Examining acute pelvic pains among patients in two selected hospitals in in the western Region of Ghana

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Descriptive survey was employed for the study. The population of the study comprises all patients who were undergoing pelvic ultrasound at Effia-Nkwanta and European hospitals in Takoradi as part of their management plan for pelvic disease or pain. A purposive sampling technique convenience sampling were used to select 400 patients for the study. Inventory was used as the main instrument for the study for acquisition of data. The study employed the collection of previous pelvic ultrasound reports and reports obtained during the time of the study to obtain the data from the Radiologic Department at select hospitals with the SAL-30 A (Toshiba, Japan) and Philips Clear Vue real time ultrasound machines. Ethical clearance was sought from the UCCIR and research protocol review committee of the imaging board of the allied health sciences of Klintaps University College. Frequencies and percentages were used to analyze data on the research questions. The study found out that females are prone to pelvic pain than males, the most common presenting pathologies that cause pelvic pain are uterine fibroid, PID, Ectopic pregnancy, follicular cyst, BPH, Cystitis, colitis and Appendicitis and the organs that are mostly affected in cases of pelvic pain are uterus, ovaries, prostate, colon and bladder. It was therefore recommended that patients should be educated and encouraged to report to the hospital when there is any sign or symptom of pelvic pain. Nursing Physiology Epidemiology pelvic pain ultrasound diseases prostrate Effia Nkwanta and European hospitals Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Pelvic pain is one of the commonest Out-Patient Department (OPD) cases in most hospital. Comparably, women experience pains in one or two parts of the body which may be due to excess stretch of the muscles, minor or major accidents and old age than men (Andreotti & Harvey, 2012). Acute Pelvic pain is a common symptom in women of all ages. However, there are cases of pelvic pains in males. Ultrasonography is the least invasive investigative tool available to the clinician. Transvaginal probes produce high-resolution images of the pelvic organs, providing reliable and reproducible information without the need for a full bladder. It therefore means that pelvic pain does not connote only pains of the pelvic alone but all areas associated with the pelvic part of the human body. Treede, et al., (2015) stated that chronic pain has been recognized as pain that continues past normal healing time and hence lacks the acute warning function of physiological nociception. Usually, pain is regarded as chronic when it lasts or recurs for more than 3 to 6 months. Chronic pain is a frequent condition, affecting an estimated 20% of people worldwide and accounting for 15% to 20% of physician visits. A comprehensive examination should include clinical history, physical examination, laboratory result, and suitable imaging studies, all of which should be accessible to the radiologist for assessment(Ackerman et al. , 2011). The selection of imaging in the evaluation of pelvic pain is determined by the clinically suspected differential diagnosis after careful evaluation (Andreotti & Harvey, 2012). A pelvic ultrasound is a noninvasive diagnostic exam that produces images that are used to assess organs and structures within the female and male pelvis. A pelvic ultrasound allows quick visualization of the pelvic organs and structures including the uterus, cervix, vagina, fallopian tubes ovaries, bladder, prostate and urethra. Ultrasound uses a transducer that sends out ultrasound waves at a frequency too high to be heard. The ultrasound transducer is placed on the skin, and the ultrasound waves move through the body to the organs and structures within. The sound waves bounce off the organs like an echo and return to the transducer. The transducer processes the reflected waves, which are then converted by a computer into an image of the organs or tissues being examined (Medicine, 2019). Further imaging such as Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) including MR Decography or MR Neurography, positron emission tomography (PET) and Nuclear Medicine (Radionuclide) may be useful for the assessment of pelvic pain. However, the major advantages of ultrasound (US) over other medical imaging equipment or modalities is that ultrasound is safer, low cost, portable, non-ionizing, non-invasive and non-traumatic. This has made diagnostic ultrasound machine become more popular and powerful tool than the other diagnostic tools (Hafizah et al., 2010). Ultrasound is an ideal front-line tool for diagnostic and evaluative imaging in the field of medicine and is considered a safer-tool due to its lack of ionizing and mutagenic biological effects on internal body tissues that may lead to the development of benign or malignant neoplastic diseases. It is also a dynamic and an interactive examination that causes diminutive or no extra pains to the patient. Acute pelvic pain can reduce the quality of life and general wellbeing, there is a need to establish the true extent of the problem by performing a systematic review of all community-based prevalence studies. Ultrasound is a very good modality for acute pelvic pain, as it can easily diagnose and characterise the causes of pelvic pain. The wide availability, radiation free and cost effectiveness makes it a first line investigation in acute pelvic pain. The main objective of the study is to analyze the common ultrasound findings in patients that present with pelvic pain in the Effia-Nkwanta and European hospitals in Takoradi. Research Questions The following research questions were formulated to guide the study: What is the rate of pelvic pain among the patients due to gender? What is the distribution of gender affected with diseases in the organs pathologies in the uterus diseases in the ovaries diseases in the bladder diseases in the colons diseases in the prostate Literature Review Prevalence of chronic pelvic pain The incidence of patients reporting to the above-named hospitals was on the increase during our internship therefore the need for this research is to enable sonographers know the most common pelvic pathologies relating to patients’ complaints. The ultrasound findings of patient with pelvic pain have not yet been associated with gender. The main motives for the recommendation of ultrasound pelvic scan have not been acknowledged in these localities. Sar, Kundakci, Kiziltan, Bakim and Bozkur (2000) stated that the prevalence rates for dyspareunia and dysmenorrhoea are believed to be 8% and 45-97% respectively. This high prevalence reflects the disease burden in the community. Pelvic pain remains the single most common indication for referral to a gynaecology clinic accounting for 20% of all outpatient appointments. According to Sar, Kundakci, Kiziltan, Bakim and Bozkur (2000), pelvic pain has a major impact on health-related quality of life, work productivity and health care utilisation. Sarkodie, Botwe and Ofori (2016) posited that pelvic pain is also a major cause of workplace absenteeism. An estimated 158 million pounds are spent annually on the management of pelvic pain condition in the health service in the UK and in the USA, $881.5 million are spent per year on its outpatient management (Winkel, 2001). In Ghana, it is estimated that approximately 40 per cent of all laparoscopies are done for Chronic Pelvic Pain (CPP) (Sarkodie, Botwe, & Ofori, 2016).) Imaging of pelvic pain Diagnostic ultrasound, also called sonography or diagnostic medical sonography, is an imaging method that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of structures within your body. The images can provide valuable information for diagnosing and treating a variety of diseases and conditions (Aakre, Abril, Asirvatham, & Aslam., 2020) The technique is similar to the echolocation used by bats, whales and dolphins, as well as sonar(Sound navigation and Ranging) used by the Americans Navy (Murphyand & Nadrljanski, 2014). Ultrasound is one of the best imaging modalities used to evaluate nonspecific pelvic pain, pregnancy complications, anatomy of pelvic organs, and various ovarian pathologies (Kooshesh, 2016) Functions of the pelvis The strong and rigid pelvis is adapted to serve a number of roles in the human body. The main functions of pelvis as listed by Talia (2018) and Fidoe (2019) are follows: Transfer of weight from the upper axial skeleton to the lower appendicular components of the skeleton, especially during movement. Provides attachment for a number of muscles and ligaments used in locomotion. Contains and protects the abdominopelvic and pelvic viscera Stability : The pelvic floor is one of four muscles making up our inner ‘core’, which stabilizes our pelvis and lower back. Sphincteric function: These are the muscles which control both the opening of the urethra, where urine comes out, and rectum, where faeces and/or gas come out. The pelvic floor muscles prevent leakage of urine, fees and gas. Sexual Function : The pelvic floor plays a role in orgasm but can also cause painful intercourse. Circulation : The pelvic floor muscles act as a ‘sump pump’ to pump blood back up towards the heart Types of Pelvic Pain Pelvic pain is basically of two types namely Acute pelvic pain and Chronic pelvic pain . Acute pelvic pain is defined as lower abdominal or pelvic pain of less than three months’ duration. It is a common presentation in primary care. Evaluation can be challenging because of a broad differential diagnosis and because many associated signs and symptoms are nonspecific. The most common diagnoses in reproductive-aged women with acute pelvic pain are idiopathic pelvic pain, pelvic inflammatory disease, acute appendicitis, ovarian cysts, ectopic pregnancy, and endometriosis. Among postmenopausal women, cancer must be considered(Gordon et al., 2016) Other causes of acute pelvic pain may include; Pyelonephritis, cystitis, ureteral stone, ischemic bowel, perforated viscous, Irritable Bowel Syndrome(IBS), urethral stricture, Irritable Bowel Disease(IBD) , Muscular strain, sprain , hernia, abdominal wall hematoma, Ovarian cyst, Tubo-Ovarian Abscess(TOA) Salpingitis, endometritis, uterine perforation, fibroids, dysmenorrhea, neoplasm and diverticulitis(Cast et al., 2016) Acute bacterial prostatitis, epididymitis and/or urethritis and sexually transmitted infections can occur in men (Prostatitis, 2015). Chronic pelvic pain is chronic or persistent pain perceived* in structures related to the pelvis of either men or women. It is often associated with negative cognitive, behavioural, sexual and emotional consequences as well as with symptoms suggestive of lower urinary tract, sexual, bowel, pelvic floor or gynecological dysfunction. Perceived indicates that the patient and clinician, to the best of their ability from the history, examination and investigations (where appropriate) has localized the pain as being discerned in a specified anatomical pelvic area(Engeler et al., 2018). Chronic pelvic pain is defined as “intermittent or constant pain in the lower abdomen or pelvis of at least 6 months duration, not occurring exclusively with menstruation or intercourse and not associated with pregnancy. Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is common and is estimated to affect up to 25% of women of reproductive age. CPP is known to be associated with a number of gynecological and non-gynecological conditions such as Endometriosis, Adenomyosis, Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease, Pelvic venous congestion, Adhesions, including residual and trapped ovary syndromes, Pelvic organ prolapse, Gynecological malignancy, Bladder pain syndrome (interstitial cystitis) ,Urethral syndrome, Irritable bowel syndrome, Inflammatory bowel disease, Coeliac disease, Hernia, Mesenteric venous thrombosis, neurological and musculoskeletal dysfunctions(Simpson & Mahmood, 2017). Pelvic Pain in Women Pelvic pain is a common presentation in primary care. Although well-designed studies on the prevalence of pelvic pain are lacking, one study estimated that up to 39% of reproductive-aged women who presented to their primary care physician had symptoms related to pelvic pain, and one in seven women has acute or chronic pelvic pain at some point. The consequence of a missed diagnosis can be serious. For example, delay in diagnosis of an ectopic pregnancy can result in rupture and life-threatening hemorrhage. Untreated sexually transmitted infections and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) can lead to long-term sequelae, such as infertility and chronic painThe typical diagnoses made in nonpregnant reproductive-aged women who present with acute pelvic pain include the following (from most to least common): idiopathic pelvic pain, PID, acute appendicitis, conditions related to ovarian cysts, and endometriosis. Other less common causes of acute pelvic pain in this population are adenomyosis, dysmenorrhea endometritis (postprocedure)Intrauterine device perforation etc. Cancer must be primarily considered in a postmenopausal woman with acute pelvic pain. Other rare causes are postmenopausal endometriosis and, on occasion, a retained intrauterine device that the patient had forgotten to remove (Amit, Elizabeth, & Toni, 2016) Pelvic Pain in Men Many men experience pain in the pelvis at some point in their life. Common symptoms may include difficult, painful, or frequent urination; pain in the area of the bladder, groin, anus, and abdomen; inability to obtain an erection or pain during ejaculation; and fever and chills. The onset can be gradual (for chronic cases) or sudden (for acute cases). In many cases this pain is referred to as “prostatitis”, that is to say inflammation of the prostate. CPPS III is by far the most common entity encountered in clinical practice. The causes of chronic pelvic pain are varied; possibilities include urinary tract or sexually transmitted infections. Risk factors include diabetes, immunosuppression, prostate enlargement, congenital urinary tract abnormality, urinary issues, tightness or problems of the pelvic floor musculature, and having recent urethral instrumentation (e.g. having a catheter put in). In many cases there are no clear risk factors (Shindel, 2020) Prostate pathologies are very common in clinical practice and are expected to affect most men at some time during their life. They are associated with increased morbidity and mortality in older men. These pathologies include benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) which occurs in elderly men and is the most commonly encountered disorder. It can lead to various symptoms of urinary tract obstruction and consequently severe impairment of urine flow. Other prostatic disorders include carcinoma which is the second most common malignancy in adult males next only to lung cancer. Infectious disorders include prostatitis which is common in young adults and usually associated with genitourinary infections. Other rare disorders include prostatic cysts and calcification (Musa Salim Ahmed et al., 2015) Lastly, colon cancer and gastroenteritis could be the cause of pelvic pain in men (Minhhuyen, 2019). Bladder infection, inguinal hernia and testicular inflammation (orchitis) or epididymis (epididymitis) are less sudden, but also uncomfortable (Andre, 2020) Research Methods Research Design The present study adopted the quantitative approach. A descriptive survey deals with the collection of data so as to provide answers to the research questions or hypothesis. The descriptive survey presents issues as it is on the ground with less or no personal sentiments. That is to say, a descriptive study reports findings the way they exist. Typical descriptive studies are concerned with the assessment of attitudes, opinions, demographic information, conditions and procedures. The descriptive survey basically enquires into the status quo. It attempts to measure what exists with respect to variables or conditions in a situation (Aryetal, 1990). Population The population of the study comprises all patients who were undergoing pelvic ultrasound at Effia-Nkwanta and European hospitals in Takoradi as part of their management plan for pelvic disease or pain. These patients should fit into the inclusion criteria of no history of trauma and female with no pregnancy. Sample and Sampling Procedures A purposive sampling technique were used to select Effia-Nkwanta and European hospitals in Takoradi because they are the leading hospitals in the Sekondi-Takoradi metro with sophisticated equipments. With this it was possible for the researcher to have records of the status of the patients with regard to pelvic pains in the municipality. A purposive sample is a non-representative subset of some larger population, and is constructed to serve a very specific need or purpose (Sarantakos, 2000). Adjei and Tagoe (2009) also stated that purposive sample is used in situations where a specific target is to be reached. That is when respondents are expected to meet criteria for being in the sample. A convenience sampling was used to select 400 patients who visit the two facilities for services. The respondents were selected as and when they visit the facilities. According to Gyamfi (2018), convenience sampling involves choosing the nearest or available individuals to serve as respondents and continuing the process until the required sample size has been obtained. This type of sampling is employed in qualitative research and in other studies where representativeness is not an issue. The sample size for the study was 400 and the use of convenience sampling technique was employed since not all people who had pelvic scan were recruited in this study but only those who gave us the required information for the study. Research Instruments Inventory was used as the main instrument for the study for acquisition of data. The study employed the collection of previous pelvic ultrasound reports and reports obtained during the time of the study to obtain the data from the Radiologic Department at select Effia-Nkwanta and European hospitals in Takoradi. SAL-30 A (Toshiba, Japan) and Philips Clear Vue real time ultrasound machines with a 3.5-5.0 MHz curvilinear probe were used to scan participants. A brief interview was used to collect the bio-data on the patients at the sonography departments. Ethical considerations Ethical approval or clearance was sought from the UCCIR and research protocol review committee of the imaging board of the allied health sciences of Klintaps University College prior to the enrolment before the study was carried out. The nature and purpose of the study was explained to participants and only participants whose consent were giving were part of the study and appeared their signatures to the consent forms were recruited. The privacy of the patient was assured by accommodating only the Sonographer and the investigators in the scanning room. The researcher spent one month at each facility to take records of the data needed for the study as the patients visits the unit. Patients were asked to drink water 30-45minutes prior to the examination as in routine pelvic scan. This study was routinely pelvic scan and each examination took about 15-20 minutes. Data Processing and Analysis The standard statistical analysis software, Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) was used to analyze the data that was gathered. Frequencies and percentages were used analyze data on the research questions. This is because the research question sought to find the distribution of pelvic pain and related diseases with respect to gender. Results And Discussion Analysis of Research Questions Research Question Research question one sought to determine the distribution of pelvic pain with respect to gender. That is to find out which gender is predominant with regard to pelvic pains. Frequency and percentages and pie charts were used to analyze the data on the research question. The frequency and percentage of the distribution is presented in Table 1 . Table 1 Distribution of pelvic pain with respect to gender Gender Number Percentage Female 246 61.5% Male 154 38.5% Total 400 100.0 Table 1 shows the distribution of pelvic pain among gender. The table shows that that of the 400 patients, about 246 constituting 61.5% were females who reported higher cases of pelvic pain. Whereas 154 (38.5%) of the reported pelvic pain were males. A pie chart that graphically shows the distribution is presented in Fig. 3. This means that the number of females with pelvic pain out number that of male. It can be said that females are prone to pelvic pain than males. This may be due to the numerous gender roles such child birth and care taking, domestic chores that put pressure of the pelvis. Pelvic Pain is one of the most common complaints that gynecologists, urologists general surgeons, sonographers and emergency service specialists encounter and for female patients to visit the emergency service. In general, acute pelvic pain is experienced in the lower abdomen or pelvis and lasts less than three months and it is the most common cause of all pelvic pain especially in the reproductive non-pregnant females. This current study evaluated 400 patients in both males and females. In this study, there were 154 males and 246 females with the male-to-female ratio of 1:2, so predominantly the pelvic pain occurred in female patients. The statistic of our data showed that the highest incidence of pelvic pain occurred in the females 246 (61.50%). This finding support existing literature as stated by(Liddle & Davies, 2007 ) who stated in their findings that women of child bearing age are most affected with Pelvic pain as a result of endocrine and mechanical factors. This also goes in accordance with the previous study by (Newton, 1990) saying men rarely experience pelvic discomfort, whereas women frequently do. Other literatures like that of Kaakaji et al., ( 2000 ) and Herter et al., ( 2002 ) all agree that women are the most affected with pelvic pain Research question two The research question sought to determine the distribution of gender with pelvis related diseases. Data were taken from the inventory of patients’ health records. Frequencies and percentages was used to analyzed the data. The organs considered are related to the pelvis. These were ovary, uterus, prostrate, bladder, colon. The distribution of diseases in the organs around the pelvis due to gender is presented in Table 2 . Table 2 Distribution of gender affected with diseases in the organs . Variables (Organs) Gender Male (n/%) Female (n/%) Ovary Uterus -- -- 71(17.75%) 145(36.25%) Prostate 106(26.50%) -- Bladder Colon 21(5.25%) 27(6.75%) 6(1.50%) 24(6.00%) Total 154(38.50%) 246(61.50%) The Table 2 shows that pelvic pain diseases in the organs often occur in females than in males. The data revealed that pelvic pain and/or associated diseases in the organs were found to be higher in females than in males constituting a total of 246(61.50%) and 154(38.50%) in the females and males respectively. In females, the uterus had the highest occurring pathology with 145(36.25%) whereas in males, the highest occurring pathology of pelvic pain was recorded in the prostate indicating 106(26.50%). The data also revealed that 71(17.75%) females had pathology in their ovaries which was causing pelvic pain. Again, pelvic pain disease associated with the bladder were common in males with 21(5.25%) than in females with 6(1.50%) respectively. The pelvic pain or diseases in the colon were also found to be higher with 27(6.75%) among males than in females with 24(6.00%) recorded. The distribution of pathologies in the uterus of female is presented in Table 3 . Table 3 Distribution of gender affected with pathologies in the uterus. Variables (Uterus) Frequency Percentage (%) Threatened abortion 2 1.4 Uterine fibroid 85 58.6 Endometrial hyperplasia 1 0.7 Endometrial calcification 1 0.7 Endometriosis 5 3.4 Endometrial polyp 1 0.6 Spontaneous abortion 4 2.8 Incomplete