Relationship Between Bone Mineral Density and Ovarian Function in Perimenopausal Women With Endometriosis: A Prospective Study

Relationship Between Bone Mineral Density and Ovarian Function in Perimenopausal Women With Endometriosis: A Prospective Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Relationship Between Bone Mineral Density and Ovarian Function in Perimenopausal Women With Endometriosis: A Prospective Study Mari Uehara, Osamu Wada-Hiraike, Mana Hirano, Kaori Koga, Noriko Yoshimura, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-778798/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background In women with endometriosis, the association between ovarian function, hormones, and bone mineral density (BMD) is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the correlation between changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in perimenopausal women with endometriosis and clinical data, such as ovarian reserves. Methods In this prospective study, we evaluated 207 female patients who visited the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Tokyo Hospital between December 2015 and December 2020. We included patients aged ≥ 40 years with a history of endometriosis or who presented with endometriosis lesions. Patients with a history of smoking, steroid administration, autoimmune diseases, dyslipidaemia, and heart disease were excluded. During the study period, patients who underwent two tests, an initial and a follow-up test (n = 142, average age: 45.02 years, average BMD: 1.16 g/cm 2 ), were evaluated at regular intervals based on the annual rate of change in BMD. Results There was a negative correlation between the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and BMD, and a positive correlation between the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and BMD. The annual rate of change in BMD correlated only with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. A large decline in BMD was associated with high TSH levels and higher average age at menopause. Patients with higher TSH exhibited a higher rate of decrease in BMD than those without. Conclusions High FSH or low AMH levels are associated with decreased BMD. Decreased ovarian reserve is associated with decreased BMD in perimenopausal women with endometriosis. High TSH levels increase the risk of BMD loss. This finding may help manage osteoporosis and BMD loss in perimenopausal women with endometriosis by predicting BMD loss from ovarian reserve and TSH levels. Internal Medicine Preventive Medicine ovarian reserve endometriosis perimenopause osteoporosis bone mineral density. Figures Figure 1 Background One of the aetiologies of osteoporosis is a decrease in oestrogen levels due to a decrease in ovarian function [ 1 – 3 ]. In addition to suppressing bone resorption by acting directly on osteoclasts, oestrogen suppresses osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption by inhibiting the expression of osteoclast differentiation factors [ 4 ]. The decrease in bone strength and bone quality, defined by bone mineral density (BMD), progresses with age. After menopause, when patients enter a low oestrogen state, bone resorption increases, and BMD decreases, making women more prone to osteoporosis at this stage [ 1 , 5 , 6 ]. Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterised by the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus [ 7 ]. It is believed to affect 10% of women of reproductive age and form lesions in areas, such as the ovaries and peritoneum, causing dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, dyspareunia, and infertility [ 7 – 9 ]. Endometriosis is an oestrogen-dependent disease because oestrogen plays an important role in its pathophysiology. Endometriosis enhances oestrogen receptor expression and progesterone resistance in endometrial tissues [ 10 ]. Oestrogen promotes the transplantation of endometrial tissue into the peritoneum, thereby affecting proliferation and immortalisation, and also causes local and systematic inflammation [ 8 , 11 ]. Of the inflammatory factors, it has been reported that autoimmunity plays a major role in the development of endometriosis, and the relationship between thyroid autoimmunity and endometriosis has been highlighted [ 12 , 13 ]. In addition to oestrogen, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinising hormone (LH), which are factors that depend on the menstrual cycle, and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) have been attracting considerable attention in recent years for assessing ovarian function. AMH is produced by the granulosa cells of follicles, can be measured in the serum and is independent of the menstrual cycle. Ovarian reserve refers to ovarian function characterised by the quantity and quality of follicles; AMH has been shown to be an indicator of ovarian reserve, which is useful to optimise ovarian stimulation in fertility treatment, preserve fertility in young cancer patients, and predict the timing of menopause onset [ 14 – 17 ]. In addition to symptomatic treatment to suppress pain, pharmacotherapy for endometriosis includes hormone therapy to suppress oestrogen levels [ 9 ]. However, long-term hormone therapy can lead to a decrease in BMD. In addition, it has been demonstrated that surgical treatment may reduce ovarian function not only with radical oophorectomy, but even when only the ovarian lesions are removed. Therefore, in patients with endometriosis, changes in ovarian function may affect bone metabolism and cause changes in BMD. Previous studies have revealed that women with endometriosis did not exhibit a decrease in BMD compared to women of the same age without endometriosis [ 18 , 19 ], and that long-term fracture risks did not increase in women with endometriosis [ 20 ]. Meanwhile, regarding the decrease in BMD as a side effect of hormone therapy, the impact of add-back therapy using gonadotropin-release hormone analogues and oestrogen preparations for bone protection [ 21 ], as well as the decrease in BMD due to long-term administration of Dienogest, a progestin preparation [ 22 ] have been investigated. Another report suggested that BMD was higher after ovariectomy for deep endometriosis than after ovariectomy for other indications [ 23 ]. However, there are almost no studies that have investigated the relationship between ovarian function and BMD changes in women with endometriosis. Elucidating the association between BMD loss and ovarian function in women with endometriosis could be beneficial for preventing BMD loss and subsequent osteoporosis. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of ovarian function and endocrinological factors related to ovarian function on BMD reduction in perimenopausal patients with endometriosis. We investigated the association of BMD with the levels of FSH, AMH, and thyroid hormone in perimenopausal patients with endometriosis. Methods Study design and participants This prospective cohort study included 207 patients who visited the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the University of Tokyo Hospital between December 2015 and December 2020. Following the approval of the study by the University of Tokyo Research Ethics Committee, we obtained written informed consent from all participants. To clarify the effects of ovarian function and endocrinological factors related to ovarian function on BMD reduction in perimenopausal patients with endometriosis, we included patients aged ≥ 40 years who had a history of endometriosis or presented with endometriosis lesions at the time of study participation. Patients with a history of endocrine disorders, such as diabetes, smoking, and steroid administration, factors which could affect bone metabolism, were excluded. Physical assessment and laboratory analysis Patient height and body weight were measured as physical measurements to calculate the body mass index (BMI). An ankle-brachial pressure index/pulse wave test was performed, and the systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the upper arm were measured. We analysed blood samples from participants using the chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay method to measure FSH, and oestradiol. The electrochemiluminescence immunoassay method was used to measure free T 4 (thyroxine), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and AMH as ovarian function markers. If the test result was below the measurement limit, the result was corrected to the lower limit before the analysis. BMD was measured at the lumbar spine (L2-L4) using the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) method (Discovery DXA System, Hologic, Inc., Marlborough, MA). Using the medical records, we collected information about patient age at testing, history of hormone therapy, surgical history, number of remaining ovaries, whether the patient had undergone menopause, and if so, the age at which menopause occurred. During the study period, 142 patients (68.6%) who underwent two tests, an initial test and a follow-up test, were analysed at regular intervals based on the annual rate of BMD change. Of the 65 deviating patients, 19 patients ended their outpatient visits to our hospital because of relocation and 46 patients refused follow-up testing. These patients were excluded from the analysis. We calculated the period between the initial testing and follow-up testing (years) and used the following formula from previous literature to determine the annual rate of BMD change [ 24 ]. The patients were divided according to tertiles based on the annual rate of BMD change into severe bone loss, moderate bone loss, and mild bone loss groups. We compared the physical measurements at initial testing, haematological results, history of hormone therapy, surgical history, number of remaining ovaries, and age at menopause among the groups. All statistical analyses were performed using the STATA statistical package (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX). Statistical comparisons between groups were performed using analysis of variance. A multiple comparison test was performed. Multinomial logistic analysis adjusted for age and body weight was conducted using the mild bone loss group as a reference. