Weibliche Fertilitätsstörungen und Risiken der assistierten Fertilisation

Zusammenfassung Unerfüllter Kinderwunsch ist von einem Randgebiet der Endokrinologie zu einem zentralen Gebiet der Gynäkologie und Urologie geworden. Mit einem gesellschaftlichen und wirtschaftlichen Umfeld, in dem erst kurz vor dem 40.Geburtstag an das Kinderkriegen gedacht wird, ist bei vielen Paaren die Fertilität schon so reduziert, dass Nachwuchs nur mittels leichter bis intensiver medizinischer Nachhilfe entstehen kann. Erfolglose aber auch überschießende reproduktionsmedizinische Maßnahmen beschäftigen Schiedsstellen, Gerichte und damit Sachverständige. Die Grenze zwischen „normal/physiologisch“ und „krank/therapiebedürftig“ ist in wenigen Gebieten der Medizin so verschwommen und von der jeweiligen Betrachtungsweise abhängig, wie in der Beurteilung der weiblichen Fertilität. Der Stellenwert des Anti-Müller-Hormons AMH, die Kontrazeptions-Anamnese und ihr möglicher Zusammenhang mit Infektionen, die Rolle von Alltags-Noxen und Umweltgiften, die Standards der diagnostischen Abklärung und Beratung, all dies kann von zentraler Bedeutung sein. Je invasiver die reproduktionsmedizinischen Methoden, je höher die Dosierungen der angewendeten Stimulationsprotokolle, umso mehr steigt das Risiko von Nebenwirkungen und Komplikationen, vom ovariellen Hyperstimulationssyndrom bis zu Drillingen. Die Endometriose ist innerhalb weniger Jahre von einer Erkrankung, der ganz hinten in den Lehrbüchern wenige Seiten gewidmet waren und die Studierende nur widerwillig lernten, zu einem auch in den Populärmedien häufig behandelten Thema geworden mit Patientinnen-Aktionsgruppen, zertifizierten diagnostisch-therapeutischen Zentren und – in einigen europäischen Ländern- eigenen Endometriose-Bestimmungen in Gesundheits- und Sozialgesetzen. Similar content being viewed by others Notes - 1. STATISTIK AUSTRIA (2023) Geburten und Fertilität. In Demographisches Jahrbuch 2023. Wien: Verlag Österreich, 38–44. - 2. WESSELINK, A. K., ROTHMAN, K. J., HATCH, E. E., MIKKELSEN, E. M., SØRENSEN, H. T. & WISE, L. A. (2017). Age and fecundability in a North American preconception cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 217(6), 667.e661–667.e668. - 3. GUTTMACHER, A. F. (1956). Factors affecting normal expectancy of conception. J Am Med Assoc, 161(9), 855–860. - 4. HARRIS, B. S., JUKIC, A. M., TRUONG, T., NAGLE, C. T., ERKANLI, A. & STEINER, A. Z. (2023). Markers of ovarian reserve as predictors of future fertility. Fertil Steril, 119(1), 99–106. - 5. EIMERS, J. M., TE VELDE, E. R., GERRITSE, R., VOGELZANG, E. T., LOOMAN, C. W. & HABBEMA, J. D. (1994). The prediction of the chance to conceive in subfertile couples. Fertil Steril, 61(1), 44–52. - 6. CARBONE, L., CONFORTI, A., A, L. A. M., CARIATI, F., VALLONE, R., RAFFONE, A., BUONFANTINO, C., PALESE, M., MASCIA, M., R, D. I. G., CAPUZZO, M., ESTEVES, S. C. & ALVIGGI, C. (2022). The negative impact of most relevant infections on fertility and assisted reproduction technology. Minerva Obstet Gynecol, 74(1), 83–106. - 7. HERNÁEZ, Á., WOOTTON, R. E., PAGE, C. M., SKÅRA, K. H., FRASER, A., ROGNE, T., MAGNUS, P., NJØLSTAD, P. R., ANDREASSEN, O. A., BURGESS, S., LAWLOR, D. A. & MAGNUS, M. C. (2022). Smoking and infertility: multivariable regression and Mendelian randomization analyses in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. Fertil Steril, 118(1), 180–190. - 8. ROSEVEAR, S. K., HOLT, D. W., LEE, T. D., FORD, W. C., WARDLE, P. G. & HULL, M. G. (1992). Smoking and decreased fertilisation rates in vitro. Lancet, 340(8829), 1195–1196. - 9. CINAR, O., DILBAZ, S., TERZIOGLU, F., KARAHALIL, B., YÜCEL, C., TURK, R., TASKIN, L. & KOSE, S. K. (2014). Does cigarette smoking really have detrimental effects on outcomes of IVF? