William L Ledger

Oocyte-secreted growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) are critical paracrine regulators of female fertility. Recent studies demonstrated that serum concentrations are associated with the number of …

Endometriosis is a condition in which functional endometrial glands are located outside the uterine cavity. Common sites are the pelvic peritoneum, the ovaries, uterine ligaments and rectovaginal septum.

Hydrosalpinx is a fluid accumulation in the fallopian tube which has become blocked, at the fimbrial end and the isthmus. This blockage can be caused by infection, sexually transmitted disease, previous sterilisation, endometriosis or surge…

BACKGROUND: Chronic cyclic pelvic pain (CCPP) affects women's quality of life and pituitary downregulation is often used for symptomatic relief. However, prolonged suppression of ovarian function is associated with menopausal side effects a…

Cytokines are proteins important in cell‐cell signalling. They are involved in many physiological processes such as ovulation, menstruation and pregnancy. Equally, they play an important role in conditions such as preterm labour, pre‐eclamp…

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessop Hospital for Women, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK Correspondence to Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessop Hospital for Women, University of Sheffield, Tree Root Walk, Sheffi…

Despite improvement in the success of IVF, reproductive surgery will remain an important option and complement to assisted reproductive technologies (ART) for many couples. Reproductive surgery should be considered as the first-line treatme…