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Table 1 shows the characteristics of the study participants. The average age was 45.02 years, and the average BMD was 1.16 g/cm 2 . The remaining ovaries were on both sides in 129 patients, one side in 73 patients, and none (both sides removed) in 5 patients. There were 70 (33.82%) post-menopausal patients, and the average age at menopause was 46.84 years. There were 106 patients with a history of hormone therapy within the previous year, and a total of 171 patients had a history of ovarian surgery. Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants N Mean Age (years) 207 45.02 ± 2.73 Weight (kg) 207 55.31 ± 9.02 Height (cm) 207 159.23 ± 5.67 Body mass index (kg/m 2 ) 207 21.80 ± 3.27 Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) 198 121.98 ± 13.04 Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) 198 78.98 ± 10.29 FSH (mIU/mL) 202 33.42 ± 41.84 E 2 (pg/mL) 201 92.98 ± 107.48 TSH (µIU/mL) 198 1.72 ± 1.11 Free T 4 (µg/dL) 199 1.09 ± 0.17 AMH (ng/mL) 166 0.36 ± 0.57 BMD (g/cm 2 ) 207 1.16 ± 0.15 Current hormonal therapy (%) 106 51.21 Surgical treatment (%) 171 82.61 Residual ovary Bilateral (%) 129 62.32 Unilateral (%) 73 35.27 None (%) 5 2.42 Postmenopausal (%) 70 33.82 Age at menopause (years) 46.84 ± 3.33 Data were presented as means ± standard deviation or number of cases (%) Current hormonal therapy is defined as the administration of hormonal agents within 1 year before the initial measurement. BMD was measured at the lumbar spine using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). BMD: bone mineral density, FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone, AMH: anti-Müllerian hormone, TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone, E 2 : oestradiol, T 4 : thyroxine First, we studied factors affecting BMD. Table 2a shows the correlation between BMD and other factors at the initial testing. Pearson correlation analysis identified a significant correlation between BMD and the following factors: age exhibited a negative correlation (r = − 0.1523, p = 0.0285), body weight, and BMI showed a positive correlation (r = 0.4539; p < 0.0001 and r = 0.3996; p < 0.0001, respectively), whereas FSH showed a negative correlation (r = − 0.3126, p < 0.0001) with BMD. Similarly, free T4 showed a negative correlation (r = − 0.1604, p = 0.0236) and AMH showed a positive correlation (r = 0.2183, p = 0.047) with BMD. FSH and AMH showed a significant correlation with BMD according to the multiple regression analysis adjusted for age and body weight (FSH: β = −0.00071, p = 0.0038; AMH: p = 0.018) (Table 2b). Table 2 a) Correlation between BMD and initial measurement R 2 P-value Age (years) 0.023 0.0285 Weight (kg) 0.206 <0.0001 Height (cm) 0.194 0.0052 Body mass index (kg/m 2) 0.160 <0.0001 Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) 0.017 0.0647 Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) 0.019 0.0559 FSH (mIU/mL) 0.098 <0.0001 E 2 (pg/mL) 0.004 0.371 TSH (μIU/mL) 0.004 0.3604 Free T 4 (μg/dL) 0.026 0.0236 AMH (ng/mL) 0.048 0.0047 b) Correlations between BMD, FSH, and AMH adjusted for age and weight: partial regression coefficients N Β P-value FSH (mIU/mL) 202 -0.00071 0.0038 AMH (ng/mL) 166 0.05006 0.018 AMH: anti-Müllerian hormone, BMD: bone mineral density, E 2 : oestradiol, FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone, T 4 : thyroxine, TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone Next, we analysed the rate of change in BMD. Table 3 summarises the data of 142 patients analysed to determine the annual rate of BMD change. The average period between the initial and follow-up testing was 1.41 ± 0.53 (range: 0.25–2.75) years. The changes in BMD and the annual rate of BMD change were 0.02 g/cm 2 and − 0.53%/year, respectively. Table 3 Baseline characteristics of participants who underwent follow-up measurements N Mean Age (years) 142 45.01 ± 2.63 Weight (kg) 142 55.60 ± 9.57 Height (cm) 141 159.05 ± 5.79 Body mass index (kg/m 2 ) 141 21.92 ± 3.37 Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) 138 122.26 ± 11.65 Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) 137 78.83 ± 9.40 FSH (mIU/mL) 139 32.74 ± 41.58 E 2 (pg/mL) 138 91.51 ± 108.28 TSH (µIU/mL) 136 1.79 ± 1.17 Free T 4 (µg/dL) 136 1.08 ± 0.16 BMD (g/cm 2 ) 142 1.15 ± 0.16 BMD change (g/cm 2 ) 141 0.02 ± 0.02 BMD rate of change (%/year) 141 -0.53 ± 2.55 Interval between initial and follow-up visit (years) 141 1.41 ± 0.53 Current hormonal therapy (%) 83 58.45 Surgical treatment (%) 122 85.92 Residual ovary Bilateral (%) 90 63.38 Unilateral (%) 48 33.80 None (%) 4 2.82 Postmenopausal (%) 53 37.32 Age at menopause (years) 46.77 ± 3.41 Data are presented as means ± SD or number of cases (%) BMD: bone mineral density, E 2 : oestradiol, FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone, T 4 : thyroxine, TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone We examined factors that affected the rate of BMD change. Table 4 shows the correlation between changes in BMD and physical/endocrinological factors measured at the initial test. TSH levels showed a negative correlation (p = 0.0221) with BMD. Other factors were not significantly correlated with the rate of change in BMD. Table 4 Correlation between change in annual rates of BMD (%/year) and initial measurement R 2 P-value Age (years) 0.01925 0.1009 Weight (kg) 0.001046 0.7034 Height (cm) 0.01331 0.1747 Body mass index (kg/m 2 ) 0.0002558 0.8512 Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) 0.006861 0.3359 Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) 0.0004704 0.8021 FSH (mIU/mL) 0.002262 0.5796 E 2 (pg/mL) 0.003724 0.4771 TSH (µIU/mL) 0.03873 0.0221 Free T 4 (µg/dL) 0.0007232 0.7569 AMH (ng/mL) 0.003598 0.5224 BMD (g/cm 2 ) 0.02527 0.0597 AMH: anti-Müllerian hormone, BMD: bone mineral density, E 2 : oestradiol, FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone, T 4 : thyroxine, TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone We performed a multinomial logistic regression analysis to elucidate the risk factors for annual BMD decrease. The physical/endocrinological factors of each group of participants divided according to tertiles based on the rate of BMD change as per initial and follow-up testing are presented in Table 5 . The average ages of the mild bone loss, moderate bone loss, and severe bone loss groups were 44.68 years, 45.09 years, and 45.34 years, respectively, with no significant difference between them. Similarly, the average body weights were 54.33 kg, 56.60 kg and 55.75 kg, respectively, for the three groups, exhibiting no significant differences. Figure 1 a depicts the annual rate of BMD change in each group. The annual rates of BMD change in the mild, moderate, and severe bone loss groups were 2.07 ± 2.24%/year, 0.64 ± 0.50%/year, and 3.03 ± 1.12%/year, respectively. Figure 1 b shows the TSH values for each group. The TSH values of the three groups were 1.42 ± 0.65 µIU/mL, 1.79 ± 1.28 µIU/mL, and 2.16 ± 1.34 µIU/mL, respectively. There were significant differences between the groups. A greater rate of decrease in BMD was associated with a higher TSH level. Similarly, Fig. 1 c shows the average age at menopause in each group. The average age at menopause was 48.04 years, 46.80 years and 45.13 years, respectively, and exhibited a significant difference. A greater rate of decrease in BMD was associated with a significantly higher average age at menopause. Figure 1 d illustrates the results of the multinomial logistic regression analysis of TSH levels corrected for age and BMI. The relative risk of the two remaining groups in comparison with the mild bone loss group was 1.69 ± 0.45 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–2.85) in the moderate bone loss group and 2.15 ± 0.57 (95% CI 1.28–3.61) in the severe bone loss group, indicating a significant difference. Multinomial logistic regression analysis with other factors, including FSH and AMH, did not identify a significant increase in the risk of bone loss. Table 5 Physical and hormonal characteristics among women categorised based on the annual rates of change in BMD Mild bone density loss (n = 47) Moderate bone density loss (n = 47) Severe bone density loss (n = 47) Age (years) 44.68 ± 2.45 45.09 ± 2.53 45.34 ± 2.88 Weight (kg) 54.33 ± 9.47 56.60 ± 9.46 55.75 ± 9.90 Height (cm) 158.29 ± 5.78 159.69 ± 5.65 159.38 ± 5.91 Body mass index (kg/m 2 ) 21.66 ± 3.48 22.10 ± 3.26 21.91 ± 3.38 Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) 121.72 ± 10.69 119.91 ± 11.63 124.50 ± 11.77 Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) 79.30 ± 9.82 77.36 ± 9.88 79.39 ± 8.26 FSH (mIU/mL) 37.34 ± 50.03 21.60 ± 22.63 39.73 ± 45.66 E 2 (pg/mL) 97.77 ± 116.95 109.96 ± 116.26 66.24 ± 87.95 TSH (µIU/mL) 1.42 ± 0.65 1.79 ± 1.28 2.16 ± 1.34 Abnormally high TSH levels (n, %) 0 (0) 2 (4.3) 4 (8.5) Free T 4 (µg/dL) 1.08 ± 0.17 1.07 ± 0.15 1.08 ± 0.17 BMD (g/cm 2 ) 1.11 ± 0.19 1.17 ± 0.14 1.15 ± 0.13 BMD change (g/cm 2 ) 0.02 ± 0.02 0.01 ± 0.00 0.03 ± 0.02 BMD rate of change (%/year) 2.07 ± 2.24 -0.64 ± 0.50 -3.03 ± 1.12 Postmenopausal (n, %) 23 (48.94) 15 (31.91) 15 (31.91) Age at menopause (years) 48.04 ± 2.10 46.8 ± 4.07 45.13 ± 3.76 Data are presented as means ± SD or number of cases (%). Abnormally high TSH levels: ≥ 4.23 µIU/mL BMD: bone mineral density, E 2 : oestradiol, FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone, T 4 : thyroxine, TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone Discussion The present study’s results indicated that high FSH and low AMH levels were correlated with decreased BMD, suggesting that decreased ovarian function was associated with decreased BMD. Further, a greater rate of decrease in BMD was associated with a higher age at menopause. We showed that TSH was correlated with the rate of decrease in BMD and that high TSH level constituted a risk factor for future BMD loss. Ovarian function and bone mineral density in endometriosis patients We found that high FSH and low AMH levels were correlated with BMD loss in perimenopausal women with endometriosis, and demonstrated that a decrease in ovarian function was related to a decrease in BMD. During menopause, FSH secretion from the pituitary gland increases with decreased oestrogen secretion, and high FSH levels persist after menopause [ 25 , 26 ]. Previous reports have shown an association between elevated FSH levels and decreased BMD in premenopausal women rather than in perimenopausal women [ 27 ]. Meanwhile, an association between high FSH levels and decreased BMD was also observed in perimenopausal women [ 28 ]. It has also been reported that FSH is involved in the pathophysiology of postmenopausal osteoporosis [ 29 ]. The results of the present study support the