Risk Factors, Clinical Symptoms, and Different Treatment Approaches on Extrapelvic Endometriosis: Case Series

Amalia Shadrina, Andon Hestiantoro, Budi Wiweko, R Muharam, Kanadi Sumapraja, Gita Pratama, Mila Maidarti, Vita Silvana, Muhammad Ikhsan, Tyas Priyatini, Lisa Novianti, Rabbania Hiksas, Intan Indah Permatasari, Achmad Kemal Harzif
In: Fertility & Reproduction · 2026 · vol. 08(02) , pp. 73–77 · doi:10.1142/s2661318226500040 · W7162666046
article OA: diamond CC0
🔓 Open OA copy View on OpenAlex View at publisher
⚙ AI-generated summary by claude@2026-06, 2026-06-10 ⓘ

This case series reviewed 16 patients with extrapelvic endometriosis, finding that surgical excision followed by hormonal suppression effectively treated cyclical pain and palpable masses, with no recurrences observed.

One-sentence paraphrase of the abstract; not a substitute for reading it. No clinical advice. How this works

Abstract

Extrapelvic endometriosis (EPE) is a rare manifestation of endometriosis occurring outside the pelvic cavity. This condition often presents with diverse and atypical symptoms, complicating both diagnosis and management. The aim of this case series is to describe the risk factors, clinical presentations and treatment strategies. A total of 16 patients with a history of cyclical pain at sites of prior abdominal surgery, who underwent surgical treatment that was later histologically confirmed as endometriosis, were included. Patient demographics, clinical features, management approaches and adjuvant therapies were reviewed. Surgical excision was tailored to lesion characteristics, and then postoperative hormonal suppression was administered when indicated. The mean age of the subjects was 35.93 ± 6.64 years, and most had a history of caesarean section. Clinical symptoms predominantly included cyclical pain and palpable masses, with lesion distribution including 13 caesarean scar sites, 2 umbilical sites and 1 vulvar site. Surgical excision, using elliptical, circular, or direct approaches depending on lesion characteristics, was then followed by postoperative progestin therapy provided selectively. All patients experienced symptom resolution, and no recurrences were observed during follow-up, including patients managed with surgery alone. This case series highlights the clinical variability of EPE and emphasises the importance of thorough evaluation and a personalised management approach. Surgical excision proves effective for symptom relief, with adjuvant therapies addressing recurrence risks. Individualised management based on lesion characteristics and associated pelvic disease is recommended. Further research is essential to establish standardised management protocols for this rare and challenging condition.

My notes (saved in your browser only)

Condition tags

endometriosis

Citation neighborhood

Papers in the corpus that this work cites (lower rings, blue) and that cite this one (upper rings, green). Dot size scales with the paper's in-corpus citation count — bigger dot = more influential within the endo/adeno field. Click a dot to open that paper. [ expand to 2 hops ] — adds papers reached through this work's immediate citers/citees. Heavier; up to 60 extra dots.

References (21)

Source provenance

openalex
last seen: 2026-07-27T06:07:00.875360+00:00
License: CC0 · commercial use OK