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 174, 106–110. - 10. LYNGSØ, J., RAMLAU-HANSEN, C. H., BAY, B., INGERSLEV, H. J., STRANDBERG-LARSEN, K. & KESMODEL, U. S. (2019). Low-to-moderate alcohol consumption and success in fertility treatment: a Danish cohort study. Hum Reprod, 34(7), 1334–1344. - 11. BU, F. L., FENG, X., YANG, X. Y., REN, J. & CAO, H. J. (2020). Relationship between caffeine intake and infertility: a systematic review of controlled clinical studies. BMC Womens Health, 20(1), 125. - 12. WONG, J. M. K., BORTOLETTO, P., TOLENTINO, J., JUNG, M. J. & MILAD, M. P. (2018). Urinary Tract Injury in Gynecologic Laparoscopy for Benign Indication: A Systematic Review. Obstet Gynecol, 131(1), 100–108. - 13. SCHIRMER, D. A., 3RD, KULKARNI, A. D., ZHANG, Y., KAWWASS, J. F., BOULET, S. L. & KISSIN, D. M. (2020). Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome after assisted reproductive technologies: trends, predictors, and pregnancy outcomes. Fertil Steril, 114(3), 567–578. - 14. LEVI-SETTI, P. E., CIRILLO, F., SCOLARO, V., MORENGHI, E., HEILBRON, F., GIRARDELLO, D., ZANNONI, E. & PATRIZIO, P. (2018). Appraisal of clinical complications after 23,827 oocyte retrievals in a large assisted reproductive technology program. Fertil Steril, 109(6), 1038–1043.e1031. - 15. MENG, Y., WEN, G. H., LUO, H., TAN, X. C., WANG, L., LIAO, J., PENG, H., LAN, L., YANG, N. & ZHAO, Y. (2022). Which vaginal douching agent is the best choice before oocyte retrieval? A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front Reprod Health, 4, 1032062. - 16. NYFLØT, L. T., SANDVEN, I., OLDEREID, N. B., STRAY-PEDERSEN, B. & VANGEN, S. (2017). Assisted reproductive technology and severe postpartum haemorrhage: a case-control study. BJOG, 124(8), 1198–1205. - 17. CROMI, A., CANDELORO, I., MARCONI, N., CASARIN, J., SERATI, M., AGOSTI, M. & GHEZZI, F. (2016). Risk of peripartum hysterectomy in births after assisted reproductive technology. Fertil Steril, 106(3), 623–628. - 18. MOORE, V., RUMBOLD, A., FERNANDEZ, R., MCELROY, H., MOORE, L., GILES, L., GRZESKOWIAK, L., ROUGHEAD, E., STARK, M. & DAVIES, M. (2022). Dispensing of Clomifene citrate to treat infertility: medication supplied and population prevalence of assisted pregnancies and multiple births. Fertil Steril, 117(1), 202–212. - 19. SALMERI, N., ALTERI, A., FARINA., A., POZZONI, M., VIGANO, P., CANDIANI, M. & CAVORETTO, P. I. (2024). Preterm birth in singleton pregnancies conceived by in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection: an overview of systematic reviews. Am J Obstet Gynecol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2024.05.037. - 20. DAVIES, M. J., RUMBOLD, A. R., MARINO, J. L., WILLSON, K., GILES, L. C., WHITROW, M. J., SCHEIL, W., MORAN, L. J., THOMPSON, J. G., LANE, M. & MOORE, V. M. (2017). Maternal factors and the risk of birth defects after IVF and ICSI: a whole of population cohort study. BJOG, 124(10), 1537–1544. - 21. HENNINGSEN, A. A., BERGH, C., SKJAERVEN, R., TIITINEN, A., WENNERHOLM, U. B., ROMUNDSTAD, L. B., GISSLER, M., OPDAHL, S., NYBOE ANDERSEN, A., LIDEGAARD, Ø., FORMAN, J. L. & PINBORG, A. (2018). Trends over time in congenital malformations in live-born children conceived after assisted reproductive technology. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 97(7), 816–823. - 22. CORTESSIS, V. K., AZADIAN, M., BUXBAUM, J., SANOGO, F., SONG, A. Y., SRIPRASERT, I., WEI, P. C., YU, J., CHUNG, K. & SIEGMUND, K. D. (2018). Comprehensive meta-analysis reveals association between multiple imprinting disorders and conception by assisted reproductive technology. J Assist Reprod Genet, 35(6), 943–952. - 23. TARARBIT, K., LELONG, N., THIEULIN, A. C., HOUYEL, L., BONNET, D., GOFFINET, F. & KHOSHNOOD, B. (2013). The risk for four specific congenital heart defects associated with assisted reproductive techniques: a population-based evaluation. Hum Reprod, 28(2), 367–374. - 24. SPANGMOSE, A. L., MALCHAU, S. S., SCHMIDT, L., VASSARD, D., RASMUSSEN, S., LOFT, A., FORMAN, J. & PINBORG, A. (2017). Academic performance in adolescents born after ART-a nationwide registry-based cohort study. Hum Reprod, 32(2), 447–456. - 25. WILLIAMS, C. L., BUNCH, K. J., STILLER, C. A., MURPHY, M. F., BOTTING, B. J., WALLACE, W. H., DAVIES, M. & SUTCLIFFE, A. G. (2013). Cancer risk among children born after assisted conception. N Engl J Med, 369(19), 1819–1827. - 26. WANG, Y. A., CHUGHTAI, A. A., FARQUHAR, C. M., POLLOCK, W., LUI, K. & SULLIVAN, E. A. (2016). Increased incidence of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia after assisted reproductive technology treatment. Fertil. Steril, 105(4), 920–926. - 27. MONTANARI, E., DAUSER, B., KECKSTEIN, J., KIRCHNER, E., NEMETH, Z. & HUDELIST, G. (2019). Association between disease extent and pain symptoms in patients with deep infiltrating endometriosis. Reprod Biomed Online, 39(5), 845–851.TAYLOR, H. S., KOTLYAR, A. M. & FLORES, V. A. (2021). Endometriosis is a chronic systemic disease: clinical challenges and novel innovations. Lancet, 397(10276), 839–852. - 28. GUERRIERO, S., CONDOUS, G., VAN DEN BOSCH, T., VALENTIN, L., LEONE, F. P., VAN SCHOUBROECK, D., EXACOUSTOS, C., INSTALLE, A. J., MARTINS, W. P., ABRAO, M. S., HUDELIST, G., BAZOT, M., ALCAZAR, J. L., GONCALVES, M. O., PASCUAL, M. A., AJOSSA, S., SAVELLI, L., DUNHAM, R., REID, S., MENAKAYA, U., BOURNE, T., FERRERO, S., LEON, M., BIGNARDI, T., HOLLAND, T., JURKOVIC, D., BENACERRAF, B., OSUGA, Y., SOMIGLIANA, E. & TIMMERMAN, D. (2016). Systematic approach to sonographic evaluation of the pelvis in women with suspected endometriosis, including terms, definitions and measurements: a consensus opinion from the International Deep Endometriosis Analysis (IDEA) group. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 48(3), 318–332. - 29. HORN LC, HOHN AK, BURGHAUS S, SCHAFER SD, ULRICH UA, SCHMIDT D (2022) S2k Leitlinie Diagnostik und Therapie der Endometriose -Anforderungen an die Pathologie. Pathologe 43(2), 117–125. - 30. BREZINKA, C. (2022). Gutachterliche Aspekte der Endometriose. Ö Zschr Ärztl Gutachten (Manz), 13(2), 36–38. - 31. ZEPPERNICK, F., ZEPPERNICK, M., JANSCHEK, E., WOLFLER, M., BORNEMANN, S., HOLTMANN, L., OEHMKE, F., BRANDES, I., SCHEIBLE, C. M., SALEHIN, D., PETHICK, S. V., BOOSZ, A. S., KRAMER, B., SILLEM, M., BUHLER, K., KECKSTEIN, J., SCHWEPPE, K. W., MEINHOLD-HEERLEIN, I. & FOUNDATION, Q. S. E. W. G. O. T. E. R. (2020). QS ENDO Real – A Study by the German Endometriosis Research Foundation (SEF) on the Reality of Care for Patients with Endometriosis in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd, 80(2), 179–189. - 32. Yasui T, Hayashi K, Mizunuma H, Kubota T, Aso T, Matsumura Y, Lee JS, and Suzuki S (2012). Factors associated with premature ovarian failure, early menopause and earlier onset of menopause in Japanese women. Maturitas 72:249–255. - 33. BJELLAND, E. K., WILKOSZ, P., TANBO, T. G. & ESKILD, A. (2014). Is unilateral oophorectomy associated with age at menopause? A population study (the HUNT2 Survey). Hum. Reprod, 29(4), 835–841. - 34. Coccia ME, Rizzello F, Mariani G, Bulletti C, Palagiano A, and Scarselli G (2011). Ovarian surgery for bilateral endometriomas influences age at menopause. Hum Reprod 26:3000–3007. - 35. GASPARRI, M. L., RUSCITO, I., BRAICU, E. I., SEHOULI, J., TRAMONTANO, L., COSTANZI, F., DE MARCO, M. P., MUELLER, M. D., PAPADIA, A., CASERTA, D. & BELLATI, F. (2021). Biological Impact of Unilateral Oophorectomy: Does the Number of Ovaries Really Matter? Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd, 81(3), 331–338. - 36. FLATT, S. B., BAILLARGEON, A., MCCLINTOCK, C., PUDWELL, J. & VELEZ, M. P. (2023). Premature ovarian insufficiency in female adolescent and young adult survivors of non-gynecological cancers: a population-based cohort study. Reprod Health, 20(1), 4. Literatur AWMF-Leitlinie (2019) Diagnostik und Therapie vor einer assistierten reproduktionsmedizinischen Behandlung. DGGG, Berlin Bjelland EK, Wilkosz P, Tanbo TG, Eskild A (2014) Is unilateral oophorectomy associated with age at menopause? A population study (the HUNT2 Survey). Hum Reprod 29(4):835–841 Brezinka C (2022) Gutachterliche Aspekte der Endometriose. Ö Zschr Ärztl Gutachten (Manz) 13(2):36–38 Bu FL, Feng X, Yang XY, Ren J, Cao HJ (2020) Relationship between caffeine intake and infertility: a systematic review of controlled clinical studies. BMC Womens Health 20(1):125 Carbone L, Conforti A, La Marca A, Cariati F, Vallone R, Raffone A, Buonfantino C, Palese M, Mascia M, Di Girolamo R, Capuzzo M, Esteves SC, Alviggi C (2022) The negative impact of most relevant infections on fertility and assisted reproduction technology. Minerva Obstet Gynecol 74(1):83–106 Chapron C, Fauconnier A, Vieira M, Barakat H, Dousset B, Pansini V, Vacher-Lavenu MC, Dubuisson JB (2003) Anatomical distribution of deeply infiltrating endometriosis: surgical implications and proposition for a classification. Hum Reprod 18(1):157–161 Cinar O, Dilbaz S, Terzioglu F, Karahalil B, Yücel C, Turk R, Taskin L, Kose SK (2014) Does cigarette smoking really have detrimental effects on outcomes of IVF? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 174:106–110 Coccia ME, Rizzello F, Mariani G, Bulletti C, Palagiano A, Scarselli G (2011) Ovarian surgery for bilateral endometriomas influences age at menopause. Hum Reprod 26(11):3000–3007 Cortessis VK, Azadian M, Buxbaum J, Sanogo F, Song AY, Sriprasert I, Wei PC, Yu J, Chung K, Siegmund KD (2018) Comprehensive meta-analysis reveals association between multiple imprinting disorders and conception by assisted reproductive technology. J Assist Reprod Genet 35(6):943–952 Cromi A, Candeloro I, Marconi N, Casarin J, Serati M, Agosti M, Ghezzi F (2016) Risk of peripartum hysterectomy in births after assisted reproductive technology. Fertil Steril 106(3):623–628 D’Aria I (2017) Endometriosi nei nuovi LEA, ecco tuttte le novità. La Repubblica 06 Marzo 2017 Davies MJ, Rumbold AR, Marino JL, Willson K, Giles LC, Whitrow MJ, Scheil W, Moran LJ, Thompson JG, Lane M, Moore VM (2017) Maternal factors and the risk of birth defects after IVF and ICSI: a whole of population cohort study. BJOG 124(10):1537–1544 Dunselman GA, Vermeulen N, Becker C, Calhaz-Jorge C, D’Hooghe T, De Bie B, Heikinheimo O, Horne AW, Kiesel L, Nap A, Prentice A, Saridogan E, Soriano D, Nelen W, European Society of Human Reproduction & Embryology (2014) ESHRE guideline: management of women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod 29(3):400–412 Ebert AD, Jackisch D, Keckstein J, Tinneberg HR (2008) Endometriosezentren verschiedener Stufen zur Verbesserung der medizinischen Versorgungsqualität, der Forschung sowie der ärztlichen Fort- und Weiterbildung. J Gyn Endokrinol (Österreich) 2:62–68 Eimers JM, Te Velde ER, Gerritse R, Vogelzang ET, Looman CW, Habbema JD (1994) The prediction of the chance to conceive in subfertile couples. Fertil Steril 61(1):44–52 Ferrero S, Barra F, Maggiore UL (2018) Current and emerging therapeutics for the management of endometriosis. Drugs 78:995–1012 Flatt SB, Baillargeon A, McClintock C, Pudwell J, Velez MP (2023) Premature ovarian insufficiency in female adolescent and young adult survivors of non-gynecological cancers: a population-based cohort study. Reprod Health 20(1):4 Gasparri ML, Ruscito I, Braicu EI, Sehouli J, Tramontano L, Costanzi F, De Marco MP, Mueller MD, Papadia A, Caserta D, Bellati F (2021) Biological impact of unilateral oophorectomy: does the number of ovaries really matter? Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 81(3):331–338 Guerriero S, Saba L, Pascual MA, Ajossa S, Rodriguez I, Mais V, Alcazar JL (2018) Transvaginal ultrasound vs magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosing deep infiltrating endometriosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 51(5):586–595 Guttmacher AF (1956) Factors affecting normal expectancy of conception. J Am Med Assoc 161(9):855–860 Harris BS, Jukic AM, Truong T, Nagle CT, Erkanli A, Steiner AZ (2023) Markers of ovarian reserve as predictors of future fertility. Fertil Steril 119(1):99–106 Henningsen AA, Bergh C, Skjaerven R, Tiitinen A, Wennerholm UB, Romundstad LB, Gissler M, Opdahl S, Nyboe Andersen A, Lidegaard Ø, Forman JL, Pinborg A (2018) Trends over time in congenital malformations in live-born children conceived after assisted reproductive technology. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 97(7):816–823 Hernáez Á, Wootton RE, Page CM, Skåra KH, Fraser A, Rogne T, Magnus P, Njølstad PR, Andreassen OA, Burgess S, Lawlor DA, Magnus MC (2022) Smoking and infertility: multivariable regression and Mendelian randomization analyses in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. Fertil Steril 118(1):180–190 Johnson NP, Hummelshoj L, World Endometriosis Society Montpellier Consortium (2013) Consensus on current management of endometriosis. Hum Reprod 28(6):1552–1568 Krämer B (2020) Diagnostik und Therapie der Endometriose bei Kinderwunsch. Frauenheilkunde up2date 14:471–488 Levi-Setti PE, Cirillo F, Scolaro V, Morenghi E, Heilbron F, Girardello D, Zannoni E, Patrizio P (2018) Appraisal of clinical complications after 23,827 oocyte retrievals in a large assisted reproductive technology program. Fertil Steril 109(6):1038–1043.e1031 Lyngsø J, Ramlau-Hansen CH, Bay B, Ingerslev HJ, Strandberg-Larsen K, Kesmodel US (2019) Low-to-moderate alcohol consumption and success in fertility treatment: a Danish cohort study. Hum Reprod 34(7):1334–1344 Meng Y, Wen GH, Luo H, Tan XC, Wang L, Liao J, Peng H, Lan L, Yang N, Zhao Y (2022) Which vaginal douching agent is the best choice before oocyte retrieval? A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front Reprod Health 4:1032062 Meuleman C, Tomassetti C, D’Hoore A, Van Cleynenbreugel B, Penninckx F, Vergote I, D’Hooghe T (2011) Surgical treatment of deeply infiltrating endometriosis with colorectal involvement. Hum Reprod Update 17(3):311–326 Moore V, Rumbold A, Fernandez R, McElroy H, Moore L, Giles L, Grzeskowiak L, Roughead E, Stark M, Davies M (2022) Dispensing of clomiphene citrate to treat infertility: medication supplied and population prevalence of assisted pregnancies and multiple births. Fertil Steril 117(1):202–212 Nnoaham KE, Hummelshoj L, Webster P, D’Hooghe T, De Cicco Nardone F, De Cicco Nardone C, Jenkinson C, Kennedy SH, Zondervan KT, World Endometriosis Research Foundation Global Study of Women’s Health Consortium (2019) Reprint of: Impact of endometriosis on quality of life and work productivity: a multicenter study across ten countries. Fertil Steril 112(4 Suppl1):e137–e152 Nyfløt LT, Sandven I, Oldereid NB, Stray-Pedersen B, Vangen S (2017) Assisted reproductive technology and severe