previously demonstrated association between elevated FSH levels and decreased BMD. In addition, several previous studies, including meta-analyses, have reported low AMH levels in patients with endometriosis [ 30 – 32 ]. Previous studies investigating the association between AMH and decreased BMD due to primary ovarian insufficiency in premenopausal women found a positive correlation between BMD and AMH, even after removing the influence of age [ 33 ]. The results of the present study showed that women with endometriosis had lower AMH levels than women without endometriosis, which is a new finding demonstrating the relationship between ovarian reserve and BMD. Relationship between age at menopause and bone mineral density In the present study, the age at menopause tended to be higher with a greater rate of decrease in BMD. In recent years, meta-analyses have shown that early-onset menopause increases the risk of fractures [ 34 ]. The duration of time after menopause and BMI are important factors determining the risk of osteoporosis [ 35 ]. Changes in BMD in perimenopausal women have been reported to include a period of rapid bone loss [ 36 , 37 ]. The present study investigated the relationship between the rate of change in BMD and age at menopause; it is possible that we evaluated the difference between the rapid and slow periods of BMD change. Relationship between TSH and bone mineral density We demonstrated that high TSH levels increased the risk of subsequent BMD loss in perimenopausal patients with endometriosis. Regarding the association between thyroid hormone and BMD, high thyroid hormone levels and TSH suppression therapy have been suggested as risk factors for high turnover osteoporosis [ 38 ]. In addition, it is established that in overt hypothyroidism, bone turnover is reduced due to decreased bone resorption and osteoblast function. However, the relationship between hypothyroidism and BMD in adults remains unclear [ 39 ]. With regard to the relationship between endometriosis and thyroid diseases, a study in the United States that investigated whether patients with endometriosis experienced more autoimmune disorders and pain, showed that hypothyroidism was significantly more common, but there was no difference in hyperthyroidism [ 40 ]. A meta-analysis investigating the association between endometriosis and autoimmune diseases found no significant association with autoimmune thyroid diseases [ 41 ]. Meanwhile, in endometriosis, an association with thyroid autoimmunity has been reported in vitro, suggesting that thyroid hormone and TSH receptors may be involved in ovarian function regulation [ 42 ]. The present study demonstrated the relationship between TSH and changes in BMD in patients with endometriosis. This is considered meaningful as a new finding suggesting the involvement of TSH in the pathophysiology of endometriosis and bone metabolism. The strength of the present study is that it assessed changes in BMD over time, ovarian function, and thyroid hormone levels in perimenopausal patients with endometriosis in a prospective cohort study. However, we recognise that there are several limitations. First, we did not consider the effect of menstrual cycles on FSH levels. Although this is not an issue for participants undergoing hormone therapy or after menopause, measurements for other participants should have taken the menstrual cycle into consideration. The second limitation is related to AMH measurements. As the present study measured AMH using the conventional testing method, some cases were below the limit of measurement. These cases were regarded as being at the lower limit value, but this could have led to an overestimation of the ovarian function. In recent years, high-sensitivity AMH testing has been applied in clinical practice. Going forward, the use of high-sensitivity AMH testing is expected to enable more rigorous ovarian reserve assessment, and we would like to conduct research that incorporates such high-sensitivity AMH testing. Third, the study did not address the perimenopausal changes in BMD. As the present study involved a small number of cases and had many deviating cases, the changes over time could only be observed once. Therefore, it was not ascertained whether the change in BMD observed was during a period of rapid BMD decrease in each participant. We believe that further studies with larger cohorts, longer follow-up periods, and consideration of the BMD reduction phase of individuals are required. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that high FSH or low AMH levels were associated with decreased BMD in perimenopausal patients with endometriosis. Because high TSH levels also increase the risk of subsequent BMD loss, measurements of ovarian reserve and TSH may be useful in estimating BMD loss in perimenopausal women with endometriosis. These findings could assist in disease management in women with endometriosis. It is necessary to conduct further studies on the relationship between ovarian reserve and BMD using high-sensitivity AMH testing. List Of Abbreviations BMD, bone mineral density; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; LH, luteinising hormone; AMH, anti-Müllerian hormone; BMI, body mass index; T 4 , thyroxine; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone; DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; CI, confidence interval Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate : All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from The University of Tokyo Hospital Institutional Review Board (approval number: 0324). Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Consent for publication : Not applicable Availability of data and material : The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests : The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding : This study was supported by the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (grant numbers 15gk0210007h0101 and 20gk0210018h0003), and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (19FB0101). Authors' contributions : MU, OWH, KK, NY, ST and YO made substantial contributions to the study conception and design. MU and MH contributed to the acquisition of data, and analysis and interpretation of data. 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Sowers MR, Finkelstein JS, Ettinger B, Bondarenko I, Neer RM, Cauley JA, et al. The association of endogenous hormone concentrations and bone mineral density measures in pre- and perimenopausal women of four ethnic groups: SWAN. Osteoporos Int. 2003;14:44–52. Sowers MR, Zheng H, Greendale GA, Neer RM, Cauley JA, Ellis J, et al. Changes in bone resorption across the menopause transition: effects of reproductive hormones, body size, and ethnicity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:2854–63. Zhu D, Li X, Macrae VE, Simoncini T, Fu X. Extragonadal effects of follicle-stimulating hormone on osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in women during menopausal transition. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2018;29:571–80. Kim YJ, Cha SW, Kim HO. Serum anti-Mullerian hormone levels decrease after endometriosis surgery. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;37:342–6. Romanski PA, Brady PC, Farland LV, Thomas AM, Hornstein MD. The effect of endometriosis on the antiMullerian hormone level in the infertile population. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2019;36:1179–84. Muzii L, Di Tucci C, Di Feliciantonio M, Galati G, Di Donato V, Musella A, et al. AntiMullerian hormone is reduced in the presence of ovarian endometriomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 2018;110:932:e931. Yan Y, Chen W, Wang J, Huang J, Lv J, Zhao H, et al. Serum anti-Mullerian hormone levels are associated with low bone mineral density in premenopausal women. Biomarkers. 2020;25:693–700. Anagnostis P, Siolos P, Gkekas NK, Kosmidou N, Artzouchaltzi AM, Christou K, et al. Association between age at menopause and fracture risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocrine. 2019;63:213–24. Fistarol M, Rezende CR, Figueiredo Campos AL, Kakehasi AM, Geber S. Time since menopause, but not age, is associated with increased risk of osteoporosis. Climacteric. 2019;22:523–6. Karlamangla AS, Burnett-Bowie SM, Crandall CJ. Bone health during the menopause transition and beyond. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2018;45:695–708. Finkelstein JS, Brockwell SE, Mehta V, Greendale GA, Sowers MR, Ettinger B, et al. Bone mineral density changes during the menopause transition in a multiethnic cohort of women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:861–8. Brancatella A, Marcocci C. TSH suppressive therapy and bone. Endocr Connect. 2020;9:R158-72. Delitala AP, Scuteri A, Doria C. Thyroid hormone diseases and osteoporosis. J Clin Med. 2020;9. Sinaii N, Cleary SD, Ballweg ML, Nieman LK, Stratton P. High rates of autoimmune and endocrine disorders, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and atopic diseases among women with endometriosis: a survey analysis. Hum Reprod. 2002;17:2715–24. Shigesi N, Kvaskoff M, Kirtley S, Feng Q, Fang H, Knight JC, et al. The association between endometriosis and autoimmune diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2019;25:486–503. Aghajanova L, Lindeberg M, Carlsson IB, Stavreus-Evers A, Zhang P, Scott JE, et al. Receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid hormones in human ovarian tissue. Reprod Biomed Online. 2009;18:337–47. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 25 Jan, 2022 Reviews received at journal 17 Jan, 2022 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Jan, 2022 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Oct, 2021 Reviews received at journal 09 Sep, 2021 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Sep, 2021 Reviewers invited by journal 31 Aug, 2021 Editor assigned by journal 31 Aug, 2021 Editor invited by journal 27 Aug, 2021 Submission checks completed at journal 27 Aug, 2021 First submitted to journal 03 Aug, 2021 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-778798","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":48491033,"identity":"a2bd1540-ca69-4421-b998-dc843114a26f","order_by":0,"name":"Mari Uehara","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The University of Tokyo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mari","middleName":"","lastName":"Uehara","suffix":""},{"id":48491034,"identity":"1110f91c-67c6-458e-963a-453a18fe7e5d","order_by":1,"name":"Osamu Wada-Hiraike","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPCCAwwMPAyMDxgYJCB8CWK08PAwMBuQrIWNCIVAwM9/+Olm3rY7DPY8Z8yqeXMs8hjYDz9gsNyBW4vkjDSz27xtzxh4eHuAjG0SxQw8aQYMkmdwazG4wQBSebi+h58HrCWxgSEHaFIbHi3nj38DaWHgAWopBmvhf0NAy4EcM4gWoMOYwVokCNgiOSOn7Obcf0AtZ44VS84FammTeGZwAJ9f+PmPb7vx5sxhBvae5I0f3m6rS+znT374WBJPiCEBDgMwxQbEhyUbiNLC/gDOZPxInJZRMApGwSgYGQAAehxM3toqBZsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"The University of Tokyo","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Osamu","middleName":"","lastName":"Wada-Hiraike","suffix":""},{"id":48491035,"identity":"22dbc032-a49e-4c2e-8d5d-50add087e30e","order_by":2,"name":"Mana Hirano","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The University of Tokyo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mana","middleName":"","lastName":"Hirano","suffix":""},{"id":48491036,"identity":"ae339bf1-41c3-4053-b462-7f45b69d19c5","order_by":3,"name":"Kaori Koga","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The University of Tokyo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kaori","middleName":"","lastName":"Koga","suffix":""},{"id":48491037,"identity":"a5f5d16b-9844-4d80-8fb4-c5045ca78638","order_by":4,"name":"Noriko Yoshimura","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The University of Tokyo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Noriko","middleName":"","lastName":"Yoshimura","suffix":""},{"id":48491038,"identity":"fd7f9d2e-ead8-4bc6-8195-6d692479ed5d","order_by":5,"name":"Sakae Tanaka","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The University of Tokyo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sakae","middleName":"","lastName":"Tanaka","suffix":""},{"id":48491039,"identity":"8a53597f-c4ce-4c05-8fd6-c9dda1082fec","order_by":6,"name":"Yutaka Osuga","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The University of Tokyo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yutaka","middleName":"","lastName":"Osuga","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2021-08-04 02:59:07","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-778798/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-778798/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":12895148,"identity":"69fd1c7e-3458-48b7-af1d-db0a10acd826","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-08-30 14:37:24","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":62224,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Comparison of the annual rates of change in the BMD, TSH and age at menopause\n(a) BMD rates of change among the mild, moderate and severe groups. There were significant differences among the groups.\n(b) TSH levels in the three groups. There were significant differences among the groups.\n(c) Age at menopause in the three groups. There were significant differences among the groups.\n(d) Comparison of the relative risk ratios of TSH categorised by BMD rate of change. Values were adjusted for age and body weight. Error bars represent 95% confidence interval for the mean changes.\nMild: mild bone density loss group; moderate: moderate bone density loss group; severe: severe bone density loss group; BMD: bone mineral density; TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone\n*: p \u003c 0.05","description":"","filename":"OnlineFigure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-778798/v1/a9b4e6a7875f40ec81fe36de.png"},{"id":13711884,"identity":"ad9ceecf-46b7-4f52-8286-ebb0e5f8a023","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 14:24:47","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":481760,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-778798/v1/17b25b44-027c-47bc-8894-b71b3f7c8c94.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eRelationship Between Bone Mineral Density and Ovarian Function in Perimenopausal Women With Endometriosis: A Prospective Study\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eOne of the aetiologies of osteoporosis is a decrease in oestrogen levels due to a decrease in ovarian function [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition to suppressing bone resorption by acting directly on osteoclasts, oestrogen suppresses osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption by inhibiting the expression of osteoclast differentiation factors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The decrease in bone strength and bone quality, defined by bone mineral density (BMD), progresses with age. After menopause, when patients enter a low oestrogen state, bone resorption increases, and BMD decreases, making women more prone to osteoporosis at this stage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterised by the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. It is believed to affect 10% of women of reproductive age and form lesions in areas, such as the ovaries and peritoneum, causing dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, dyspareunia, and infertility [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR8\" citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Endometriosis is an oestrogen-dependent disease because oestrogen plays an important role in its pathophysiology. Endometriosis enhances oestrogen receptor expression and progesterone resistance in endometrial tissues [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Oestrogen promotes the transplantation of endometrial tissue into the peritoneum, thereby affecting proliferation and immortalisation, and also causes local and systematic inflammation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Of the inflammatory factors, it has been reported that autoimmunity plays a major role in the development of endometriosis, and the relationship between thyroid autoimmunity and endometriosis has been highlighted [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to oestrogen, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinising hormone (LH), which are factors that depend on the menstrual cycle, and anti-M\u0026uuml;llerian hormone (AMH) have been attracting considerable attention in recent years for assessing ovarian function. AMH is produced by the granulosa cells of follicles, can be measured in the serum and is independent of the menstrual cycle. Ovarian reserve refers to ovarian function characterised by the quantity and quality of follicles; AMH has been shown to be an indicator of ovarian reserve, which is useful to optimise ovarian stimulation in fertility treatment, preserve fertility in young cancer patients, and predict the timing of menopause onset [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15 CR16\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to symptomatic treatment to suppress pain, pharmacotherapy for endometriosis includes hormone therapy to suppress oestrogen levels [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. However, long-term hormone therapy can lead to a decrease in BMD. In addition, it has been demonstrated that surgical treatment may reduce ovarian function not only with radical oophorectomy, but even when only the ovarian lesions are removed. Therefore, in patients with endometriosis, changes in ovarian function may affect bone metabolism and cause changes in BMD.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have revealed that women with endometriosis did not exhibit a decrease in BMD compared to women of the same age without endometriosis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], and that long-term fracture risks did not increase in women with endometriosis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Meanwhile, regarding the decrease in BMD as a side effect of hormone therapy, the impact of add-back therapy using gonadotropin-release hormone analogues and oestrogen preparations for bone protection [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], as well as the decrease in BMD due to long-term administration of Dienogest, a progestin preparation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] have been investigated. Another report suggested that BMD was higher after ovariectomy for deep endometriosis than after ovariectomy for other indications [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. However, there are almost no studies that have investigated the relationship between ovarian function and BMD changes in women with endometriosis. Elucidating the association between BMD loss and ovarian function in women with endometriosis could be beneficial for preventing BMD loss and subsequent osteoporosis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of ovarian function and endocrinological factors related to ovarian function on BMD reduction in perimenopausal patients with endometriosis. We investigated the association of BMD with the levels of FSH, AMH, and thyroid hormone in perimenopausal patients with endometriosis.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eStudy design and participants\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis prospective cohort study included 207 patients who visited the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the University of Tokyo Hospital between December 2015 and December 2020. Following the approval of the study by the University of Tokyo Research Ethics Committee, we obtained written informed consent from all participants. To clarify the effects of ovarian function and endocrinological factors related to ovarian function on BMD reduction in perimenopausal patients with endometriosis, we included patients aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;40 years who had a history of endometriosis or presented with endometriosis lesions at the time of study participation. Patients with a history of endocrine disorders, such as diabetes, smoking, and steroid administration, factors which could affect bone metabolism, were excluded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec4\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003ePhysical assessment and laboratory analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePatient height and body weight were measured as physical measurements to calculate the body mass index (BMI). An ankle-brachial pressure index/pulse wave test was performed, and the systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the upper arm were measured. We analysed blood samples from participants using the chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay method to measure FSH, and oestradiol. The electrochemiluminescence immunoassay method was used to measure free T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (thyroxine), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and AMH as ovarian function markers. If the test result was below the measurement limit, the result was corrected to the lower limit before the analysis. BMD was measured at the lumbar spine (L2-L4) using the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) method (Discovery DXA System, Hologic, Inc., Marlborough, MA). Using the medical records, we collected information about patient age at testing, history of hormone therapy, surgical history, number of remaining ovaries, whether the patient had undergone menopause, and if so, the age at which menopause occurred.