Epidemiology, diagnosis, and clinical management of endometriosis

Amal Abdo Dahab, Bashair Mohammed Essa, Mariam Tariq Alabsi, Lujain Ayed Alqarni, Latifah Arafah Ahmed, Reem Talal Almehzaa, M. Alhayki, Rahaf Saad Alhudaib, F. Ismael, Yousef Rajeh Aljahdali, Sarah Tourki Alokili
In: International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health · 2023 · vol. 11(1) , pp. 491–495 · doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20233944 · W4390342249
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⚙ AI-generated summary by claude@2026-06, 2026-06-07 ⓘ

Endometriosis affects 176 million women globally, causing cyclic bleeding and inflammation of misplaced endometrial tissue, leading to pain, adhesions, and organ dysfunction, and is diagnosed via laparoscopy with treatment focused on symptom relief, fertility, and disease progression prevention.

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This paper reviews the epidemiology, diagnosis, and clinical management of endometriosis, estimating that about 176 million women worldwide are affected and describing how ectopic endometrial tissue can drive cyclical bleeding, inflammation, and downstream pain and organ dysfunction. It summarizes current diagnostic practice, noting that there are no validated biomarkers for diagnosis without procedures and that laparoscopy with confirmation is the gold standard, alongside management goals such as pain relief, fertility improvement when desired, and prevention of progression. A key caveat highlighted is that treatment choice depends on factors like disease extent and patient circumstances, and that symptoms can return after stopping therapy and procedural risks/complications may occur. This paper is centrally about endometriosis — it focuses specifically on endometriosis epidemiology, diagnostic approaches, and clinical management goals and limitations.

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Abstract

When it comes to talk about endometriosis, this affects around the world, and the occurrence of this has done to around 176 million women worldwide. This misplaced endometrial tissue responds to changes and undergoes cyclic bleeding and inflammation. As a result, it may produce complications, which includes pain, adhesions, fibrosis, and dysfunction in affected organs. Furthermore, there are currently no biomarkers for diagnosis without procedures. For diagnosing endometriosis, there is a gold standard laparoscopy combined with confirmation. The primary goals in treating endometriosis are to alleviate pain symptoms, improve fertility if desired by the individual affected, and prevent disease progression. The selection of treatment options is influenced by factors, including the extent and position of the illness, the patient's age, and future family plans. Nevertheless, it is essential to acknowledge that there are limitations and risks involved, such as symptoms potentially returning after stopping treatment or complications that may arise from procedures.
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Epidemiology, diagnosis, and clinical management of endometriosis DOI: https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20233944Keywords: Endometriosis, Pelvic pain, Infertility, Diagnosis, TreatmentAbstract When it comes to talk about endometriosis, this affects around the world, and the occurrence of this has done to around 176 million women worldwide. This misplaced endometrial tissue responds to changes and undergoes cyclic bleeding and inflammation. As a result, it may produce complications, which includes pain, adhesions, fibrosis, and dysfunction in affected organs. Furthermore, there are currently no biomarkers for diagnosis without procedures. For diagnosing endometriosis, there is a gold standard laparoscopy combined with confirmation. The primary goals in treating endometriosis are to alleviate pain symptoms, improve fertility if desired by the individual affected, and prevent disease progression. The selection of treatment options is influenced by factors, including the extent and position of the illness, the patient's age, and future family plans. Nevertheless, it is essential to acknowledge that there are limitations and risks involved, such as symptoms potentially returning after stopping treatment or complications that may arise from procedures. Metrics References Parasar P, Ozcan P, Terry KL. Endometriosis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Clinical Management. Curr Obstet Gynecol Rep. 2017;6(1):34-41. Farland LV, Harris HR. Long-term Health Consequences of Endometriosis - Pathways and Mediation by Treatment. Curr Obstet Gynecol Rep. 2020;9(3):79-88. Smolarz B, Szyłło K, Romanowicz H. Endometriosis: Epidemiology, Classification, Pathogenesis, Treatment and Genetics (Review of Literature). Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(19). Rossi M, Vannuccini S, Capezzuoli T. Mechanisms and Pathogenesis of Adenomyosis. Curr Obstetr Gynecol Rep. 2022;11(2):95-102. Pitot MA, Bookwalter CA, Dudiak KM. Müllerian duct anomalies coincident with endometriosis: a review. Abdominal Radiol. 2020;45(6):1723-40. Missmer SA, Tu FF, Agarwal SK, Charles C, Ahmed MS, Stephanie C et al. Impact of Endometriosis on Life-Course Potential: A Narrative Review. Int J Gen Med. 2021;14:9-25. Cromeens MG, Carey ET, Robinson WR, Knafl K, Thoyre S. Timing, delays and pathways to diagnosis of endometriosis: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open. 2021;11(6):e049390. Dessole M, Melis GB, Angioni S. Endometriosis in adolescence. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2012;2012:869191. Anastasiu CV, Moga MA, Elena Neculau A, Andreea B, Ioan S, Roxana MD, et al. Biomarkers for the Noninvasive Diagnosis of Endometriosis: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(5). Nisenblat V, Bossuyt PM, Shaikh R, Cindy F, Vanessa J, Carola SS, et al. Blood biomarkers for the non-invasive diagnosis of endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2016(5):Cd012179. Laganà AS, Garzon S, Götte M, Paola V, Massimo F, Fabio G, et al. The Pathogenesis of Endometriosis: Molecular and Cell Biology Insights. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(22):5615. Rafique S, Decherney AH. Medical Management of Endometriosis. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2017;60(3):485-96. Fraser IS. Recognising, understanding and managing endometriosis. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2008;1(2):56-64. Hunsche E, Gauthier M, Witherspoon B, Rakov V, Agarwal SK. Endometriosis Symptoms and Their Impacts on the Daily Lives of US Women: Results from an Interview Study. Int J Womens Health. 2023;15:893-904. Hsu AL, Khachikyan I, Stratton P. Invasive and noninvasive methods for the diagnosis of endometriosis. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2010;53(2):413-9. Guerriero S, Ajossa S, Pagliuca M, Antonietta B, Fabio D, Serena S, et al. Advances in Imaging for Assessing Pelvic Endometriosis. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;12(12). Arnaoutoglou C, Variawa RS, Zarogoulidis P, Ioannidis A, Machairiotis N. Advances of Laparoscopy for the Diagnosis of Pelvic Congestion Syndrome. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57(10). Sankaranarayanan G, Resapu RR, Jones DB, Schwaitzberg S, De S. Common uses and cited complications of energy in surgery. Surg Endosc. 2013;27(9):3056-72. When more is not better: 10 'don'ts' in endometriosis management. An ETIC (*) position statement. Hum Reprod Open. 2019;2019(3):hoz009. França PRC, Lontra ACP, Fernandes PD. Endometriosis: A Disease with Few Direct Treatment Options. Molecules. 2022;27(13). Gheorghisan-Galateanu AA, Gheorghiu ML. Hormonal therapy in women of reproductive age with endometriosis: an update. Acta Endocrinol (Buchar). 2019;15(2):276-81. Selçuk I, Bozdağ G. Recurrence of endometriosis; risk factors, mechanisms and biomarkers; review of the literature. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc. 2013;14(2):98-103.

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