The Association Between Body Mass Index, Waist to Hip Ratio and Mid-Upper Arm Circumference with Endometriosis

In: Unnes Journal of Public Health · 2022 · vol. 11(2) , pp. 173–178 · doi:10.15294/ujph.v11i2.46095 · W4320926873
article OA: diamond CC0 ⤵ 2 in-corpus citations
AI-generated summary by gemini-2.5-flash-lite, 2026-06-06

This case-control study found a significant association between body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio with endometriosis incidence, but not mid-upper arm circumference.

One-sentence paraphrase of the abstract; not a substitute for reading it. No clinical advice. How this works

Abstract

Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue, in the form of glands and stroma outside of the uterus. This study aimed to determine the relationship between body mass index, waist to hip circumference ratio, and mid-upper arm circumference with the incidence of endometriosis. This study was analytical observational research with a case-control. The subjects were 63 patients diagnosed with endometriosis through laparoscopic action and 63 normal women who both met inclusion and exclusion criteria. The measurement result of body mass index (BMI) in kg/m² is categorized into ≤25 and >25, waist to hip ratio is categorized to 23.0. The result showed the relationship of body mass index, waist to hip ratio, and mid-upper arm circumference with endometriosis incidence obtained BMI with endometriosis (b=0.824, CI 95%=0.99 to 5.25, p=0.053), waist to hip ratio (b=0.893, CI 95%=1.03 to 5.82, p=0.044), and mid-upper arm circumference (b=-0.246, CI 95%=0.10 to 6.09, p=0.814). There is a significant relationship between BMI and waist to hip ratio with the incidence of endometriosis. There is no significant relationship between mid-upper arm circumference with the incidence of endometriosis.
Full text 7,502 characters · extracted from oa-doi-fallback · 2 sections · click to expand

Abstract

Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue, in the form of glands and stroma outside of the uterus. This study aimed to determine the relationship between body mass index, waist to hip circumference ratio, and mid-upper arm circumference with the incidence of endometriosis. This study was analytical observational research with a case-control. The subjects were 63 patients diagnosed with endometriosis through laparoscopic action and 63 normal women who both met inclusion and exclusion criteria. The measurement result of body mass index (BMI) in kg/m² is categorized into ≤25 and >25, waist to hip ratio is categorized to 23.0. The result showed the relationship of body mass index, waist to hip ratio, and mid-upper arm circumference with endometriosis incidence obtained BMI with endometriosis (b=0.824, CI 95%=0.99 to 5.25, p=0.053), waist to hip ratio (b=0.893, CI 95%=1.03 to 5.82, p=0.044), and mid-upper arm circumference (b=-0.246, CI 95%=0.10 to 6.09, p=0.814). There is a significant relationship between BMI and waist to hip ratio with the incidence of endometriosis. There is no significant relationship between mid-upper arm circumference with the incidence of endometriosis. ##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##