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuring the study period, 142 patients (68.6%) who underwent two tests, an initial test and a follow-up test, were analysed at regular intervals based on the annual rate of BMD change. Of the 65 deviating patients, 19 patients ended their outpatient visits to our hospital because of relocation and 46 patients refused follow-up testing. These patients were excluded from the analysis. We calculated the period between the initial testing and follow-up testing (years) and used the following formula from previous literature to determine the annual rate of BMD change [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Equation\" id=\"Equa\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/58894_9946feeafa4c1df7/58894_custom_files/img1630314055.JPG\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe patients were divided according to tertiles based on the annual rate of BMD change into severe bone loss, moderate bone loss, and mild bone loss groups. We compared the physical measurements at initial testing, haematological results, history of hormone therapy, surgical history, number of remaining ovaries, and age at menopause among the groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll statistical analyses were performed using the STATA statistical package (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX). Statistical comparisons between groups were performed using analysis of variance. A multiple comparison test was performed. Multinomial logistic analysis adjusted for age and body weight was conducted using the mild bone loss group as a reference. Statistical significance was set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the characteristics of the study participants. The average age was 45.02 years, and the average BMD was 1.16 g/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. The remaining ovaries were on both sides in 129 patients, one side in 73 patients, and none (both sides removed) in 5 patients. There were 70 (33.82%) post-menopausal patients, and the average age at menopause was 46.84 years. There were 106 patients with a history of hormone therapy within the previous year, and a total of 171 patients had a history of ovarian surgery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaseline characteristics of participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeight (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody mass index (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFSH (mIU/mL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;41.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (pg/mL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;107.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSH (\u0026micro;IU/mL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFree T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (\u0026micro;g/dL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAMH (ng/mL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMD (g/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrent hormonal therapy (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurgical treatment (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidual ovary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBilateral (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnilateral (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostmenopausal (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge at menopause (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eData were presented as means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation or number of cases (%)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eCurrent hormonal therapy is defined as the administration of hormonal agents within 1 year before the initial measurement.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eBMD was measured at the lumbar spine using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eBMD: bone mineral density, FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone, AMH: anti-M\u0026uuml;llerian hormone, TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone, E\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: oestradiol, T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e: thyroxine\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst, we studied factors affecting BMD. Table\u0026nbsp;2a shows the correlation between BMD and other factors at the initial testing. Pearson correlation analysis identified a significant correlation between BMD and the following factors: age exhibited a negative correlation (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.1523, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0285), body weight, and BMI showed a positive correlation (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.4539; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001 and r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.3996; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001, respectively), whereas FSH showed a negative correlation (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.3126, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001) with BMD. Similarly, free T4 showed a negative correlation (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.1604, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0236) and AMH showed a positive correlation (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.2183, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.047) with BMD. FSH and AMH showed a significant correlation with BMD according to the multiple regression analysis adjusted for age and body weight (FSH: β = \u0026minus;0.00071, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0038; AMH: p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.018) (Table\u0026nbsp;2b).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ea) Correlation between BMD and initial measurement\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.15419501133787%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.077097505668934%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.768707482993197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"52.15419501133787%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.077097505668934%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.768707482993197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0285\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"52.15419501133787%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.077097505668934%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.206\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.768707482993197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"52.15419501133787%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeight (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.077097505668934%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.194\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.768707482993197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0052\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"52.15419501133787%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBody mass index (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.077097505668934%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.160\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.768707482993197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"52.15419501133787%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSystolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.077097505668934%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.768707482993197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0647\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"52.15419501133787%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.077097505668934%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.019\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.768707482993197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0559\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"52.15419501133787%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFSH (mIU/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.077097505668934%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.098\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.768707482993197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"52.15419501133787%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(pg/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.077097505668934%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.768707482993197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.371\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"52.15419501133787%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTSH (\u0026mu;IU/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.077097505668934%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.768707482993197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3604\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"52.15419501133787%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFree T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (\u0026mu;g/dL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.077097505668934%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.768707482993197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"52.15419501133787%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAMH (ng/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.077097505668934%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.048\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.768707482993197%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eb) Correlations