Reproductive health screening for endometriosis, reduced ovarian reserve, polycystic ovary syndrome and the most common sexually transmitted diseases

Artur Bjelica, Jelena Ćurčić, Dragan Stajić, M. Ilincic
In: Medicinski pregled · 2024 · vol. 77(5-6) , pp. 171–176 · doi:10.2298/mpns2406171b · W4406703562
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Abstract

Introduction. This review explores screening options for the most common disorders that significantly impact reproductive health, based on a review of recent literature. Endometriosis. Diagnosis of endometriosis typically involves evaluating symptoms such as pelvic pain, alongside gynecological examination, imaging, and surgical exploration of the abdomen. Currently, there is no reliable biomarker for detecting asymptomatic endometriosis. Early detection, therefore, relies on elevated serum levels of the cancer antigen 125 and symptom-based questionnaires. Reduced ovarian reserve. Anti-Mullerian hormone levels are a highly effective screening tool for assessing diminished ovarian reserve, providing critical guidance for infertility treatment. Polycystic ovary syndrome. While diagnosing this complex disorder is relatively straightforward, a reliable screening method remains elusive. Gene expression analysis in blood, alongside the identification of genes associated with the condition, may serve as potential biomarkers for future screening approaches. Sexually transmitted diseases. Early identification of causative agents in asymptomatic phases has been instrumental in reducing the spread of these diseases and preventing pelvic inflammatory disease - one of the leading causes of infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Standard screenings target Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Current efforts aim to develop more reliable, accessible screening methods for broader populations and to identify women at higher risk. Conclusion. In addition to routine reproductive health screenings, such as anti-Mullerian hormone testing for ovarian reserve and pathogen detection in sexually transmitted infections, further research is needed to identify biomarkers for effective screening of endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome.

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