References

Backonja, U., Buck Louis, G. M., & Lauver, D. R. (2016). Overall adiposity, adipose tissue distribution, and endometriosis: A systematic review. Nursing Research, 65(2), 151–166. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0000000000000146 Backonja, U., Hediger, M. L., Chen, Z., Lauver, D. R., Sun, L., Peterson, C. M., & Buck Louis, G. M. (2017). Beyond Body Mass Index: Using Anthropometric Measures and Body Composition Indicators to Assess Odds of an Endometriosis Diagnosis. Journal of Women’s Health (2002), 26(9), 941–950. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2016.6128 Butovskaya, M., Sorokowska, A., Karwowski, M., Sabiniewicz, A., Fedenok, J., Dronova, D., … Sorokowski, P. (2017). Waist-to-hip ratio, body-mass index, age and number of children in seven traditional societies. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01916-9 Byun, J., Peterson, C. M., Backonja, U., Taylor, R. N., Stanford, J. B., Allen-Brady, K. L., … Schliep, K. C. (2020). Adiposity and Endometriosis Severity and Typology. Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology, 27(7), 1516–1523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmig.2020.01.002 Colleluori, G., Chen, R., Napoli, N., Aguirre, L. E., Qualls, C., Villareal, D. T., & Armamento-Villareal, R. (2018). Fat mass follows a U-shaped distribution based on estradiol levels in postmenopausal women. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 9(JUL), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00315 Dai, Y., Li, X., Shi, J., & Leng, J. (2018). A review of the risk factors, genetics and treatment of endometriosis in Chinese women: A comparative update. Reproductive Health, 15(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-018-0506-7 Edmonds, D. K. (2007). Obstetrics & Gynaecology (Seventh Ed). Retrieved from http://library1.nida.ac.th/termpaper6/sd/2554/19755.pdf Goetz, L. G., Mamillapalli, R., & Taylor, H. S. (2016). Low body mass index in endometriosis is promoted by hepatic metabolic gene dysregulation in mice. Biology of Reproduction, 95(6), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.116.142877 Hediger, M. L., Hartnett, H. J., & Louis, G. M. B. (2005). Association of endometriosis with body size and figure. Fertility and Sterility, 84(5), 1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.05.029 Holdsworth-Carson, S. J., Dior, U. P., Colgrave, E. M., Healey, M., Montgomery, G. W., Rogers, P. A. W., & Girling, J. E. (2018). The association of body mass index with endometriosis and disease severity in women with pain. Journal of Endometriosis and Pelvic Pain Disorders, 10(2), 79–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/2284026518773939 Holdsworth-Carson, S. J., & Rogers, P. A. W. (2018). The complex relationship between body mass index and endometriosis. Journal of Endometriosis and Pelvic Pain Disorders, 10(4), 187–189. https://doi.org/10.1177/2284026518810586 Moini, A., Malekzadeh, F., Amirchaghmaghi, E., Kashfi, F., Akhoond, M. R., Saei, M., & Mirbolok, M. H. (2013). Risk factors associated with endometriosis among infertile Iranian women. Archives of Medical Science, 9(3), 506–514. https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2013.35420 Pandey, N., Kriplani, A., Yadav, R. K., Lyngdoh, B. T., & Mahapatra, S. C. (2010). Peritoneal fluid leptin levels are increased but adiponectin levels are not changed in infertile patients with pelvic endometriosis. Gynecological Endocrinology, 26(11), 843–849. https://doi.org/10.3109/09513590.2010.487585 Parasar, P., Ozcan, P., Terry, K. L., & Terry, K. L. (2017). Endometriosis : Epidemiology , Diagnosis and Clinical Management. Curr Obstet Gynecol Rep, 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13669-017-0187-1 Shah, D. K., Correia, K. F., Vitonis, A. F., & Missmer, S. A. (2013). Body size and endometriosis: results from 20 years of follow-up within the Nurses’ Health Study II prospective cohort. Human Reproduction (Oxford, England), 28(7), 1783–1792. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/det120 Shahbazi, S., & Shahrabi-Farahani, M. (2016). Evaluation of the correlation between body mass index and endometriosis among Iranian fertile women. Gynecological Endocrinology, 32(2), 157–160. https://doi.org/10.3109/09513590.2015.1101439 Silva, J. B. Da, Gurian, M. B. F., Nonino, C. B., Poli-Neto, O. B., Nogueira, A. A., Reis, F. J. C. Dos, & Silva, J. R. E. S. (2020). Analysis of Body Composition and Pain Intensity in Women with Chronic Pelvic Pain Secondary to Endometriosis. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetricia, 42(8), 486–492. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713912 Tang, A. M., Chung, M., Dong, K., Wanke, C., Bahwere, P., Bose, K., … Maalouf-Manasseh, Z. (2017). Determining a Global Mid-Upper Arm Circumference Cutoff to Assess Underweight in Adults (Men and Nonpregnant Women) (FHI 360/FA). Retrieved from www.fantaproject.org Triolo, O., Lagana, A. S., & Sturlese, E. (2013). Chronic Pelvic Pain in Endometriosis: An Overview. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, 5(3), 153–163. https://doi.org/10.4021/jocmr1288w Van Tonder, E., Mace, L., Steenkamp, L., Tydeman-Edwards, R., Gerber, K., & Friskin, D. (2019). Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) as a feasible tool in detecting adult malnutrition. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 32(4), 93–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/16070658.2018.1484622 Vercellini, P., Buggio, L., Somigliana, E., Barbara, G., Viganò, P., & Fedele, L. (2013). Attractiveness of women with rectovaginal endometriosis: A case-control study. Fertility and Sterility, 99(1), 212–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.08.039 World Health Organisation (WHO). (2008). Waist Circumference and Waist–Hip Ratio. Report of a WHO Expert Consultation. Geneva, 8-11 December 2008. Retrieved from http://www.who.int Zolbin, M. M., Mamillapalli, R., Nematian, S. E., Goetz, L., & Taylor, H. S. (2019). Adipocyte alterations in endometriosis: Reduced numbers of stem cells and microRNA induced alterations in adipocyte metabolic gene expression. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 17(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-019-0480-0

Text is read by the "Ask this paper" AI Q&A widget below. Extraction quality varies by source — PMC NXML preserves structure cleanly, OA-HTML may include some navigation residue, and OA-PDF can have broken hyphenation. The publisher copy (via DOI) is the canonical version.

My notes (saved in your browser only)

Ask this paper AI returns verbatim quotes from the full text · source: oa-doi-fallback

Answers must be backed by verbatim quotes from this paper's full text. Hallucinated quotes are dropped automatically; if no verbatim passage answers the question, we say so. How this works

Condition tags

endometriosis

Citation neighborhood

Papers in the corpus that this work cites (lower rings, blue) and that cite this one (upper rings, green). Dot size scales with the paper's in-corpus citation count — bigger dot = more influential within the endo/adeno field. Click a dot to open that paper. [ expand to 2 hops ] — adds papers reached through this work's immediate citers/citees. Heavier; up to 60 extra dots.

References (28)

Cited by (2)

Source provenance

openalex
last seen: 2026-06-10T17:14:06.276822+00:00
License: CC0 · commercial use OK