between BMD, FSH, and AMH adjusted for age and weight: partial regression coefficients\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.705882352941174%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.235294117647058%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.58823529411765%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.470588235294116%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"32.705882352941174%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFSH (mIU/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.235294117647058%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.58823529411765%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.00071\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.470588235294116%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"32.705882352941174%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAMH (ng/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.235294117647058%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.58823529411765%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.470588235294116%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAMH: anti-M\u0026uuml;llerian hormone, BMD: bone mineral density, E\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: oestradiol, FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone, T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e: thyroxine, TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNext, we analysed the rate of change in BMD. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e summarises the data of 142 patients analysed to determine the annual rate of BMD change. The average period between the initial and follow-up testing was 1.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53 (range: 0.25\u0026ndash;2.75) years. The changes in BMD and the annual rate of BMD change were 0.02 g/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.53%/year, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaseline characteristics of participants who underwent follow-up measurements\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeight (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody mass index (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFSH (mIU/mL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;41.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (pg/mL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;108.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSH (\u0026micro;IU/mL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFree T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (\u0026micro;g/dL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMD (g/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMD change (g/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMD rate of change (%/year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterval between initial and follow-up visit (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrent hormonal therapy (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurgical treatment (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidual ovary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBilateral (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnilateral (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostmenopausal (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge at menopause (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eData are presented as means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD or number of cases (%)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eBMD: bone mineral density, E\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: oestradiol, FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone, T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e: thyroxine, TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe examined factors that affected the rate of BMD change. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows the correlation between changes in BMD and physical/endocrinological factors measured at the initial test. TSH levels showed a negative correlation (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0221) with BMD. Other factors were not significantly correlated with the rate of change in BMD.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation between change in annual rates of BMD (%/year) and initial measurement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01925\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001046\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeight (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01331\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1747\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody mass index (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0002558\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8512\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006861\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3359\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0004704\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFSH (mIU/mL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5796\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (pg/mL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003724\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4771\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSH (\u0026micro;IU/mL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03873\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFree T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (\u0026micro;g/dL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0007232\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7569\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAMH (ng/mL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003598\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5224\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMD (g/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02527\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0597\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eAMH: anti-M\u0026uuml;llerian hormone, BMD: bone mineral density, E\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: oestradiol, FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone, T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e: thyroxine, TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe performed a multinomial logistic regression analysis to elucidate the risk factors for annual BMD decrease. The physical/endocrinological factors of each group of participants divided according to tertiles based on the rate of BMD change as per initial and follow-up testing are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. The average ages of the mild bone loss, moderate bone loss, and severe bone loss groups were 44.68 years, 45.09 years, and 45.34 years, respectively, with no significant difference between them. Similarly, the average body weights were 54.33 kg, 56.60 kg and 55.75 kg, respectively, for the three groups, exhibiting no significant differences. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ea depicts the annual rate of BMD change in each group. The annual rates of BMD change in the mild, moderate, and severe bone loss groups were 2.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.24%/year, 0.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50%/year, and 3.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.12%/year, respectively. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eb shows the TSH values for each group. The TSH values of the three groups were 1.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65 \u0026micro;IU/mL, 1.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.28 \u0026micro;IU/mL, and 2.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.34 \u0026micro;IU/mL, respectively. There were significant differences between the groups. A greater rate of decrease in BMD was associated with a higher TSH level. Similarly, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ec shows the average age at menopause in each group. The average age at menopause was 48.04 years, 46.80 years and 45.13 years, respectively, and exhibited a significant difference. A greater rate of decrease in BMD was associated with a significantly higher average age at menopause. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ed illustrates the results of the multinomial logistic regression analysis of TSH levels corrected for age and BMI. The relative risk of the two remaining groups in comparison with the mild bone loss group was 1.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01\u0026ndash;2.85) in the moderate bone loss group and 2.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.57 (95% CI 1.28\u0026ndash;3.61) in the severe bone loss group, indicating a significant difference. Multinomial logistic regression analysis with other factors, including FSH and AMH, did not identify a significant increase in the risk of bone loss.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical and hormonal characteristics among women categorised based on the annual rates of change in BMD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMild bone density loss\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;47)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModerate bone density loss\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;47)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSevere bone density loss\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;47)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeight (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody mass index (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFSH (mIU/mL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;45.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (pg/mL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;116.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;116.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;87.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSH (\u0026micro;IU/mL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbnormally high TSH levels (n, %)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (8.