Endometrial Flushing Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Interleukin 2 Levels in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Leiomyoma and Endometrioma: Comparison with Healthy Controls

Mustafa Demir, Şenol Kalyoncu, Onur İnce, Bülent Özkan, Sefa Kelekçi, Gülcan Sağlam, Recep Sütçü, Bülent Yılmaz
In: Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde · 2019 · vol. 79(05) , pp. 517–523 · doi:10.1055/a-0829-3873 · PMID:31148852 · PMC6529228 · W2946619067
article OA: gold CC0 ⤵ 2 in-corpus citations
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⚙ AI-generated summary by claude@2026-06, 2026-06-08 ⓘ

Endometrial TNF-α levels were higher in endometrioma patients, and IL-2 levels were lower in PCOS, leiomyoma, and endometrioma patients compared to healthy controls.

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⚙ AI-generated deep summary by claude@2026-06, 2026-06-09 ⓘ

This case-control study compared tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) levels in endometrial flushing fluid collected in the mid-luteal implantation window from women with polycystic ovary syndrome (n=20), endometrioma (n=19), leiomyoma (n=20), and healthy controls (n=20), using ELISA-based measurements. Mean TNF-α levels were similar between PCOS and leiomyoma groups versus controls, but were significantly higher in the endometrioma group, while IL-2 levels were significantly lower in all three patient groups (PCOS, leiomyoma, and endometrioma) compared with controls. The authors note key caveats in design via stringent inclusion/exclusion criteria (e.g., excluding other conditions affecting endometrial receptivity markers such as hydrosalpinx and adenomyosis, and excluding women with certain endometrial pathologies). This paper is centrally about endometriosis — specifically, it quantifies TNF-α and IL-2 in endometrial flushing fluid in women with an endometrioma compared with healthy controls.

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Abstract

Abstract Introduction An important open question in the literature is whether endometrial receptivity marker levels are different in infertility related diseases than healthy women. The aim of the study is to compare the levels of interleukin two (IL-2) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) during the implantation window in the endometrial flushing fluid of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometrioma, leiomyoma patients with healthy controls. Material and Methods In this case control study, after obtaining endometrial flushing fluids at mid-luteal phase of ovulatory women with PCOS (n = 20), endometrioma (n = 19), leiomyoma (n = 20) and healthy controls (n = 20), IL-2 and TNF-α levels were measured using ELISA kits in BioTek ELISA devices. Results Mean TNF-α levels (ng/mL) were similar for the PCOS (305.6, p = 0.220) and the leiomyoma group (246.3, p = 0.502) compared to healthy patients (261.1). However, the levels were higher in the endometrioma group (338.2, p = 0,004) than the control group (261.1) in a statistically significant way. Mean IL-2 levels (ng/mL) were significantly lower in the PCOS (290.9, p = 0.0005), the leiomyoma (282.9, p = 0.0002) and the endometrioma patients (229.5, p = 0.0009) than the control group (416.0). Conclusion Relative to the control group, endometrial flushing fluid TNF-α levels were significantly higher in endometrioma patients and IL-2 levels were significantly lower in PCOS, leiomyoma and endometrioma patients. In benign gynecological diseases, endometrial markers related to infertility seem to show differences in endometrial flushing fluid. Future studies might identify the reference values for these markers, and endometrial markers can be used to diagnose gynecologic disorders causing infertility.

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endometriomainfertility

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