Ultrasound Assisted Synthesis of Starch-green Tea Extract Composite and its Therapeutic Effects on Adenomyosis by Following the MAPK/ERK Signaling and Pro-inflammatory Pathways in Mice

A unique starch-green tea extract composite was synthesized following a bio-inspired ‘green’ method under ultrasonication. The polar hydroxyl organofunction over the starch is coordinated with the polyphenolic phytochemicals of green tea extract to form a stable composite hydrogel. The materials were structurally analyzed through several instrumental methods such as FT-IR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, TEM and EDX. Towards biological application, the composite hydrogel was used in controlling the inflammation of adenomyosis in mice. In the in vivo design, tamoxifen was used to induce the experimental adenomyosis model in mice. After treatment, the thymus, spleen, uterine, and body weights of all the animal samples were measured. Western blotting, qRT-PCR, and immuno histochemical (IHC) staining were applied to analyze the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway protein expression in adenomyosis mice. Then, inflammatory factors expression and the myometrial infiltration were determined by qRT-PCR, ELISA, and histology examination in the uterus. The adenomyosis amelioration of starch-green tea extract composite was gained by preventing the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway including decreasing the expressions of protein and mRNA of p-p38/p38, p-JNK/JNK, and p-ERK/ERK in the uterus. The raised levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in adenomyosis model mice uterus and serum were also reduced after starch-green tea extract composite treatment. Starch-green tea extract composite ameliorated the adenomyosis symptoms by raising the thymus and spleen index and decreasing myometrial infiltration. Similar content being viewed by others Data Availability No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

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The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work under grant number (R.G.P.2/491/44). Funding Not applicable. Author information Authors and Affiliations Contributions Yafei Guo, Marjan Shahriari, Waleed Eltantawy, Attalla F. El-kott, Mohammed A. AlShehri, Essam H. Ibrahim: Idea generator, Conceptualization; Attalla F. El-kott: Supervision, Project management. Attalla F. El-kott, Mohammed A. AlShehri: Experimental, Data analysis; Attalla F. El-kott, Mohammed A. AlShehri: Data analysis, Writing - review & editing. Corresponding authors Ethics declarations Ethical Approval Not applicable. Conflict of interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest with other people or organizations that could affect this study Additional information Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Rights and permissions Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. About this article Cite this article Guo, Y., Shahriari, M., Eltantawy, W. et al. Ultrasound Assisted Synthesis of Starch-green Tea Extract Composite and its Therapeutic Effects on Adenomyosis by Following the MAPK/ERK Signaling and Pro-inflammatory Pathways in Mice. J Polym Environ 32, 5014–5023 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03271-z Accepted: Published: Version of record: Issue date: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-024-03271-z