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFree T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e (\u0026micro;g/dL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMD (g/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMD change (g/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBMD rate of change (%/year)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostmenopausal (n, %)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (48.94)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (31.91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (31.91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge at menopause (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eData are presented as means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD or number of cases (%).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eAbnormally high TSH levels: \u0026ge; 4.23 \u0026micro;IU/mL\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eBMD: bone mineral density, E\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e: oestradiol, FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone, T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e: thyroxine, TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study\u0026rsquo;s results indicated that high FSH and low AMH levels were correlated with decreased BMD, suggesting that decreased ovarian function was associated with decreased BMD. Further, a greater rate of decrease in BMD was associated with a higher age at menopause. We showed that TSH was correlated with the rate of decrease in BMD and that high TSH level constituted a risk factor for future BMD loss.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOvarian function and bone mineral density in endometriosis patients\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe found that high FSH and low AMH levels were correlated with BMD loss in perimenopausal women with endometriosis, and demonstrated that a decrease in ovarian function was related to a decrease in BMD. During menopause, FSH secretion from the pituitary gland increases with decreased oestrogen secretion, and high FSH levels persist after menopause [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Previous reports have shown an association between elevated FSH levels and decreased BMD in premenopausal women rather than in perimenopausal women [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Meanwhile, an association between high FSH levels and decreased BMD was also observed in perimenopausal women [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. It has also been reported that FSH is involved in the pathophysiology of postmenopausal osteoporosis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. The results of the present study support the previously demonstrated association between elevated FSH levels and decreased BMD. In addition, several previous studies, including meta-analyses, have reported low AMH levels in patients with endometriosis [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR31\" citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Previous studies investigating the association between AMH and decreased BMD due to primary ovarian insufficiency in premenopausal women found a positive correlation between BMD and AMH, even after removing the influence of age [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. The results of the present study showed that women with endometriosis had lower AMH levels than women without endometriosis, which is a new finding demonstrating the relationship between ovarian reserve and BMD.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRelationship between age at menopause and bone mineral density\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, the age at menopause tended to be higher with a greater rate of decrease in BMD. In recent years, meta-analyses have shown that early-onset menopause increases the risk of fractures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. The duration of time after menopause and BMI are important factors determining the risk of osteoporosis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Changes in BMD in perimenopausal women have been reported to include a period of rapid bone loss [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. The present study investigated the relationship between the rate of change in BMD and age at menopause; it is possible that we evaluated the difference between the rapid and slow periods of BMD change.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRelationship between TSH and bone mineral density\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe demonstrated that high TSH levels increased the risk of subsequent BMD loss in perimenopausal patients with endometriosis. Regarding the association between thyroid hormone and BMD, high thyroid hormone levels and TSH suppression therapy have been suggested as risk factors for high turnover osteoporosis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, it is established that in overt hypothyroidism, bone turnover is reduced due to decreased bone resorption and osteoblast function. However, the relationship between hypothyroidism and BMD in adults remains unclear [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. With regard to the relationship between endometriosis and thyroid diseases, a study in the United States that investigated whether patients with endometriosis experienced more autoimmune disorders and pain, showed that hypothyroidism was significantly more common, but there was no difference in hyperthyroidism [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. A meta-analysis investigating the association between endometriosis and autoimmune diseases found no significant association with autoimmune thyroid diseases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. Meanwhile, in endometriosis, an association with thyroid autoimmunity has been reported in vitro, suggesting that thyroid hormone and TSH receptors may be involved in ovarian function regulation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. The present study demonstrated the relationship between TSH and changes in BMD in patients with endometriosis. This is considered meaningful as a new finding suggesting the involvement of TSH in the pathophysiology of endometriosis and bone metabolism.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe strength of the present study is that it assessed changes in BMD over time, ovarian function, and thyroid hormone levels in perimenopausal patients with endometriosis in a prospective cohort study. However, we recognise that there are several limitations. First, we did not consider the effect of menstrual cycles on FSH levels. Although this is not an issue for participants undergoing hormone therapy or after menopause, measurements for other participants should have taken the menstrual cycle into consideration. The second limitation is related to AMH measurements. As the present study measured AMH using the conventional testing method, some cases were below the limit of measurement. These cases were regarded as being at the lower limit value, but this could have led to an overestimation of the ovarian function. In recent years, high-sensitivity AMH testing has been applied in clinical practice. Going forward, the use of high-sensitivity AMH testing is expected to enable more rigorous ovarian reserve assessment, and we would like to conduct research that incorporates such high-sensitivity AMH testing. Third, the study did not address the perimenopausal changes in BMD. As the present study involved a small number of cases and had many deviating cases, the changes over time could only be observed once. Therefore, it was not ascertained whether the change in BMD observed was during a period of rapid BMD decrease in each participant. We believe that further studies with larger cohorts, longer follow-up periods, and consideration of the BMD reduction phase of individuals are required.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur study demonstrated that high FSH or low AMH levels were associated with decreased BMD in perimenopausal patients with endometriosis. Because high TSH levels also increase the risk of subsequent BMD loss, measurements of ovarian reserve and TSH may be useful in estimating BMD loss in perimenopausal women with endometriosis. These findings could assist in disease management in women with endometriosis. It is necessary to conduct further studies on the relationship between ovarian reserve and BMD using high-sensitivity AMH testing.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"List Of Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eBMD, bone mineral density; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; LH, luteinising hormone; AMH, anti-M\u0026uuml;llerian hormone; BMI, body mass index; T\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, thyroxine; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone; DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; CI, confidence interval\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from The University of Tokyo Hospital Institutional Review Board (approval number: 0324). Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e: Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and material\u003c/strong\u003e: The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e: This study was supported by the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (grant numbers 15gk0210007h0101 and 20gk0210018h0003), and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (19FB0101).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e: MU, OWH, KK, NY, ST and YO made substantial contributions to the study conception and design. MU and MH contributed to the acquisition of data, and analysis and interpretation of data. OWH was the principal investigator and played a significant role in the interpretation of data. MU and OWH have been involved in drafting the manuscript, and NY, ST and YO revised it critically for important intellectual content. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript, and YO gave the approval to submit the latest version.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e: We would like to thank Kyoko Hattori for managing our work and Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi L, Wang Z. Ovarian aging and osteoporosis. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2018;1086:199\u0026ndash;215.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGambacciani M, Levancini M. 