abortion 2 1.4 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease(PID) 37 25.5 Cervicitis 2 1.4 Pregnancy 5 3.4 Total 145 100.0 Source: Field study (2020) The table indicates that among the 145 patients who had uterine pathologies, 85 of them constituting 58.6% had uterine fibroid. Uterine fibroid was recorded most in female patients who reported to the hospital with pelvic pain. It followed by Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) with 37 patients representing 25.5%. The Threatened abortion, endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial calcification, endometriosis, endometrial polyp, spontaneous abortion, incomplete abortion, cervicitis and pregnancy recorded incidence of 2(1.4%), 1(0.6%),1(0.6%), 5(3.4%), 1(0.6%), 4(2.8%), 2(1.4%), 2(1.4%) and 5(3.4%) respectively. The distribution of pathologies in the ovaries of female is presented in Table 4 . Table 4 Distribution of gender affected with diseases in the ovaries. Variables(Ovaries) Frequencies Percentages (%) Ovarian torsion 2 2.8 Corpus luteal cyst 4 5.6 Follicular cyst 19 26.8 Tubo ovarian abscess 8 11.3 Ectopic pregnancy 30 42.3 Dermoid cyst 8 11.3 Total 71 100.0 Table 4 indicated that ectopic pregnancy is the highest occurring sonographic pathology in the ovaries. Among the 71 ovarian pathologies, ectopic pregnancy was prevalent with 30(42.3%) patients. Follicular cyst recorded 19(26.8%) and it was the second highest recorded in the ovaries. Tubo ovarian abscess and dermoid cyst recorded 8(11.3%) each. Corpus luteal cyst had 4(5.6%) occurrence. The least recorded pathology in the ovary revealed by the data was ovarian torsion which was 2(2.8%). The distribution of pathologies in the prostate of male is presented in Table 5 . Table 5 Distribution of gender affected with diseases in the prostate. Variables (Prostate) Frequency Percentages BPH 98 92.5 Prostate cancer 1 0.9 Prostatitis 7 6.6 Total 106 100.0 Table 5 showed that benign prostate hyperplasia is the highest occurring finding in the prostate. Out of the 106 who reported of prostate, 98(92.5%) were presented with Benign Prostate Hyperplasia and it was the pathology with highest outcome. Prostate cancer and prostatitis recorded 1(0.9%) and 7(6.6%) respectively. In all, prostate cancer is rarely recorded in the hospital than that of BPD and prostatitis. The distribution of gender affected with diseases in the colons is presented in Table 6 . Table 6 Distribution of gender affected with diseases in the colons. Variables (Colons) Gender Male (n/%) Female (n/%) Colitis 10 (37.0%) 17(70.8%) Crohn’s disease 5(18.5%) 1(4.2%) Appendicitis 12(44.4%) 6(25.0%) Total 27(99.9%) 24(100.0%) The Table 6 indicated that colitis is the common sonographic finding in the colon. Colitis occurs more in female than males. In all, males recorded the most pathologies in the colon with 27 out of the 51 representing 52.9%. However, in males, appendicitis was common with 12 (44.4%) occurrences. Females recorded 6(25.0%) in appendicitis. Crohn’s disease was mostly found in males with 5(18.5%) than females, 1(4.2%). The distribution of gender with disease in the bladder is presented in Table 7 . Table 7 Distribution of gender and findings in the bladder Variables (Bladder) Gender Male (n/%) Female (n/%) Cystitis 21 (100.0%) 4(66.7%) Ureterocele -- 1(16.7%) Bladder mass -- 1(16.7%) Total 21(100.0%) 6(100.0%) Source: Field Study (2020) Table 7 showed that Cystitis is the most occurring pathology seen during the research in the Bladder and it was seen to occur most in males than in females. The number of patients who had bladder pathologies were 27 patients approximately (5.25%+1.50%=6.75%. Out of these 28(6.75%) patients, 21(5.25%) was recorded in men and 6(1.50%) was recorded in females. Cystitis was seen both in men and women. However, ureterocele and bladder mass was only found among indicating 1(0.25%). In this study, the most common associated symptom with acute pelvic pain is nausea and vomiting. The next common symptoms are fever, dysuria, vaginal discharge, constipation, hematuria and distension. In clinical signs, tenderness is the most common sign of acute pelvic pain. The rebound tenderness, palpable mass in pelvis, guarding are also seen (Nadah & Kupesic, 2012). In their study showed the associated symptoms to be nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, flank pain, dysuria, hematuria, frequency, urgency, vaginal bleeding and vaginal discharge. Andreotti and Harvey ( 2012 ) showed that the clinical diagnosis of acute pelvic pain in the female patient can be challenging because of nonspecific signs and symptoms, and imaging has been found to be valuable in narrowing the differential diagnosis. The findings of our study suggest that the uterus is the organ with the highest occurring sonographic findings. This correlates well with the study by Anderson, (2018) that showed that the uterus is the most affected organ in the certain of pelvic pain. A similar research by Bau and Atri ( 2000 ) disagreed with the findings, deducing that the common sonographic findings were related to the ovaries. The study cemented the fact that uterine fibroid, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ovarian cyst and follicular cyst are the most frequently occurring ultrasound findings in patient with pelvic pain. A study by Sarkodie et al., ( 2016 ) confirmed this findings by stating that uterine fibroids are the most common benign tumours affecting premenopausal women and are often associated with considerable hospitalization and morbidity. Another research work by Cicchiello et al., ( 2011 ) showed that the most common gynecologicalcause of pelvic pain are adenomyosis, endometriosis, leiomyoma, adhesion and pelvic congestion syndrome In this study there were total 18 confirmed cases of acute appendicitis, out of which 16 were correctly diagnosed with ultrasound with a sensitivity of 88.9%. It correlates with the study of Birnbaum and Stephanie (2000) who reported sensitivities of 75–90%, specificities of 86–100% for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Out of these, the inflamed appendix was visualized as a non-compressible, aperistaltic tubular structure blind ended with an average diameter of more than 6 mm in cases. It correlates well with the study of (Jerry, Reginald, Wendell, & Dirks, 2005) Jerry, Reginald, Wendell and Dirks (2005) showing that the most useful finding on ultrasonography that is suggestive of appendicitis is an outer appendiceal diameter of 6 mm or greater on cross section. In this study, five cases diagnosed on ultrasonography, there were localized collection in the right iliac fossa. Sivit ( 1993 ) showed in their study that localized periappendiceal collections are seen in the right lower quadrant or pelvis. Appendicolith was seen in 4 cases. It correlated well with Balthazar et al., ( 1994 ) study on patients with acute appendicitis revealing appendicoliths in 17% of cases of acute appendicitis. Inflamed appendix presented as heterogeneous mass in right iliac fossa in 6 cases (33.3%). It was ill defined in 4 and well defined in 2 cases. It correlated well with the study of Sivit, ( 1993 ) showing periappendiceal mass in 17% of cases of acute appendicitis. Another study by Balthazar et al., ( 1994 ) showed paracaecal inflammatory mass and/or abscess in 5 out of 18 cases representing 27.8%. Fluid filled lumen was seen in 8 cases of appendicitis amounting to 44.4%. This correlated well with the study of (Sivit, 1993 ), in which 47% cases show fluid filled lumen. Enlarged lymph nodes were seen in 2 cases (11.1%) in our study. Kessler et al., ( 2004 ) had shown that right lower abdominal quadrant adenopathy is a common reaction to ileal, caecal or appendiceal inflammatory disease that is encountered in both patients with appendicitis and those without it. Study by Lem and Nolan ( 2000 ) stated that the common sonographic finding in pelvic pain is attributed to the Bladder. Bau and Atri ( 2000 ) from their findings in their research work suggested that ectopic pregnancy, appendicitis, diverticulitis and incarcerated hernia are the common ultrasound finding in patient with pelvic pain. This result is however in line with our study. In this study, a total 71 cases of adnexal pathologies constituted acute pelvic pain cases. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) are the most common in Adnexal pathologies constituting acute pelvic pain. These constitute 37 cases, that is 52.1% of Adnexal lesions in acute pelvic pain. This correlated well with a previous study by (Nippon, 1997 ), in which salpingitis and hemorrhagic ovarian cysts are most commonly diagnosed gynecologic conditions presenting as an acute abdomen. Ectopic pregnancy constituted 30 cases, that is 42.2% of cases. Least common Adnexal pathology constituting acute pelvic pain in this study is ovarian torsion making up only 2.8% of cases (2 cases). It also correlated well with the Brady and Carusi ( 2016 ) that Gynecologic disorders in the woman with a negative pregnancy test who presents with acute pelvic pain include acute Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), functional ovarian cysts, ovarian endometriomas and adnexal torsion. In this study, total of 27 patients presented with acute pelvic pain with pathologies related to urinary system. Thickened bladder wall and internal echoes (cystitis) were seen in 25 cases. It correlated well with the study of Sty et al., ( 1987 ) which stated that irregular bladder wall thickening is seen in acute cases of urinary tract infections. Lastly, our study revealed that the prostate is the most common organ affected in areas of pelvic pain in men followed by the bladder, appendix and the colon. The study also showed that Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is the commonest pathology followed by Cystitis, Appendicitis and Colitis. A study by Musa Salim Ahmed et al., ( 2015 ) revealed that in a trans-abdominal ultrasound in men a high incidences of BPH, cancer and prostatitis were found which correlate well with our study. Conclusion and Recommendations The use of ultrasound as a complementary diagnostic modality (tool) for pelvic pain, in most hospitals in Ghana should be encouraged. Ultrasonography is a non-invasive and non-ionizing imaging tool hence it should be the first line diagnosis in the cases of pelvic pain. Recommendation There should be an improvement in the record keeping of ultrasound report. Patient should be educated and encouraged to report to the hospital when there is any sign or symptom of pelvic pain. This will help reduce the incidence of complications. Hospital and diagnostic centres should purchase ultrasound machines with higher resolution with affordable price that can be easily accessible by patients. Declarations Data Availability As this study is a topic being led by the first author, the datasets generated and/or analyzed in the study are currently not publicly available, and this study is part of the topic but is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Conflict of interest There is no conflict of interest Funding There is no external funding. Cost is borne by the authors References Ackerman, S. J., Irshad, A., & Anis, M. (2011). Ultrasound for Pelvic Pain II: Nongynecologic Causes. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America , 38 (1), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2011.02.004 Albayram, F., & Hamper, U. M. (2001). Ovarian and adnexal torsion: Spectrum of sonographic findings with pathologic correlation. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine , 20 (10), 1083–1089. Amirbekian, S., & Hooley, R. J. (2014). Ultrasound evaluation of pelvic pain. Radiologic Clinics of North America , 52 (6), 1215–1235. Andreotti, R. F., & Harvey, S. M. (2012). Sonographic evaluation of acute pelvic pain. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine , 31 (11), 1713–1718. Balthazar, E. J., Birnbaum, B. A., Yee, J., Megibow, A. J., Roshkow, J., & Gray, C. (1994). Acute appendicitis: CT and US correlation in 100 patients. Radiology , 190 (1), 31–35. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.190.1.8259423 Bau, A., & Atri, M. (2000). Acute female pelvic pain: Ultrasound evaluation. Seminars in Ultrasound CT and MRI , 21 (1), 78–93. Baxter, C., & Firoozi, F. (2013). Pelvic floor ultrasound. In Practical Urological Ultrasound . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-351-6_9 Brady, P. C., & Carusi, D. (2016). Acute pelvic pain. Handbook of Consult and Inpatient Gynecology , 26 (4), 3–29. Cast, C., Notes, S., & Pain, A. P. (2016). Chapter 33 - Acute Pelvic Pain in Women Episode overview : WiseCracks : Rosen ’ s in Perspective WiseCracks : 1–4. Cicchiello, L. A., Hamper, U. M., & Scoutt, L. M. (2011). Ultrasound Evaluation of Gynecologic Causes of Pelvic Pain. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America , 38 (1), 85–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2011.02.005 Diwakar, R. K. (2018). Basics of Abdominal, Gynaecological, Obstetrics and Small Parts Ultrasound. In Basics of Abdominal, Gynaecological, Obstetrics and Small Parts Ultrasound . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4873-9 Engeler, D., Baranowski, A., Borovicka, J., & Cottrell, A. (2018). European Association of Urology Guidelines 2019 Edition. European Association of Urology , 5 (3) 1–82. https://doi.org/10.1159/isbn.978-3-318-00274-4 Gordon, J., Desai, B., & Desai, A. (2016). Acute pelvic pain. Primary Care for Emergency Physicians , 12 (7) 213–223. Guidelines, A. P., & Examinations, P. U. (2015). AIUM practice guideline for the performance of peripheral venous ultrasound examinations. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine , 34 (8), 1–9. Hafizah, M., Kok, T., & Spriyanto, E. (2010). 3D ultrasound image reconstruction based on VTK. 9th WSEAS International Conference on Signal Processing, SIP ’10 , 102–106. Harris, R. D., Holtzman, S. R., & Poppe, A. M. (2000). Clinical outcome in female patients with pelvic pain and normal pelvic US findings. Radiology , 216 (2), 440–443. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.216.2.r00au22440 Hassan, A., & Hamdy, M. (2019). The Role of Imaging Modalities in Assessment of Gynaecologic Causes of Acute Pelvic Pain. Acta Scientific Medical Sciences , 3 (2), 84–92. Herter, L. D., Golendziner, E., Flores, J. A. M., Moretto, M., Di Domenico, K., Becker, E., & Spritzer, P. M. (2002). Ovarian and Uterine Findings in Pelvic Sonography. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine , 21 (11), 1237–1246. Kaakaji, Y., Nghiem, H. V., Nodell, C., & Winter, T. C. (2000). Sonography of obstetric and gynecologic emergencies: Part I, obstetric emergencies. American Journal of Roentgenology , 174 (3), 641–649. Kessler, N., Cyteval, C., Gailix, B., Lesnik, A., Blayac, P. M., Pujol, J., Bruel, J. M., & Taourel, P. (2004). Appendicitis: Evaluation of Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Values of US, Doppler US, and Laboratory Findings. Radiology , 230 (2), 472–478. Lem, S., & Nolan, R. L. (2000). Complications of hip arthroplasty simulating pelvic or bladder pathology: Sonographic and radiographic findings. Abdominal Imaging , 25 (4), 440–443. Liddle, A. D., & Davies, A. H. (2007). Pelvic congestion syndrome: Chronic pelvic pain caused by ovarian and internal iliac varices. Phlebology , 22 (3), 100–104. https://doi.org/10.1258/026835507780807248 Long, S. S., Surrey, D., & Nazarian, L. N. (2012). Common sonographic findings in the painful hip after hip arthroplasty. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine , 31 (2), 301–312. https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.2012.31.2.301 Mawaldi, L., Gupta, C., Bakhsh, H., Saadeh, M., & Abolfotouh, M. A. (2011). Validity of Ultrasound in Patients with Acute Pelvic Pain Related to Suspected Ovarian Torsion. Surgical Science , 2 (6), 326–330. Musa Salim Ahmed, N., Salim Elsheikh, A., Amir Gilani, S., & Hassan Mohamed, A. (2015). Assessing Prostate Pathologies with Trans-abdominal Ultrasound. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences , 14 (4), 2279–2861. https://doi.org/10.9790/0853-144108892 Nippon, J. (1997). Sonographic with appearance acute abdomen of hemorrhagic by transvaginal ovarian scan cyst Kaisuke Ishihara and Yoshihiro Nemoto of Obstetrics and Gynecology . Second Hospital of Nippon Medical . 64 (5), 411–415. Sar, V., Kundakci, T., Kiziltan, E., Bakim, B. & Bozkurt, O. (2000). Differentiating dissociative disorders form other diagnostic groups through somatoform dissociation in Turkey. Journal of trauma and dissociation 1 (4), 67-80 Sarkodie, B. D., Botwe, B. O., & Ofori, E. K. (2016). Uterine fibroid characteristics and sonographic pattern among Ghanaian females undergoing pelvic ultrasound scan: A study at 3-major centres. BMC Women’s Health , 16 (1), 14–19. Simpson, L. R., & Mahmood, T. (2017). Medical and surgical management of chronic pelvic pain. Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine , 27 (1), 14–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogrm.2016.12.002 Sivit, C. J. (1993). Diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children: Spectrum of sonographic findings. American Journal of Roentgenology , 161 (1), 147–152. Sty, J. R., Wells, R. G., Starshak, R. J., & Schroeder, B. A. (1987). Imaging in acute renal infection in children. American Journal of Roentgenology , 148 (3), 471–477. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.148.3.471 Thomas, M., & Au-Yong, I. T. H. (2012). Anatomy of the female pelvis. BMJ (Online) , 344 (7851), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d7823 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2887238","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":196994206,"identity":"7a80d128-566c-499a-a141-06b3ccfa0d2c","order_by":0,"name":"Rosemary Acquaye","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rosemary","middleName":"","lastName":"Acquaye","suffix":""},{"id":196994207,"identity":"c7ef7941-8731-4591-97b0-739fd9788d3b","order_by":1,"name":"Abraham Gyamfi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABFklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQYGZhj7Q0IFmxyIceABkVoYZySc4TMGa0kgWgtjm1xiA4iJTwv/7N6HnwtqttltOH46seHBGbP0+WGHHwJtsZPTbcBhyZ3jxtIzjt1O3nAmd2NDQkVa7sbbaQZALcnGZgdwWHMjjUGah+12ssGB3O0PEs4cy904OwGk5UDiNhxa5G+kMf/m+QfUcv7txobEtv/phrPTP+DVYnAjjU2at+22ncGNXJAWtgR56Rz8thjeOcZmzdt3O0HyBtCWhDNshhukcwoOJBjg9ovc7Tbm2zzfbtvznc/d2Pijgk1efnb65g8fKuzkcHofChIXwBQYgBkG+JWDgL18A5QFZ4yCUTAKRsEogAIA3dZvSiSDOkEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3189-1825","institution":"Wesley College of Education","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abraham","middleName":"","lastName":"Gyamfi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-05-02 20:58:45","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":true,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":true,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true,"humanSubjectConsent":true,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"coiExplicitlySet":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2887238/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2887238/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":36592511,"identity":"3f1d84c8-68b7-40eb-8072-122d6b12a0c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-05-03 21:51:05","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":5713,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLegends for figures 1-3 not available with this version.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Placeholderimage.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2887238/v1/8ac2f3fb4ce0232e1ae7ab10.png"},{"id":36592179,"identity":"e4da7413-ed89-461d-aa48-6c7f5617cedf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-05-03 21:43:06","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":12305,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 4\u003cem\u003e: Distribution of Gender with Pelvic pain\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2887238/v1/c9b7cb883c740f3eb0146808.png"},{"id":36592512,"identity":"27c419b0-512f-4eb4-8a2a-36c1ddac3684","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-05-03 21:51:11","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":452200,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2887238/v1/9e35bbc5-581f-4d3f-b702-cb15a2ed09fc.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExamining acute pelvic pains among patients in two selected hospitals in in the western Region of Ghana\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Pelvic pain is one of the commonest Out-Patient Department (OPD) cases in most hospital. Comparably, women experience pains in one or two parts of the body which may be due to excess stretch of the muscles, minor or major accidents and old age than men (Andreotti \u0026amp; Harvey, 2012).\u0026nbsp;Acute Pelvic pain\u0026nbsp;is a common symptom in women of all ages.\u0026nbsp;However, there are cases of pelvic pains in males. Ultrasonography is the least invasive investigative tool available to the clinician. Transvaginal probes produce high-resolution images of the pelvic organs, providing reliable and reproducible information without the need for a full bladder. It therefore means that pelvic pain does not connote only pains of the pelvic alone but all areas associated with the pelvic part of the human body.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Treede, et al., (2015)\u0026nbsp;stated that chronic pain has been recognized as pain that continues past normal healing time and hence lacks the acute warning function of physiological nociception. Usually, pain is regarded as chronic when it lasts or recurs for more than 3 to 6 months. Chronic pain is a frequent condition, affecting an estimated 20% of people worldwide and accounting for 15% to 20% of physician visits. \u0026nbsp;A comprehensive examination should include clinical history, physical examination, laboratory result, and suitable imaging studies, all of which should be accessible to the radiologist for assessment(Ackerman \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2011). The selection of imaging in the evaluation of \u0026nbsp;pelvic pain is determined by the clinically suspected differential diagnosis after careful evaluation\u0026nbsp;(Andreotti \u0026amp; Harvey, 2012).\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;A pelvic ultrasound is a noninvasive diagnostic exam that produces images that are used to assess organs and structures within the female and male pelvis. A pelvic ultrasound allows quick visualization of the pelvic organs and structures including the uterus, cervix, vagina, fallopian tubes ovaries, bladder, prostate and urethra. Ultrasound uses a transducer that sends out ultrasound waves at a frequency too high to be heard. The ultrasound transducer is placed on the skin, and the ultrasound waves move through the body to the organs and structures within. The sound waves bounce off the organs like an echo and return to the transducer. The transducer processes the reflected waves, which are then converted by a computer into an image of the organs or tissues being examined\u0026nbsp;(Medicine, 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurther imaging such as Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) including MR Decography or MR Neurography, positron emission tomography (PET) and Nuclear Medicine (Radionuclide) may be useful for the assessment of pelvic pain. However, the major advantages of ultrasound (US) over other medical imaging equipment or modalities is that ultrasound is safer, low cost, portable, non-ionizing, non-invasive and non-traumatic. This has made diagnostic ultrasound machine become more popular and powerful tool than the other diagnostic tools\u0026nbsp;(Hafizah\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;et al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2010). \u0026nbsp;Ultrasound is an ideal front-line tool for diagnostic and evaluative imaging in the field of medicine and is considered a safer-tool due to its lack of ionizing and mutagenic biological effects on internal body tissues that may lead to the development of benign or malignant neoplastic diseases. It is also a dynamic and an interactive examination that causes diminutive or no extra pains to the patient.