Selected Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

Pelvic pain is a common complaint in both the acute and primary care settings. The differential is broad and is dependent upon the patient’s age and whether or not she is pregnant. Aside from reproductive etiologies, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal causes must also be considered [1]. Acute pelvic pain has been defined as pain lasting less than 48 h, whereas chronic pelvic pain has been present for at least 6 months [2]. This section will specifically focus on acute pelvic pain with an emphasis on an evidence-based approach using clinical history and physical examination skills. Similar content being viewed by others

Karnath BM, Breitkopf DM. Acute and chronic pelvic pain in women. Hosp Physician. 2007;43:41–8. Curry Jr RW, George P, Samrag N. Acute pelvic pain: evaluation and management. Compr Ther. 2004;30:173–84. Kruszka PS, Krusszka SJ. Evaluation of pelvic pain in women. Am Fam Physician. 2010;82:142–6. Yudin MH, Wiesenfeld HC. Acute pelvic pain. In: Zenilman JM, editor. Sexually transmitted infections: diagnosis, management, and treatment. Sudbury: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2012. p. 145–53. Padilla LA, Radosevich DM, Milad MP. Accuracy of pelvic examination in detecting adnexal masses. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;46:593–8. Chard T. Pregnancy tests: a review. Hum Reprod. 1992;7:701–10. Schoeman SA, Stewart CM, Booth RA, Smith SD, Wilcox MH, Wilson JD. Assessment of best single sample for finding chlamydia in women with and without symptoms: a diagnostic test study. BMJ. 2012;345:e8103. Stewart CM, Schoeman SA, Booth RA, Smith SD, Wilcox MH, Wilson JD.Assessmentof self taken swabs versus clinician taken swab cultures for diagnosing gonorrhoea in women: single centre, diagnostic accuracy study. BMJ. 2012 Dec12;345:e8107. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e8107. Jaiyeoba O, Soper DE. A practical approach to the diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2011;2011:753037. doi:10.1155/2011/753037. Epub 2011 Jul 26 Cicchiello LA, Hamper UM, Scoutt LM. Ultrasound evaluation of gynecologic causes of pelvic pain. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;38:85–114. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria. Acute pelvic pain in the reproductive age group. Ultrasound Q. 2011;27:205. Jurkovic D, Wilkinson H. Diagnosis and management of ectopic pregnancy. BMJ. 2011;342:d3397. Dighe M, Cuevas C, Moshiri M. Sonography in first trimester bleeding. J Clin Ultrasound. 2008;36:352. Chen KT. Endometritis unrelated to pregnancy. Updated 04 Sept 2013. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/endometritis-unrelated-to-pregnancy? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR. 2010;59:63–7. Bartlett EC, Levison WB, Munday PE. Pelvic Inflammatory disease. BMJ. 2013;346:f3189. Lareau SM, Beigi RH. Pelvic inflammatory disease and tubo-ovarian abscess. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2008;22:693. Osayande AS, Mehulic S. Diagnosis and initial management of dysmenorrhea. Am Fam Physician. 2014;89:341–6. Kim JH, Lee SM, Lee JH, et al. Successful conservative management of ruptured ovarian cysts with hemoperitoneum in healthy women. PLoS One. 2014;9:e91171. Chiou SY, Lev-Toaff AS, Masuda E, et al. Adnexal torsion: new clinical and imaging observations by sonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. J Ultrasound Med. 2007;26:1289–301. Wagenlehner FM, Naber KG, Bshleipfer T, et al. Prostatitis and male pelvic pain syndrome. Dtsch Aztebl Int. 2009;106:175–83. Walz J, Perrotte P, Hutterer G, et al. Impact of chronic prostatitis-like symptoms on the quality of life in a large group of men. BJU Int. 2007;100:1307. Engeler DS, Baranowski AP, Dinis-Oliveira P, Elneil S, Hughes J, Messelink EJ, van Ophoven A, Williams AC. The 2013 EAU guidelines on chronic pelvic pain: is management of chronic pelvic pain a habit, a philosophy, or a science? 10 years of development. European Association of Urology. Eur Urol. 2013;64(3):431–9. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2013.04.035. Epub 2013 Apr 28. Review. Nickel JC, Krieger JN, McNaughton-Collins M, et al. Alfuzosin and symptoms of chronic prostatitis-chronic pelvic pain syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2663–73. Reingold A, Harget NT, Shands KN, et al. Toxic shock syndrome surveillance in the United States, 1980–1981. Ann Intern Med. 1982;96:875. CDC. Toxic shock syndrome. 2011 case definition. CSTE position statement. http://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/toxic-shock-syndrome-other-than-streptococcal/case-definition/2011 Alappattu MJ, Bishop MD. Psychological factors in chronic pelvic pain in women: relevance and application of the fear-avoidance model of pain. Phys Ther. 2011;91(10):1542–50. doi:10.2522/ptj.20100368. Epub 11 Aug 2011. Review. PubMed PMID: 21835893; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3185223. Bordman R, Jackson B. Below the belt: approach to chronic pelvic pain. Can Fam Physician. 2006;52(12):1556–62. PubMed PMID: 17279236; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1783755. Daniels JP, Khan KS. Chronic pelvic pain in women. BMJ. 2010;341:c4834. doi:10.1136/bmj.c4834. PubMed PMID: 20923840. de Bernardes NO, Marques A, Ganunny C, Bahamondes L. Use of intravaginal electrical stimulation for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain: a randomized, double-blind, crossover clinical trial. J Reprod Med. 2010;55(1–2):19–24. PubMed PMID: 20337203. Jarrell JF, Vilos GA, Allaire C, Burgess S, Fortin C, Gerwin R, Lapensée L, Lea RH, Leyland NA, Martyn P, Shenassa H, Taenzer P, Abu-Rafea B, Chronic Pelvic Pain Working Group, Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Consensus guidelines for the management of chronic pelvic pain. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2005;27(9):869–910. English, French. PubMed PMID: 19830953. Jarrell JF, Vilos GA, Allaire C, Burgess S, Fortin C, Gerwin R, Lapensée L, Lea RH, Leyland NA, Martyn P, Shenassa H, Taenzer P, Abu-Rafea B, Chronic Pelvic Pain Working Group, SOGC. Consensus guidelines for the management of chronic pelvic pain. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2005;27(8):781–826. English, French. PubMed PMID: 16287011. Montenegro ML, Gomide LB, Mateus-Vasconcelos EL, Rosa-e-Silva JC, Candido-dos-Reis FJ, Nogueira AA, Poli-Neto OB. Abdominal myofascial pain syndrome must be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic pelvic pain. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2009;147(1):21–4. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2009.06.025. Epub 22 Jul 2009. Review. PubMed PMID: 19628327. Montenegro ML, Vasconcelos EC, Candido Dos Reis FJ, Nogueira AA, Poli-Neto OB. Physical therapy in the management of women with chronic pelvic pain. Int J Clin Pract. 2008;62(2):263–9. Epub 7 Dec 2007. Review. PubMed PMID: 18067562. Stein SL. Chronic pelvic pain. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2013;42(4):785–800. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2013.08.005. Epub 23 Oct 2013. Review. PubMed PMID: 24280400. Latthe P, Mignini L, Gray R, Hills R, Khan K. Factors predisposing women to chronic pelvic pain: systematic review. BMJ. 2006;332(7544):749–55. Epub 16 Feb 2006. Review. PubMed PMID: 16484239; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1420707. Latthe P, Latthe M, Say L, Gülmezoglu M, Khan KS. WHO systematic review of prevalence of chronic pelvic pain: a neglected reproductive health morbidity. BMC Public Health. 2006;6:177. Review. PubMed PMID: 16824213; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1550236. Morrissey D, Ginzburg N, Whitmore K. Current advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic pelvic pain. Curr Opin Urol. 2014;24(4):336–44. doi:10.1097/MOU.0000000000000062. Review. PubMed PMID: 24837873. Vercellini P, Viganò P, Somigliana E, Abbiati A, Barbara G, Fedele L. Medical, surgical and alternative treatments for chronic pelvic pain in women: a descriptive review. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2009;25(4):208–21. doi:10.1080/09513590802530940. Review. PubMed PMID: 19296329. Stones RW, Mountfield J. Interventions for treating chronic pelvic pain in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;2:CD000387. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;4:CD000387. PubMed PMID: 10796713. Stones RW, Mountfield J. Interventions for treating chronic pelvic pain in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;4:CD000387. Review. PubMed PMID: 11034686. Tu FF, As-Sanie S, Steege JF. Musculoskeletal causes of chronic pelvic pain: a systematic review of diagnosis: part I. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2005;60(6):379–85. Review. PubMed PMID: 15920438. Whitmore K, Siegel JF, Kellogg-Spadt S. Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome as a cause of sexual pain in women: a diagnosis to consider. J Sex Med. 2007;4(3):720–7. Review. PubMed PMID: 17498107. Stilley JA, Birt JA, Sharpe-Timms KL. Cellular and molecular basis for endometriosis-associated infertility. Cell Tissue Res. 2012;349(3):849–62. Review. Macer ML, Taylor HS. Endometriosis and infertility: a review of the pathogenesis and treatment of endometriosis-associated infertility. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2012;39(4):535–49. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2012.10.002. Review. Burney RO, Giudice LC. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of endometriosis. Fertil Steril. 2012;98(3):511–9. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.06.029. Epub 20 Jul 2012. Review. Zito G, Luppi S, Giolo E, Martinelli M, Venturin I, Di Lorenzo G, Ricci G. Medical treatments for endometriosis-associated pelvic pain. BioMed Res Int. 2014;2014:191967. doi:10.1155/2014/191967. Epub 07 Aug 2014. Review. Jose-Miller AB, Boyden JW, Frey KA. Infertility. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75(6):849–56. Lindsay TJ, Vitrikas KR. Evaluation and treatment of infertility. Am Fam Physician. 2015;91(5):308–14. PubMed PMID: 25822387. Pritts EA. Fibroids and infertility: a systematic review of the evidence. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2001;56(8):483–91. Review. PubMed PMID: 25822387. Homer HA, Li TC, Cooke ID. The septate uterus: a review of management and reproductive outcome. Fertil Steril. 2000;73(1):1–14. Review. PubMed PMID: 11496160. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Committee opinion: role of tubal surgery in the era of assisted reproductive technology. Fertil Steril. 2012;97(3):539–45. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.12.031. Epub 29 Jan 2012. PubMed PMID: 22285747. Author information Authors and Affiliations Corresponding author Editor information Editors and Affiliations Rights and permissions Copyright information © 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland About this entry Cite this entry Holbrook, S., Wolf, S. (2015). Selected Disorders of the Female Reproductive System. In: Paulman, P., Taylor, R. (eds) Family Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0779-3_115-1 Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0779-3_115-1 Received: Accepted: Published: Publisher Name: Springer, Cham Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-0779-3 eBook Packages: Living Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor - Pelvic Pain - Ectopic Pregnancy - Bacterial Vaginosis - Pelvic Inflammatory Disease These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.