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Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2017;212:9\u0026ndash;12.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGosset A, Escanes C, Pouilles JM, Vidal F, Tanguy Le Gac Y, Plu-Bureau G, et al. Bone mineral density in women with deep infiltrating endometriosis who have undergone early bilateral oophorectomy. Menopause. 2020;28:300\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYoshimura N, Kasamatsu T, Sakata K, Hashimoto T, Cooper C. The relationship between endogenous estrogen, sex hormone-binding globulin, and bone loss in female residents of a rural Japanese community: the Taiji Study. J Bone Miner Metab. 2002;20:303\u0026ndash;10.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBurger HG, Hale GE, Robertson DM, Dennerstein L. A review of hormonal changes during the menopausal transition: focus on findings from the Melbourne Women's Midlife Health Project. Hum Reprod Update. 2007;13:559\u0026ndash;65.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRandolph JF Jr, Zheng H, Sowers MR, Crandall C, Crawford S, Gold EB, et al. Change in follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol across the menopausal transition: effect of age at the final menstrual period. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:746\u0026ndash;54.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSowers MR, Finkelstein JS, Ettinger B, Bondarenko I, Neer RM, Cauley JA, et al. The association of endogenous hormone concentrations and bone mineral density measures in pre- and perimenopausal women of four ethnic groups: SWAN. Osteoporos Int. 2003;14:44\u0026ndash;52.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSowers MR, Zheng H, Greendale GA, Neer RM, Cauley JA, Ellis J, et al. Changes in bone resorption across the menopause transition: effects of reproductive hormones, body size, and ethnicity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:2854\u0026ndash;63.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhu D, Li X, Macrae VE, Simoncini T, Fu X. Extragonadal effects of follicle-stimulating hormone on osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in women during menopausal transition. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2018;29:571\u0026ndash;80.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKim YJ, Cha SW, Kim HO. Serum anti-Mullerian hormone levels decrease after endometriosis surgery. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;37:342\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRomanski PA, Brady PC, Farland LV, Thomas AM, Hornstein MD. The effect of endometriosis on the antiMullerian hormone level in the infertile population. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2019;36:1179\u0026ndash;84.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMuzii L, Di Tucci C, Di Feliciantonio M, Galati G, Di Donato V, Musella A, et al. AntiMullerian hormone is reduced in the presence of ovarian endometriomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 2018;110:932:e931.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYan Y, Chen W, Wang J, Huang J, Lv J, Zhao H, et al. Serum anti-Mullerian hormone levels are associated with low bone mineral density in premenopausal women. Biomarkers. 2020;25:693\u0026ndash;700.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAnagnostis P, Siolos P, Gkekas NK, Kosmidou N, Artzouchaltzi AM, Christou K, et al. Association between age at menopause and fracture risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocrine. 2019;63:213\u0026ndash;24.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFistarol M, Rezende CR, Figueiredo Campos AL, Kakehasi AM, Geber S. Time since menopause, but not age, is associated with increased risk of osteoporosis. Climacteric. 2019;22:523\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKarlamangla AS, Burnett-Bowie SM, Crandall CJ. Bone health during the menopause transition and beyond. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2018;45:695\u0026ndash;708.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFinkelstein JS, Brockwell SE, Mehta V, Greendale GA, Sowers MR, Ettinger B, et al. Bone mineral density changes during the menopause transition in a multiethnic cohort of women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:861\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBrancatella A, Marcocci C. TSH suppressive therapy and bone. Endocr Connect. 2020;9:R158-72.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDelitala AP, Scuteri A, Doria C. Thyroid hormone diseases and osteoporosis. J Clin Med. 2020;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSinaii N, Cleary SD, Ballweg ML, Nieman LK, Stratton P. High rates of autoimmune and endocrine disorders, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and atopic diseases among women with endometriosis: a survey analysis. Hum Reprod. 2002;17:2715\u0026ndash;24.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShigesi N, Kvaskoff M, Kirtley S, Feng Q, Fang H, Knight JC, et al. The association between endometriosis and autoimmune diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 2019;25:486\u0026ndash;503.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAghajanova L, Lindeberg M, Carlsson IB, Stavreus-Evers A, Zhang P, Scott JE, et al. Receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroid hormones in human ovarian tissue. Reprod Biomed Online. 2009;18:337\u0026ndash;47.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-womens-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bmwh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Women's Health](http://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bmwh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Women's Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"ovarian reserve, endometriosis, perimenopause, osteoporosis, bone mineral density.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-778798/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-778798/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn women with endometriosis, the association between ovarian function, hormones, and bone mineral density (BMD) is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the correlation between changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in perimenopausal women with endometriosis and clinical data, such as ovarian reserves.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this prospective study, we evaluated 207 female patients who visited the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Tokyo Hospital between December 2015 and December 2020. We included patients aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;40 years with a history of endometriosis or who presented with endometriosis lesions. Patients with a history of smoking, steroid administration, autoimmune diseases, dyslipidaemia, and heart disease were excluded. During the study period, patients who underwent two tests, an initial and a follow-up test (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;142, average age: 45.02 years, average BMD: 1.16 g/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), were evaluated at regular intervals based on the annual rate of change in BMD.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was a negative correlation between the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and BMD, and a positive correlation between the anti-M\u0026uuml;llerian hormone (AMH) and BMD. The annual rate of change in BMD correlated only with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. A large decline in BMD was associated with high TSH levels and higher average age at menopause. Patients with higher TSH exhibited a higher rate of decrease in BMD than those without.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh FSH or low AMH levels are associated with decreased BMD. Decreased ovarian reserve is associated with decreased BMD in perimenopausal women with endometriosis. High TSH levels increase the risk of BMD loss. This finding may help manage osteoporosis and BMD loss in perimenopausal women with endometriosis by predicting BMD loss from ovarian reserve and TSH levels.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Relationship Between Bone Mineral Density and Ovarian Function in Perimenopausal Women With Endometriosis: A Prospective Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-08-30 14:37:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-778798/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2022-01-25T05:13:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2022-01-17T05:54:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"1b29c549-cf24-40ba-92bb-a662c5ba5e3a","date":"2022-01-15T04:56:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"aaf76390-c55b-458d-8127-e6c1dd0a8575","date":"2021-10-11T16:29:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2021-09-09T15:40:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"fd0b552b-3269-4b4b-b216-e5a17a5ab0c2","date":"2021-09-01T05:16:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2021-08-31T18:03:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2021-08-31T18:01:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2021-08-27T09:23:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2021-08-27T09:09:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Women's Health","date":"2021-08-04T02:54:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-womens-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bmwh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Women's Health](http://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bmwh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Women's Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f9521359-ffed-4fe3-b484-73016118348a","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 30th, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":6812832,"name":"Internal Medicine"},{"id":6812833,"name":"Preventive Medicine"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-04-13T04:44:13+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2021-08-30 14:37:22","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-778798","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-778798","identity":"rs-778798","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"bHQnovIR7tDYqZjnNCoSf","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}