors - Foreword - Preface - Introduction - PART I PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION - PART II INFERTILITY EVALUATION AND TREATMENT - 6 Evaluation of the Infertile Female - 7 Fertiloscopy - 8 Microlaparoscopy - 9 Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecologic Laparoscopy - 10 Laparoscopic Tubal Anastomosis - 11 Tubal Microsurgery versus Assisted Reproduction - 12 The Future of Operative Laparoscopy for Infertility - 13 Operative Hysteroscopy for Uterine Septum - 14 Laser in Subfertility - 15 Ultrasonography of the Endometrium for Infertility - 16 Ultrasonography of the Cervix - 17 Transrectal Ultrasonography in Male Infertility - 18 The Basic Semen Analysis: Interpretation and Clinical Application - 19 Evaluation of Sperm Damage: Beyond the WHO Criteria - 20 Male Factor Infertility: State of the ART - 21 Diagnosis and Treatment of Male Ejaculatory Dysfunction - 22 Ovulation Induction - 23 Clomiphene Citrate for Ovulation Induction - 24 Aromatase Inhibitors for Assisted Reproduction - 25 Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Gonadotrophins - 26 The Future of Gonadotrophins: Is There Room for Improvement? - 27 Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome - 28 Reducing the Risk of High-Order Multiple Pregnancy Due to Ovulation Induction - 29 Hyperprolactinemia - 30 Medical Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome - 31 Surgical Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome - 32 Endometriosis-Associated Infertility - 33 Medical Management of Endometriosis - 34 Reproductive Surgery for Endometriosis-Associated Infertility - 35 Congenital Uterine Malformations and Reproduction - 36 Unexplained Infertility - 37 “Premature Ovarian Failure”: Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Management - PART III ASSISTED REPRODUCTION - PART IV ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN FERTILITY AND ASSISTED REPRODUCTION - Index - Plate section - References ANATOMY OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBE The fallopian tube develops as part of the paramesonephric ducts. These ducts develop as invaginations of the celomic epithelium around the four to six weeks of embryonic life after fertilization. The proximal portion of the paramesonephric ducts will lead to the development of the fallopian tubes. The distal portions will lead to the development of the uterus, cervix, and upper part of the vagina (1). The human fallopian tube varies in length between 7 and 14 cm, with an average of 10 cm. It has various segments that vary in length and lumen diameter. The interstitial portion of the fallopian tube is contained within the cornual portion of the uterus, and it is about 1 cm in length. This will lead to the isthmic portion of the fallopian tube, which is about 2–3 cm in length and a lumen about 1 mm in diameter. The isthmus then is connected to the ampulla of the fallopian tube, which is the longest portion of the tube about 5–7 cm. The lumen is about 1–2 mm in diameter. This will lead after that to the infundibulum, which is about 3 cm wide and leads to the fimbrial end of the fallopian tube. The fimbria embrace the ovary, and this is assisted with the longest fimbria known as fimbriaovarica especially around the time of ovulation, and this process is important in the ovum pickup phenomena (2–4). - Type - Chapter - Information - Infertility and Assisted Reproduction , pp. 99 - 106Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2008 . , . . The Mammalian Oviduct: Comparative Biology and Methodology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1969:85.Google Scholar , . The mammalian utero-tubal junction. In , (Eds.), Endoscopic visualization of the process of fimbrial ovum retrieval in the human. Hum Reprod 1998;13:1425–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed , , , . Formation of fallopian tubal fluid: role of a neglected epithelium. Reproduction 2001; 121:339–346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed , , , . . 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Fertil Steril 1984;42:704.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed , , et al. The concentration of 13, 14-dihydro-15- keto prostaglandin F2alpha and prostaglandin E2 in peritoneal fluid of infertile patients with and without endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1982;38:166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed , , et al. , (2003). Endometriosis and fertility. In Interleukin-1: a possible role in the infertility associated with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1987;47:213–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed , , et al. . Microsurgical tubocornual anastomosis for reversal of sterilization. Lancet 1977;1:284–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar . Laparoscopic salpingostomy: fertility results according to the tubal mucosal appearance. Hum Reprod 1994;9:334–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed , , , , , . Endometriosis. Abingdon, Oxford, United Kingdom: Health Press Limited, 2003; chapter 2, 71–80.Google Scholar , . Surgical treatment of endometriosis. In , (Eds.), In-vitro fertilization versus tubal surgery: is pelvic reconstructive surgery obsolete?Fertil Steril 1995;64(6):1051–61.Google ScholarPubMed , , , . Tubal surgery of IVF-making the best choice in the 1990s. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud 1995;40(6):292–7.Google ScholarPubMed . Pathophysiology and management of proximal tubal blockage. Fertil Steril 1999; 71:785–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed , , . Proximal tubal occlusion: is there an alternative to microsurgery?Hum Reprod 1997;12:692–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed , , , . First and subsequent pregnancies after tubal microsurgery: evaluation of the fertility index. Fertil Steril 1997;68:1033–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed , , . Differential impact on pregnancy rate of selective salpingography, tubal catheterization and wire guide recanulization in the treatment of proximal fallopian tube obstruction. Hum Reprod 1995;10:1423–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar , , , . 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Hum Reprod 2005;20(12):3284–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed , , . , . Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this chapter is currently unknown and may be updated in the future. To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle. Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. 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