Biomolecules

Normal pregnancy is associated with uterine and vascular remodeling by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) to facilitate placental blood flow and uterine expansion for the growing fetus. Increases in MMP-2 and MMP-9 in response to estrogen and…

Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), a member of the neurotrophin family, is currently regarded as a key regulator of ovarian physiology beyond its well-known neurotrophic functions. The mammalian ovary is one of the most highly innervated peripheral…

The aim of this review is to provide a narrative analysis of the role of Lactobacillus acidophilus as an active modulating factor in the prevention and treatment of cancer and allergic diseases. The paper discusses the molecular, metabolic,…

Endometriosis is a chronic hormone-responsive disorder linked to infertility, usually characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrium in the pelvis that disrupts local homeostasis. Advances in single-cell "omic" methods have revealed t…

Three-dimensional (3D) organoid and co-culture models have emerged as transformative tools for studying human endometrial function, implantation, and placental development, overcoming key limitations of animal and two-dimensional in vitro s…

The anion exchanger 1 (AE1), traditionally known for its role in erythrocyte anion transport and acid-base homeostasis, has recently been identified in non-erythroid tissues, suggesting broader physiological functions. In the present study,…

Thyroid hormone synthesis involves several key steps culminating in the organification of iodide into iodothyronines, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine. To date, there is no clear mechanistic evidence of extrathyroidal iodothyronine synthesis…

Endometriosis is an inflammatory estrogen-dependent disorder characterized by pain, dyspareunia, dysmenorrhea, and infertility. This is due to the invasion of different organs by endometrial tissue that causes inflammation, angiogenesis, an…

The first trimester (FT) of pregnancy is characterized by rapid placental growth and differentiation, rendering this period sensitive to maternal metabolic influences. Maternal obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and a…

Phthalate esters (PAEs), which are widely used as plasticizers in various products, are recognized as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that can affect female reproductive health. Numerous studies linked PAE exposure to several health h…

Endometriosis and PCOS are both leading causes of female infertility, each affecting approximately 10% of reproductive-aged women worldwide. Both conditions markedly impair quality of life by affecting physical health, emotional well-being,…

The Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily comprises highly conserved cytokines that orchestrate key cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Within the ovary, TGF-β family members serve as pivo…

Protein lipidation, a pivotal post-translational modification, dynamically regulates cellular signaling, membrane trafficking, and protein stability, with emerging roles in reproductive physiology. However, the systematic understanding of h…

The most common symptom of endometriosis is pain. The pathogenesis of endometriosis-associated pain remains unclear. In this review, we illustrate the pathogenesis of endometriosis-associated pain and the mechanisms of dienogest acts on end…

Regulated cell death is essential for development, tissue homeostasis, host defense, and disease. Beyond apoptosis, it is now clear that other forms of cell death, including ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis, also contribute to patho…

Background/Objective: RNA modifications, including N6-methyladenosine (m6A), 5-methylcytosine (m5C), 7-methylguanosine (m7G), N1-methyladenosine (m1A), pseudouridine (Ψ), N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C), 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine (mcm5…

Maternal obesity is an escalating public health concern that adversely affects pregnancy outcomes. Adipokines play a key role in regulating metabolism and fetal development, but their dynamic changes during pregnancy remain inadequately und…

(1) Background: The follicular fluid (FF) comprises a large portion of ovarian follicles, and serves as both a communication and growth medium for oocytes, and thus should be representative of the metabolomic status of the follicle. This re…

Boron (B) remains one of the least understood trace elements in human nutrition. Traditionally regarded as non-essential, its biological role has been reevaluated in light of emerging microbiome research. We provide a narrative synthesis of…

Tissue remodeling of human endometrium occurs during the menstrual cycle to prepare for embryo adhesion and invasion. The ovarian steroid hormones 17β-estradiol and progesterone control the menstrual cycle to achieve the receptive state dur…

Cell migration capacity represents an essential function of the immune system. Pregnancy involves numerous morphogenetic events, angiogenesis, the establishment of intercellular connections, and complex interactions between maternal and fet…

Retinal Müller glial cells (RMG) play a crucial role in retinal neuroinflammation, including autoimmune uveitis. Increasing evidence supports their function as active modulators of immune responses and potential atypical antigen-presenting …