postpartum haemorrhage: a case-control study. BJOG 124(8):1198–1205 Rosevear SK, Holt DW, Lee TD, Ford WC, Wardle PG, Hull MG (1992) Smoking and decreased fertilisation rates in vitro. Lancet 340(8829):1195–1196 Schirmer DA 3rd, Kulkarni AD, Zhang Y, Kawwass JF, Boulet SL, Kissin DM (2020) Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome after assisted reproductive technologies: trends, predictors, and pregnancy outcomes. Fertil Steril 114(3):567–578 Shrestha B, Shrestha S, Peters P, Ura M, Windsor M, Naidoo R (2019) Catamenial pneumothorax, a commonly misdiagnosed thoracic condition: multicentre experience and audit of a small case series with review of the literature. Heart Lung Circ 28(6):850–857 Spangmose AL, Malchau SS, Schmidt L, Vassard D, Rasmussen S, Loft A, Forman J, Pinborg A (2017) Academic performance in adolescents born after ART-a nationwide registry-based cohort study. Hum Reprod 32(2):447–456 Tararbit K, Lelong N, Thieulin AC, Houyel L, Bonnet D, Goffinet F, Khoshnood B (2013) The risk for four specific congenital heart defects associated with assisted reproductive techniques: a population-based evaluation. Hum Reprod 28(2):367–374 Taylor HS, Kotlyar AM, Flores VA (2021) Endometriosis is a chronic systemic disease: clinical challenges and novel innovations. Lancet 397(10276):839–852 Wang YA, Chughtai AA, Farquhar CM, Pollock W, Lui K, Sullivan EA (2016) Increased incidence of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia after assisted reproductive technology treatment. Fertil. Steril 105(4):920–926 Wesselink AK, Rothman KJ, Hatch EE, Mikkelsen EM, Sørensen HT, Wise LA (2017) Age and fecundability in a North American preconception cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 217(6):667.e661–667.e668 Williams CL, Bunch KJ, Stiller CA, Murphy MF, Botting BJ, Wallace WH, Davies M, Sutcliffe AG (2013) Cancer risk among children born after assisted conception. N Engl J Med 369(19):1819–1827 Wong JMK, Bortoletto P, Tolentino J, Jung MJ, Milad MP (2018) Urinary tract injury in gynecologic laparoscopy for benign indication: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 131(1):100–108 Yasui T, Hayashi K, Mizunuma H, Kubota T, Aso T, Matsumura Y, Lee JS, Suzuki S (2012) Factors associated with premature ovarian failure, early menopause and earlier onset of menopause in Japanese women. Maturitas 72(3):249–255 Zeppernick F, Zeppernick M, Janschek E, Wolfler M, Bornemann S, Holtmann L, Oehmke F, Brandes I, Scheible CM, Salehin D, Pethick SV, Boosz AS, Kramer B, Sillem M, Buhler K, Keckstein J, Schweppe KW, Meinhold-Heerlein I, QS Endo Working Group of the Endometriosis Research Foundation (SEF) (2020) QS ENDO Real – a study by the German Endometriosis Research Foundation (SEF) on the reality of care for patients with endometriosis in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 80(2):179–189 Author information Authors and Affiliations Corresponding author Editor information Editors and Affiliations Section Editor information Rights and permissions Copyright information © 2024 Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature About this entry Cite this entry Brezinka, C. (2024). Weibliche Fertilitätsstörungen und Risiken der assistierten Fertilisation. In: Breuer, J., Fritze, J., Popa, A., Scholtysik, D., Seifert, J., Wich, M. (eds) Die Ärztliche Begutachtung. Springer Reference Medizin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61937-7_95-1 Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61937-7_95-1 Received: Accepted: Published: Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg Print ISBN: 978-3-662-61937-7 Online ISBN: 978-3-662-61937-7 eBook Packages: Living Reference Medizin