Frederick Schatz

CONTEXT: Enhanced levels of catecholestradiols, 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OHE2) or 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2), are reported in endometriosis. During gestation, catecholestradiol activation of adrenergic receptors (AR) elevates estrogen recepto…

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), comprises 60% of the total cell membrane and interacts directly or indirectly with several cell organelles i.e., Golgi bodies, mitochondria and proteasomes. The ER is usually associated with large numbers of …

PROBLEM: The role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2-mediated angiogenesis during endometriotic nidation is unknown. We posit that ERK1/2-induced angioblast differentiation and proliferation promotes ectopic endometrial angio…

BACKGROUND: Human pregnancy requires robust hemostasis to prevent hemorrhage during extravillous trophoblast (EVT) invasion of the decidualized endometrium, modification of spiral arteries and post-partum processes. However, decidual hemorr…

FKBP4 (FKBP52) and FKBP5 (FKBP51) are progestin receptor (PR) co-chaperone proteins that enhance and inhibit, respectively, progestin-mediated transcription by PR. Here, we examined FKBP4 and FKBP5 expression in the eutopic endometrium of f…

BACKGROUND: Irregular uterine bleeding is the major side effect of, and cause for, discontinuation of long-term progestin-only contraceptives (LTPOCs). The endometria of LTPOC-treated women display abnormally enlarged, fragile blood vessels…

Endometriosis is a major cause of chronic pain, infertility, medical and surgical interventions, and health care expenditures. Tissue factor (TF), the primary initiator of coagulation and a modulator of angiogenesis, is not normally express…

Tissue factor (TF), is a cellular receptor that binds the ligand factor VII/VIIa to initiate the blood coagulation cascade. In addition to its role as the initiator of the hemostatic cascade, TF is known to be involved in angiogenesis via a…

Progesterone-induced decidualized human endometrial stromal cells form a hemostatic envelope that protects against hemorrhage during invasion of endometrial capillaries by implanting blastocyst-derived cytotrophoblasts (CTs). This hemostati…

This chapter focuses on the role of progestin-induced decidualisation in regulating endometrial haemostasis and vascular stability. Observations made by in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry of endometrial sections, together with i…

Ovarian steroids and/or premenstrual endometrial hypoxia are thought to restore the endometrial vasculature shed during menstruation by elevating endometrial vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels. During the luteal phase, VEGF le…

The abortifacient and menstrual effects of the potent antiprogestin, RU 486 (mifepriston) are associated with both endometrial hemorrhage and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Such processes reflect reduced perivascular decidual cell …

Perivascular decidualized human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) are ideally positioned to prevent peri-implantational hemorrhage during endovascular trophoblast invasion by expressing tissue factor (TF), the primary cellular mediator of h…

During progesterone-induced decidualization of estradiol (E2)-primed human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs), the interstitial-type extracellular matrix (ECM) of the follicular phase endometrium is transformed in the luteal phase to a mixtu…

A high incidence of irregular uterine bleeding is the primary patient complaint limiting the utility of long term, progestin-only contraceptive agents such as Norplant. The onset of hemorrhage requires both inadequate hemostasis and impaire…

Progesterone stimulation of the estradiol (E2)-primed human endometrium initiates DZ of the stromal cells around the spiral arterioles. Under continued steroid stimulation, DZ spreads wave-like to establish the decidual cell as a major cell…