Reproductive and Menstrual Risk Factors for Endometriosis Disease: A Case-Control Study

Sanaz Mollazadeh, Mahin Kamalifard, Behnaz Sadeghzadeh Oskouei, Nayyereh Aminisani, Mehri Jafari Shobeiri, Mojgan Mirghafourvand‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬
In: Crescent Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences · 2019 · vol. 9(1) , pp. 43–50 · doi:10.34172/cjmb.2022.08 · W4213227392
article OA: green CC0 ⤵ 6 in-corpus citations
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⚙ AI-generated summary by claude@2026-06, 2026-06-08 ⓘ

This case-control study found that early menarche, no pregnancy or lactation history, irregular/prolonged menstruation, and painful intercourse are significantly associated with endometriosis.

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⚙ AI-generated deep summary by claude@2026-06, 2026-06-10 ⓘ

This case-control study compared 185 reproductive-age women with confirmed endometriosis to 370 age-matched women presenting for other problems, using a researcher-made questionnaire to assess reproductive and menstrual history. Multivariate conditional logistic regression identified multiple factors significantly associated with endometriosis, including early menarche, nulliparity and absence of lactation, later age at first lactation, shorter duration of breastfeeding, irregular menstruation, shorter intervals between bleeding, prolonged menstruation, and symptoms such as dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia, as well as recurrent vaginitis. The analysis is limited by reliance on questionnaire-based, retrospective risk-factor reporting and the center-based case-control design. This paper is centrally about endometriosis — it examines reproductive and menstrual risk factors associated with endometriosis disease.

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Abstract

Objectives: The endometriosis prevalence in the general population is about 7%-10%. In 30% of women, endometriosis is one of the causes of primary and secondary infertility. There are various risk factors for this disease. The present study aimed to determine the reproductive and menstrual risk factors of endometriosis. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 185 women of reproductive age with confirmed endometriosis were compared with 370 women of reproductive age who referred to the same center for other problems in terms of reproductive and menstruation risk factors for endometriosis. The two groups were matched for age. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire based on previous studies. Finally, bivariate analysis was done by the chi-square test, and multivariate analysis was performed by the conditional logistic regression for controlling confounder variables. Results: Based on multivariate logistic regression, early menarche age (P=0.004), no history of pregnancy (P<0.001), no child (P=0.002), no lactation history (P<0.001), high age of the first lactation (P=0.029), short duration of breastfeeding (P=0.015), no regular menstruation (P<0.001), short intervals between menstrual bleedings (P=0.016), prolonged menstruation (P<0.001), dysmenorrhea (P<0.001), dyspareunia (P<0.001), and recurrent vaginitis (P<0.001) had a significant relationship with endometriosis. Conclusions: In general, there was a relationship between some reproductive and menstrual characteristics and endometriosis. Therefore, it seems that these characteristics can predict the occurrence of endometriosis disease.

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Condition tags

endometriosisdysmenorrheadyspareuniainfertility

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