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Acute pelvic pain can reduce the quality of life and general wellbeing, there is a need to establish the true extent of the problem by performing a systematic review of all community-based prevalence studies. Ultrasound is a very good modality for acute pelvic pain, as it can easily diagnose and characterise the causes of pelvic pain. The wide availability, radiation free and cost effectiveness makes it a first line investigation in acute pelvic pain. The main objective of the study is to analyze the common ultrasound findings in patients that present with pelvic pain in the Effia-Nkwanta and European hospitals in Takoradi.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Questions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe following research questions were formulated to guide the study:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWhat is the rate of pelvic pain among the patients due to gender?\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWhat is the distribution of gender affected with diseases in the organs\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;pathologies in the uterus\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;diseases in the ovaries\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ediseases \u0026nbsp;in the bladder\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;diseases in the colons\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;diseases in the prostate\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Literature Review","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrevalence of chronic pelvic pain\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;The incidence of patients reporting to the above-named hospitals was on the increase during our internship therefore the need for this research is to enable sonographers know the most common pelvic pathologies relating to patients\u0026rsquo; complaints. The ultrasound findings of patient with pelvic pain have not yet been associated with gender. The main motives for the recommendation of ultrasound pelvic scan have not been acknowledged in these localities. Sar, Kundakci, Kiziltan, Bakim and Bozkur (2000) stated that the prevalence rates for dyspareunia and dysmenorrhoea are believed to be 8% and 45-97% respectively.\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eThis high prevalence reflects the disease burden in the community. Pelvic pain remains the single most common indication for referral to a gynaecology clinic accounting for 20% of all outpatient appointments.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;According to Sar, Kundakci, Kiziltan, Bakim and Bozkur (2000), pelvic pain has a major impact on health-related quality of life, work productivity and health care utilisation. Sarkodie, Botwe and Ofori (2016) posited that pelvic pain is also a major cause of workplace absenteeism.\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eAn estimated 158 million pounds are spent annually on the management of pelvic pain condition in the health service in the UK and in the USA, $881.5 million are spent per year on its outpatient management (Winkel, 2001).\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eIn Ghana, it is estimated that approximately 40 per cent of all laparoscopies are done for Chronic Pelvic Pain (CPP) (Sarkodie, Botwe, \u0026amp; Ofori, 2016).)\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImaging of pelvic pain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Diagnostic ultrasound, also called sonography or diagnostic medical sonography, is an imaging method that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of structures within your body. The images can provide valuable information for diagnosing and treating a variety of diseases and conditions (Aakre, Abril, Asirvatham, \u0026amp; Aslam., 2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The technique is similar to the echolocation used by bats, whales and dolphins, as well as sonar(Sound navigation and Ranging) used by the Americans Navy \u0026nbsp;(Murphyand \u0026amp; Nadrljanski, 2014). \u0026nbsp;Ultrasound is one of the best imaging modalities used to evaluate nonspecific pelvic pain, pregnancy complications, anatomy of pelvic organs, and various ovarian pathologies\u0026nbsp;(Kooshesh, 2016)\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunctions of the pelvis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe strong and rigid pelvis is adapted to serve a number of roles in the human body. The main functions of pelvis as listed by Talia (2018) and Fidoe (2019)\u0026nbsp;are follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTransfer of weight\u0026nbsp;from the upper axial skeleton to the lower appendicular components of the skeleton, especially during movement.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eProvides attachment\u0026nbsp;for a number of muscles and ligaments used in locomotion.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eContains and protects\u0026nbsp;the abdominopelvic and pelvic viscera\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStability\u003c/strong\u003e: The pelvic floor is one of four muscles making up our inner \u0026lsquo;core\u0026rsquo;, which stabilizes our pelvis and lower back.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSphincteric function:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThese are the muscles which control both the opening of the urethra, where urine comes out, and rectum, where faeces and/or gas come out. The pelvic floor muscles prevent leakage of urine, fees and gas.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSexual Function\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe pelvic floor plays a role in orgasm but can also cause painful intercourse.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCirculation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe pelvic floor muscles act as a \u0026lsquo;sump pump\u0026rsquo; to pump blood back up towards the heart\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTypes of Pelvic Pain\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Pelvic pain is basically of two types namely\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAcute pelvic pain\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand\u0026nbsp;Chronic pelvic pain\u003cstrong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAcute pelvic pain is defined as lower abdominal or pelvic pain of less than three months\u0026rsquo; duration. It is a common presentation in primary care. Evaluation can be challenging because of a broad differential diagnosis and because many associated signs and symptoms are nonspecific. The most common diagnoses in reproductive-aged women with acute pelvic pain are idiopathic pelvic pain, pelvic inflammatory disease, acute appendicitis, ovarian cysts, ectopic pregnancy, and endometriosis. Among postmenopausal women, cancer must be considered(Gordon et al., 2016)\u0026nbsp;Other causes of acute pelvic pain may include; Pyelonephritis, \u0026nbsp;cystitis, ureteral stone, ischemic bowel, perforated viscous, Irritable Bowel Syndrome(IBS), urethral stricture, Irritable Bowel Disease(IBD) , Muscular strain, sprain , hernia, abdominal wall hematoma, Ovarian cyst, Tubo-Ovarian Abscess(TOA) Salpingitis, endometritis, uterine perforation, fibroids, dysmenorrhea, neoplasm and diverticulitis(Cast et al., 2016)\u0026nbsp;Acute bacterial prostatitis, epididymitis and/or urethritis and sexually transmitted infections can occur in men\u0026nbsp;(Prostatitis, 2015).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eChronic pelvic pain is chronic or persistent pain perceived* in structures related to the pelvis of either men or women. It is often associated with negative cognitive, behavioural, sexual and emotional consequences as well as with symptoms suggestive of lower urinary tract, sexual, bowel, pelvic floor or gynecological dysfunction. Perceived indicates that the patient and clinician, to the best of their ability from the history, examination and investigations (where appropriate) has localized the pain as being discerned in a specified anatomical pelvic area(Engeler et al., 2018). Chronic pelvic pain is defined as \u0026ldquo;intermittent or constant pain in the lower abdomen or pelvis of at least 6 months duration, not occurring exclusively with menstruation or intercourse and not associated with pregnancy. Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is common and is estimated to affect up to 25% of women of reproductive age. CPP is known to be associated with a number of gynecological and non-gynecological conditions such as Endometriosis, Adenomyosis, Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease, Pelvic venous congestion, Adhesions, including residual and trapped ovary syndromes, Pelvic organ prolapse, Gynecological malignancy, Bladder pain syndrome (interstitial cystitis) ,Urethral syndrome, Irritable bowel syndrome, Inflammatory bowel disease, Coeliac disease, Hernia, Mesenteric venous thrombosis, neurological and musculoskeletal dysfunctions(Simpson \u0026amp; Mahmood, 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePelvic Pain in Women\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Pelvic pain is a common presentation in primary care. Although well-designed studies on the prevalence of pelvic pain are lacking, one study estimated that up to 39% of reproductive-aged women who presented to their primary care physician had symptoms related to pelvic pain, and one in seven women has acute or chronic pelvic pain at some point. The consequence of a missed diagnosis can be serious. For example, delay in diagnosis of an ectopic pregnancy can result in rupture and life-threatening hemorrhage. Untreated sexually transmitted infections and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) can lead to long-term sequelae, such as infertility and chronic painThe typical diagnoses made in nonpregnant reproductive-aged women who present with acute pelvic pain include the following (from most to least common): idiopathic pelvic pain, PID, acute appendicitis, conditions related to ovarian cysts, and endometriosis. Other less common causes of acute pelvic pain in this population are adenomyosis, dysmenorrhea endometritis (postprocedure)Intrauterine device perforation etc. Cancer must be primarily considered in a postmenopausal woman with acute pelvic pain. Other rare causes are postmenopausal endometriosis\u0026nbsp;and, on occasion, a retained intrauterine device that the patient had forgotten to remove (Amit, Elizabeth, \u0026amp; Toni, 2016)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePelvic Pain in Men\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Many men experience pain in the pelvis at some point in their life. Common symptoms may include difficult, painful, or frequent urination; pain in the area of the bladder, groin, anus, and abdomen; inability to obtain an erection or pain during ejaculation; and fever and chills. \u0026nbsp;The onset can be gradual (for chronic cases) or sudden (for acute cases). In many cases this pain is referred to as \u0026ldquo;prostatitis\u0026rdquo;, that is to say inflammation of the prostate. CPPS III is by far the most common entity encountered in clinical practice.