THE EFFECTS OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS ON FEMALE GONADAL AXIS: AN UPDATE

Djuro Μacut, D Macut, Macut D, Opalić M, M Opalić, Popović B, B Popović, Ognjanović S, S Ognjanović, J Bjekić-Macut, Bjekić-Macut J, Livadas S, S Livadas, T Petrović, Petrović T, Hrnčić D, D Hrnčić, O Stanojlović, Stanojlović O, D Vojnović Milutinović, Milutinović DV, Micić D, D Micić, G Mastorakos, Mastorakos G
Acta endocrinologica (Bucharest, Romania : 2005) · 2023 · vol. 19(1) , pp. 81–86 · doi:10.4183/aeb.2023.81 · PMID:37601725 · PMC10439316 · W4385629180
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⚙ AI-generated summary by gemini-2.5-flash-lite, 2026-06-12 ⓘ

This review updates insights into how endocrine disruptors impact the female reproductive axis, neuroendocrine control, ovaries, and endometrium, potentially causing developmental irregularities and infertility.

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⚙ AI-generated deep summary by claude@2026-06, 2026-06-12 · read from full text ⓘ

This article is an update review describing how endocrine disruptors are proposed to affect the female gonadal axis at multiple levels, including neuroendocrine regulation and downstream effects on reproductive organs, based largely on experimental clues from female animal models exposed to agents such as synthetic estrogens and phytoestrogens, neurotransmitters, pesticides, and other chemicals. It reports that such exposures are linked to developmental irregularities and derangements across reproductive life stages, with consequences including infertility and conditions such as premature ovarian insufficiency, polycystic ovary syndrome, and endometriosis, and it also highlights potential effects on ovaries and endometrium during implantation. A key limitation explicitly implied by the article format is that it is a narrative update rather than presenting original experiments or a defined systematic review methodology. Relevance to endometriosis: the paper explicitly states that endocrine disruptors can cause endometriosis and includes effects on endometrium during implantation as part of the proposed reproductive outcomes.

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Abstract

Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are considered to have an impact on the function of reproductive axis at different levels as well on reproductive organs in both sexes. Complexity of female reproductive system influenced with various stressors including EDs lead to morphological and functional alterations. This is resulting in modulation of neuroendocrine regulation with consequent developmental irregularities and derangements, causative infertility, endometriosis as well as premature ovarian insufficiency or polycystic ovary syndrome. A number of experimental clues was obtained on female animal models using various EDs such as synthetic estrogens and phytoestrogens, neurotransmitters, pesticides or various chemicals. These substances lead towards consequent derangement of the neuroendocrine control of reproduction from early phases of reproductive development towards different phases of adult reproductive period. This text will address some novel insights into the effects of EDs on neuroendocrine regulation of gonadal axis, effects on ovaries as well on endometrium during implantation period.
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- Login - Register - Home/Current Issue - About the journal - Editorial board - Online submission - Instructions for authors - Subscriptions - Foundation Acta Endocrinologica - Archive - Contact Romanian Academy The Publishing House of the Romanian Academy ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA (BUC) The International Journal of Romanian Society of Endocrinology / Registered in 1938in Web of Science Master Journal List Acta Endocrinologica(Bucharest) is live in PubMed Central Journal Impact Factor - click here. This Article Services Google Scholar PubMed Acta Endocrinologica (Buc) Macut D, Opalic M, Popovic B, Ognjanovic S, Bjekic-Macut J, Livadas S, Petrovic T, Hrncic D, Stanojlovic O, Vojnovic Milutinovic D, Micic D , Mastorakos G The Effects of Endocrine Disruptors on Female Gonadal Axis: an Update Acta Endo (Buc) 2023, 19 (1): 81-86doi: 10.4183/aeb.2023.81 Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are considered to have an impact on the function of reproductive axis at different levels as well on reproductive organs in both sexes. Complexity of female reproductive system influenced with various stressors including EDs lead to morphological and functional alterations. This is resulting in modulation of neuroendocrine regulation with consequent developmental irregularities and derangements, causative infertility, endometriosis as well as premature ovarian insufficiency or polycystic ovary syndrome. A number of experimental clues was obtained on female animal models using various EDs such as synthetic estrogens and phytoestrogens, neurotransmitters, pesticides or various chemicals. These substances lead towards consequent derangement of the neuroendocrine control of reproduction from early phases of reproductive development towards different phases of adult reproductive period. This text will address some novel insights into the effects of EDs on neuroendocrine regulation of gonadal axis, effects on ovaries as well on endometrium during implantation period. Keywords: endocrine disruptors, female reproduction, infertility, neuroendocrine regulation, ovary, endometrium, implantation. Correspondence: Professor Djuro Macut MD, PhD, University of Belgrade Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Diseases of Metabolism, Dr Subotica 13, Beograd, 11000, Serbia, E-mail: [email protected]

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