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;The causes of chronic pelvic pain are varied; possibilities include urinary tract or sexually transmitted infections. \u0026nbsp;Risk factors include diabetes, immunosuppression, prostate enlargement, congenital urinary tract abnormality, urinary issues, tightness or problems of the pelvic floor musculature, and having recent urethral instrumentation (e.g. having a catheter put in). \u0026nbsp;In many cases there are no clear risk factors (Shindel, 2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Prostate pathologies are very common in clinical practice and are expected to affect most men at some time during their life. They are associated with increased morbidity and mortality in older men. These pathologies include benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) which occurs in elderly men and is the most commonly encountered disorder. It can lead to various symptoms of urinary tract obstruction and consequently severe impairment of urine flow. Other prostatic disorders include carcinoma which is the second most common malignancy in adult males next only to lung cancer. Infectious disorders include prostatitis which is common in young adults and usually associated with genitourinary infections. Other rare disorders include prostatic cysts and calcification\u0026nbsp;(Musa Salim Ahmed et al., 2015)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Lastly, colon cancer and gastroenteritis could be the cause of pelvic pain in men (Minhhuyen, 2019). Bladder infection, inguinal hernia and testicular inflammation (orchitis) or epididymis (epididymitis) are less sudden, but also uncomfortable (Andre, 2020)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Research Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Design\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;The present study adopted the quantitative approach.\u0026nbsp;A descriptive survey deals with the collection of data so as to provide answers to the research questions or hypothesis. The descriptive survey presents issues as it is on the ground with less or no personal sentiments. That is to say, a descriptive study reports findings the way they exist. Typical descriptive studies are concerned with the assessment of attitudes, opinions, demographic information, conditions and procedures. The descriptive survey basically enquires into the status quo. It attempts to measure what exists with respect to variables or conditions in a situation (Aryetal, 1990).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePopulation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe population of the study comprises all patients who were undergoing pelvic ultrasound at Effia-Nkwanta and European hospitals in Takoradi as part of their management plan for pelvic disease or pain. These patients should fit into the inclusion criteria of no history of trauma and female with no pregnancy.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample and Sampling Procedures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;A purposive sampling technique were used to select Effia-Nkwanta and European hospitals in Takoradi because they are the leading hospitals in the Sekondi-Takoradi metro with sophisticated equipments. With this it was possible for the researcher to have records of the status of the patients with regard to pelvic pains in the municipality. A\u0026nbsp;purposive sample\u0026nbsp;is a non-representative subset of some larger population, and is constructed to serve a very specific need or purpose (Sarantakos, 2000). Adjei and Tagoe (2009) also stated that purposive sample is used in situations where a specific target is to be reached. That is when respondents are expected to meet criteria for being in the sample.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;A convenience sampling was used to select 400 patients who visit the two facilities for services. The respondents were selected as and when they visit the facilities. According to Gyamfi (2018), convenience sampling involves choosing the nearest or available individuals to serve\u0026nbsp;as respondents and continuing the process until the required sample size has been obtained. This type of sampling is employed in qualitative research and in other studies where representativeness is not an issue. The sample size for the study was 400 and the use of convenience sampling technique was employed since not all people who had pelvic scan were recruited in this study but only those who gave us the required information for the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Instruments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Inventory was used as the main instrument for the study for acquisition of data. The study employed the collection of previous pelvic ultrasound reports and reports obtained during the time of the study to obtain the data from the Radiologic Department at select Effia-Nkwanta and European hospitals in Takoradi. SAL-30 A (Toshiba, Japan) and Philips Clear Vue real time ultrasound machines with a 3.5-5.0 MHz curvilinear probe were used to scan participants. A brief interview was used to collect the bio-data on the patients at the sonography departments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical considerations\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; Ethical approval or clearance was sought from the UCCIR and research protocol review committee of the imaging board of the allied health sciences of Klintaps University College prior to the enrolment before the study was carried out. The nature and purpose of the study was explained to participants and only participants whose consent were giving were part of the study and appeared their signatures to the consent forms were recruited. \u0026nbsp;The privacy of the patient was assured by accommodating only the Sonographer and the investigators in the scanning room.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe researcher spent one month at each facility to take records of the data needed for the study as the patients visits the unit. Patients were asked to drink water 30-45minutes prior to the examination as in routine pelvic scan. This study was routinely pelvic scan and each examination took about 15-20 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Processing and Analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; The standard statistical analysis software, Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) was used to analyze the data that was gathered. Frequencies and percentages were used analyze data on the research questions. This is because the research question sought to find the distribution of pelvic pain and related diseases with respect to gender.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results And Discussion","content":"\n\u003ch3\u003eAnalysis of Research Questions\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch Question\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch question one sought to determine the distribution of pelvic pain with respect to gender. That is to find out which gender is predominant with regard to pelvic pains. Frequency and percentages and pie charts were used to analyze the data on the research question. The frequency and percentage of the distribution is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDistribution of pelvic pain with respect to gender\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e246\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e400\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the distribution of pelvic pain among gender. The table shows that that of the 400 patients, about 246 constituting 61.5% were females who reported higher cases of pelvic pain. Whereas 154 (38.5%) of the reported pelvic pain were males. A pie chart that graphically shows the distribution is presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis means that the number of females with pelvic pain out number that of male. It can be said that females are prone to pelvic pain than males. This may be due to the numerous gender roles such child birth and care taking, domestic chores that put pressure of the pelvis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePelvic Pain is one of the most common complaints that gynecologists, urologists general surgeons, sonographers and emergency service specialists encounter and for female patients to visit the emergency service. In general, acute pelvic pain is experienced in the lower abdomen or pelvis and lasts less than three months and it is the most common cause of all pelvic pain especially in the reproductive non-pregnant females. This current study evaluated 400 patients in both males and females.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, there were 154 males and 246 females with the male-to-female ratio of 1:2, so predominantly the pelvic pain occurred in female patients. The statistic of our data showed that the highest incidence of pelvic pain occurred in the females 246 (61.50%). This finding support existing literature as stated by(Liddle \u0026amp; Davies, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) who stated in their findings that women of child bearing age are most affected with Pelvic pain as a result of endocrine and mechanical factors. This also goes in accordance with the previous study by (Newton, 1990) saying men rarely experience pelvic discomfort, whereas women frequently do. Other literatures like that of Kaakaji et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) and Herter et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e) all agree that women are the most affected with pelvic pain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch question two\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research question sought to determine the distribution of gender with pelvis related diseases. Data were taken from the inventory of patients\u0026rsquo; health records. Frequencies and percentages was used to analyzed the data. The organs considered are related to the pelvis. These were ovary, uterus, prostrate, bladder, colon. The distribution of diseases in the organs around the pelvis due to gender is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDistribution of gender affected with diseases in the organs\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables (Organs)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale (n/%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale (n/%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOvary\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUterus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71(17.75%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e145(36.25%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProstate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106(26.50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBladder\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eColon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21(5.25%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27(6.75%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(1.50%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24(6.00%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e154(38.50%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e246(61.50%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows that pelvic pain diseases in the organs often occur in females than in males. The data revealed that pelvic pain and/or associated diseases in the organs were found to be higher in females than in males constituting a total of 246(61.50%) and 154(38.50%) in the females and males respectively. In females, the uterus had the highest occurring pathology with 145(36.25%) whereas in males, the highest occurring pathology of pelvic pain was recorded in the prostate indicating 106(26.50%). The data also revealed that 71(17.75%) females had pathology in their ovaries which was causing pelvic pain. Again, pelvic pain disease associated with the bladder were common in males with 21(5.25%) than in females with 6(1.50%) respectively. The pelvic pain or diseases in the colon were also found to be higher with 27(6.75%) among males than in females with 24(6.00%) recorded. The distribution of pathologies in the uterus of female is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution of gender affected with pathologies in the uterus.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables (Uterus)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThreatened abortion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUterine fibroid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndometrial hyperplasia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndometrial calcification\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndometriosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndometrial polyp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpontaneous abortion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncomplete abortion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePelvic Inflammatory Disease(PID)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCervicitis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePregnancy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e145\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eSource: Field study (2020)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe table indicates that among the 145 patients who had uterine pathologies, 85 of them constituting 58.6% had uterine fibroid. Uterine fibroid was recorded most in female patients who reported to the hospital with pelvic pain. It followed by Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) with 37 patients representing 25.5%. The Threatened abortion, endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial calcification, endometriosis, endometrial polyp, spontaneous abortion, incomplete abortion, cervicitis and pregnancy recorded incidence of 2(1.4%), 1(0.6%),1(0.6%), 5(3.4%), 1(0.6%), 4(2.8%), 2(1.4%), 2(1.4%) and 5(3.4%) respectively. The distribution of pathologies in the ovaries of female is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution of gender affected with diseases in the ovaries.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables(Ovaries)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequencies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentages (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOvarian torsion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorpus luteal cyst\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollicular cyst\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTubo ovarian abscess\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEctopic pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDermoid cyst\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e71\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e indicated that ectopic pregnancy is the highest occurring sonographic pathology in the ovaries. Among the 71 ovarian pathologies, ectopic pregnancy was prevalent with 30(42.3%) patients. Follicular cyst recorded 19(26.8%) and it was the second highest recorded in the ovaries. Tubo ovarian abscess and dermoid cyst recorded 8(11.3%) each. Corpus luteal cyst had 4(5.6%) occurrence. The least recorded pathology in the ovary revealed by the data was ovarian torsion which was 2(2.8%). The distribution of pathologies in the prostate of male is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution of gender affected with diseases in the prostate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables (Prostate)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentages\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBPH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProstate cancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProstatitis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e106\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e showed that benign prostate hyperplasia is the highest occurring finding in the prostate. Out of the 106 who reported of prostate, 98(92.5%) were presented with Benign Prostate Hyperplasia and it was the pathology with highest outcome. Prostate cancer and prostatitis recorded 1(0.9%) and 7(6.6%) respectively. In all, prostate cancer is rarely recorded in the hospital than that of BPD and prostatitis. The distribution of gender affected with diseases in the colons is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution of gender affected with diseases in the colons.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables (Colons)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMale\u003c/em\u003e (n/%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFemale\u003c/em\u003e (n/%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColitis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (37.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(70.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrohn\u0026rsquo;s disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(18.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(4.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAppendicitis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(44.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(25.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27(99.9%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24(100.0%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e indicated that colitis is the common sonographic finding in the colon. Colitis occurs more in female than males. In all, males recorded the most pathologies in the colon with 27 out of the 51 representing 52.9%. However, in males, appendicitis was common with 12 (44.4%) occurrences. Females recorded 6(25.0%) in appendicitis. Crohn\u0026rsquo;s disease was mostly found in males with 5(18.5%) than females, 1(4.2%). The distribution of gender with disease in the bladder is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistribution of gender and findings in the bladder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables (Bladder)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMale\u003c/em\u003e (n/%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFemale\u003c/em\u003e (n/%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCystitis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (100.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(66.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUreterocele\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBladder mass\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21(100.0%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6(100.0%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eSource: Field Study (2020)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e showed that Cystitis is the most occurring pathology seen during the research in the Bladder and it was seen to occur most in males than in females. The number of patients who had bladder pathologies were 27 patients approximately (5.25%+1.50%=6.75%. Out of these 28(6.75%) patients, 21(5.25%) was recorded in men and 6(1.50%) was recorded in females. Cystitis was seen both in men and women. However, ureterocele and bladder mass was only found among indicating 1(0.25%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, the most common associated symptom with acute pelvic pain is nausea and vomiting. The next common symptoms are fever, dysuria, vaginal discharge, constipation, hematuria and distension. In clinical signs, tenderness is the most common sign of acute pelvic pain. The rebound tenderness, palpable mass in pelvis, guarding are also seen (Nadah \u0026amp; Kupesic, 2012). In their study showed the associated symptoms to be nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, flank pain, dysuria, hematuria, frequency, urgency, vaginal bleeding and vaginal discharge. Andreotti and Harvey (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) showed that the clinical diagnosis of acute pelvic pain in the female patient can be challenging because of nonspecific signs and symptoms, and imaging has been found to be valuable in narrowing the differential diagnosis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings of our study suggest that the uterus is the organ with the highest occurring sonographic findings. This correlates well with the study by Anderson, (2018) that showed that the uterus is the most affected organ in the certain of pelvic pain. A similar research by Bau and Atri (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) disagreed with the findings, deducing that the common sonographic findings were related to the ovaries. The study cemented the fact that uterine fibroid, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ovarian cyst and follicular cyst are the most frequently occurring ultrasound findings in patient with pelvic pain.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA study by Sarkodie et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) confirmed this findings by stating that uterine fibroids are the most common benign tumours affecting premenopausal women and are often associated with considerable hospitalization and morbidity. Another research work by Cicchiello et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) showed that the most common gynecologicalcause of pelvic pain are adenomyosis, endometriosis, leiomyoma, adhesion and pelvic congestion syndrome\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study there were total 18 confirmed cases of acute appendicitis, out of which 16 were correctly diagnosed with ultrasound with a sensitivity of 88.9%. It correlates with the study of Birnbaum and Stephanie (2000) who reported sensitivities of 75\u0026ndash;90%, specificities of 86\u0026ndash;100% for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Out of these, the inflamed appendix was visualized as a non-compressible, aperistaltic tubular structure blind ended with an average diameter of more than 6 mm in cases. It correlates well with the study of (Jerry, Reginald, Wendell, \u0026amp; Dirks, 2005) Jerry, Reginald, Wendell and Dirks (2005) showing that the most useful finding on ultrasonography that is suggestive of appendicitis is an outer appendiceal diameter of 6 mm or greater on cross section.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, five cases diagnosed on ultrasonography, there were localized collection in the right iliac fossa. Sivit (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e) showed in their study that localized periappendiceal collections are seen in the right lower quadrant or pelvis. Appendicolith was seen in 4 cases. It correlated well with Balthazar et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e) study on patients with acute appendicitis revealing appendicoliths in 17% of cases of acute appendicitis. Inflamed appendix presented as heterogeneous mass in right iliac fossa in 6 cases (33.3%). It was ill defined in 4 and well defined in 2 cases. It correlated well with the study of Sivit, (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e) showing periappendiceal mass in 17% of cases of acute appendicitis. Another study by Balthazar et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e) showed paracaecal inflammatory mass and/or abscess in 5 out of 18 cases representing 27.8%. Fluid filled lumen was seen in 8 cases of appendicitis amounting to 44.4%. This correlated well with the study of (Sivit, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e), in which 47% cases show fluid filled lumen.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnlarged lymph nodes were seen in 2 cases (11.1%) in our study. Kessler et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e) had shown that right lower abdominal quadrant adenopathy is a common reaction to ileal, caecal or appendiceal inflammatory disease that is encountered in both patients with appendicitis and those without it. Study by Lem and Nolan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) stated that the common sonographic finding in pelvic pain is attributed to the Bladder. Bau and Atri (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) from their findings in their research work suggested that ectopic pregnancy, appendicitis, diverticulitis and incarcerated hernia are the common ultrasound finding in patient with pelvic pain. This result is however in line with our study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, a total 71 cases of adnexal pathologies constituted acute pelvic pain cases. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) are the most common in Adnexal pathologies constituting acute pelvic pain. These constitute 37 cases, that is 52.1% of Adnexal lesions in acute pelvic pain. This correlated well with a previous study by (Nippon, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e), in which salpingitis and hemorrhagic ovarian cysts are most commonly diagnosed gynecologic conditions presenting as an acute abdomen. Ectopic pregnancy constituted 30 cases, that is 42.2% of cases. Least common Adnexal pathology constituting acute pelvic pain in this study is ovarian torsion making up only 2.8% of cases (2 cases). It also correlated well with the Brady and Carusi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) that Gynecologic disorders in the woman with a negative pregnancy test who presents with acute pelvic pain include acute Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), functional ovarian cysts, ovarian endometriomas and adnexal torsion. In this study, total of 27 patients presented with acute pelvic pain with pathologies related to urinary system. Thickened bladder wall and internal echoes (cystitis) were seen in 25 cases. It correlated well with the study of Sty et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e) which stated that irregular bladder wall thickening is seen in acute cases of urinary tract infections.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLastly, our study revealed that the prostate is the most common organ affected in areas of pelvic pain in men followed by the bladder, appendix and the colon. The study also showed that Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is the commonest pathology followed by Cystitis, Appendicitis and Colitis. A study by Musa Salim Ahmed et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) revealed that in a trans-abdominal ultrasound in men a high incidences of BPH, cancer and prostatitis were found which correlate well with our study.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusion and Recommendations","content":" \u003cp\u003eThe use of ultrasound as a complementary diagnostic modality (tool) for pelvic pain, in most hospitals in Ghana should be encouraged. Ultrasonography is a non-invasive and non-ionizing imaging tool hence it should be the first line diagnosis in the cases of pelvic pain.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eRecommendation\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere should be an improvement in the record keeping of ultrasound report.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003ePatient should be educated and encouraged to report to the hospital when there is any sign or symptom of pelvic pain. This will help reduce the incidence of complications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eHospital and diagnostic centres should purchase ultrasound machines with higher resolution with affordable price that can be easily accessible by patients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs this study is a topic being led by the first author, the datasets generated and/or analyzed in the study are currently not publicly available, and this study is part of the topic but is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is no conflict of interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is no external funding. Cost is borne by the authors\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003cp\u003eAckerman, S. J., Irshad, A., \u0026amp; Anis, M. (2011). Ultrasound for Pelvic Pain II: Nongynecologic Causes. \u003cem\u003eObstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e38\u003c/em\u003e(1), 69\u0026ndash;83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2011.02.004\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlbayram, F., \u0026amp; Hamper, U. M. (2001). Ovarian and adnexal torsion: Spectrum of sonographic findings with pathologic correlation. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Ultrasound in Medicine\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e20\u003c/em\u003e(10), 1083\u0026ndash;1089.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmirbekian, S., \u0026amp; Hooley, R. J. (2014). Ultrasound evaluation of pelvic pain. \u003cem\u003eRadiologic Clinics of North America\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e52\u003c/em\u003e(6), 1215\u0026ndash;1235.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAndreotti, R. F., \u0026amp; Harvey, S. 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The Role of Imaging Modalities in Assessment of Gynaecologic Causes of Acute Pelvic Pain. \u003cem\u003eActa Scientific Medical Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e(2), 84\u0026ndash;92.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHerter, L. D., Golendziner, E., Flores, J. A. M., Moretto, M., Di Domenico, K., Becker, E., \u0026amp; Spritzer, P. M. (2002). Ovarian and Uterine Findings in Pelvic Sonography. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Ultrasound in Medicine\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e21\u003c/em\u003e(11), 1237\u0026ndash;1246.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKaakaji, Y., Nghiem, H. V., Nodell, C., \u0026amp; Winter, T. C. (2000). Sonography of obstetric and gynecologic emergencies: Part I, obstetric emergencies. \u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Roentgenology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e174\u003c/em\u003e(3), 641\u0026ndash;649.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKessler, N., Cyteval, C., Gailix, B., Lesnik, A., Blayac, P. M., Pujol, J., Bruel, J. M., \u0026amp; Taourel, P. (2004). Appendicitis: Evaluation of Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Values of US, Doppler US, and Laboratory Findings. \u003cem\u003eRadiology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e230\u003c/em\u003e(2), 472\u0026ndash;478.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLem, S., \u0026amp; Nolan, R. L. (2000). Complications of hip arthroplasty simulating pelvic or bladder pathology: Sonographic and radiographic findings. \u003cem\u003eAbdominal Imaging\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e25\u003c/em\u003e(4), 440\u0026ndash;443.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLiddle, A. D., \u0026amp; Davies, A. H. (2007). Pelvic congestion syndrome: Chronic pelvic pain caused by ovarian and internal iliac varices. \u003cem\u003ePhlebology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e22\u003c/em\u003e(3), 100\u0026ndash;104. https://doi.org/10.1258/026835507780807248\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLong, S. S., Surrey, D., \u0026amp; Nazarian, L. N. (2012). 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Sonographic with appearance acute abdomen of hemorrhagic by transvaginal ovarian scan cyst Kaisuke Ishihara and Yoshihiro Nemoto of Obstetrics and Gynecology\u003cem\u003e. Second Hospital of Nippon Medical\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003e64\u003c/em\u003e(5), 411\u0026ndash;415.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSar, V., Kundakci, T., Kiziltan, E., Bakim, B. \u0026amp; Bozkurt, O. (2000). Differentiating dissociative disorders form other diagnostic groups through somatoform dissociation in Turkey. \u003cem\u003eJournal of trauma and dissociation 1\u003c/em\u003e (4), 67-80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSarkodie, B. D., Botwe, B. O., \u0026amp; Ofori, E. K. (2016). Uterine fibroid characteristics and sonographic pattern among Ghanaian females undergoing pelvic ultrasound scan: A study at 3-major centres. \u003cem\u003eBMC Women\u0026rsquo;s Health\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e16\u003c/em\u003e(1), 14\u0026ndash;19.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimpson, L. R., \u0026amp; Mahmood, T. (2017). Medical and surgical management of chronic pelvic pain. \u003cem\u003eObstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c/em\u003e(1), 14\u0026ndash;21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogrm.2016.12.002\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSivit, C. J. (1993). Diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children: Spectrum of sonographic findings. \u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Roentgenology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e161\u003c/em\u003e(1), 147\u0026ndash;152.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSty, J. R., Wells, R. G., Starshak, R. J., \u0026amp; Schroeder, B. A. (1987). Imaging in acute renal infection in children. \u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Roentgenology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e148\u003c/em\u003e(3), 471\u0026ndash;477. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.148.3.471\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThomas, M., \u0026amp; Au-Yong, I. T. H. (2012). Anatomy of the female pelvis. \u003cem\u003eBMJ (Online)\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e344\u003c/em\u003e(7851), 1\u0026ndash;5. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d7823\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Not applicabe","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"pelvic pain, ultrasound, diseases, prostrate, Effia Nkwanta and European hospitals","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2887238/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2887238/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe main objective of the study was to examine acute pelvic pains among patients in the Effia-Nkwanta and European hospitals in Takoradi. Descriptive survey was employed for the study. The population of the study comprises all patients who were undergoing pelvic ultrasound at Effia-Nkwanta and European hospitals in Takoradi as part of their management plan for pelvic disease or pain. A purposive sampling technique convenience sampling were used to select 400 patients for the study. Inventory was used as the main instrument for the study for acquisition of data. The study employed the collection of previous pelvic ultrasound reports and reports obtained during the time of the study to obtain the data from the Radiologic Department at select hospitals with the SAL-30 A (Toshiba, Japan) and Philips Clear Vue real time ultrasound machines. Ethical clearance was sought from the UCCIR and research protocol review committee of the imaging board of the allied health sciences of Klintaps University College. Frequencies and percentages were used to analyze data on the research questions. The study found out that females are prone to pelvic pain than males, the most common presenting pathologies that cause pelvic pain are uterine fibroid, PID, Ectopic pregnancy, follicular cyst, BPH, Cystitis, colitis and Appendicitis and the organs that are mostly affected in cases of pelvic pain are uterus, ovaries, prostate, colon and bladder. It was therefore recommended that patients should be educated and encouraged to report to the hospital when there is any sign or symptom of pelvic pain.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Examining acute pelvic pains among patients in two selected hospitals in in the western Region of Ghana","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-05-03 21:43:01","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2887238/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"af6f3c7a-d30a-45f5-ab5d-481c6616d87f","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 3rd, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":21179523,"name":"Nursing"},{"id":21179524,"name":"Physiology"},{"id":21179525,"name":"Epidemiology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-05-03T21:43:01+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-05-03 21:43:01","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2887238","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2887238","identity":"rs-2887238","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}