257 incidental appendectomies during total laparoscopic hysterectomy.

We have maintained an anonymous database of TLH cases performed on consecutive patients in each of the following diagnostic categories: benign gynecologic indications and early malignancies limited to Stage IA2 or less cervical cancer, occult ovarian cancer, and clinical Stage IIIA or less endometrial cancer. Investigational Review Board approval is maintained at Sequoia Hospital in Redwood City, CA, USA. In all of these patients, a simple hysterectomy was performed alone or with other procedures as indicated by the patient's history, physical examination, and radiological examinations. Every surgery was performed by the author (KAO'H) from September 5, 1996 to April 4, 2007, at 4 California hospitals. A categorical obstetrics and gynecology resident, a gynecologist, or a general surgeon assisted all surgeries. The technique used for TLH is described elsewhere in the gynecologic literature. 10 After the hysterectomy, an appendectomy was performed in 257 patients, incising the mesoappendix with a 5-mm Harmonic scalpel or LigaSure (Covidian, Boulder, CO, USA) (Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Cincinnati, OH, USA), to the base at the cecum, then ligating the base with a 0-Vicryl EndoLoop (Ethicon Sutures, Piscataway, NJ, USA). The appendix was then incised across the base with the Harmonic scalpel or LigaSure ( Figure 1 ) . A ring forceps was passed through the vagina to grasp the appendix at the open base and remove it from the abdominal cavity. The appendix is held with the Realhand (Novare Surgical Systems, Cupertino, CA, USA) in preparation for incision of the mesentery. By using JMP statistical software (SAS, Cary, NC, USA), continuous data were analyzed by ANOVA, and categorical data were analyzed by chi-square and Fisher's exact test, with significance set at P<0.05.

Of 821 women undergoing TLH, 257 underwent concomitant appendectomy and 564 did not. The mean age of 50 (P=0.1404) and mean body mass index (BMI) of 27 (P=1823) were similar in both groups. Surgical blood loss was similar in both groups, 130 mL (P=0.0678). The mean duration of surgery was 19 minutes shorter in the appendectomy group, (137 vs 122 minutes, P<0.0012). Patients in the appendectomy group spent fewer days in the hospital (1.5 vs 1.2, P<0.0001). If patients with long additional procedures performed, such as node dissection, omentectomy, Burch colposuspension, uterosacral ligament plication, cholecystectomy, herniorrhaphy, or posterior vaginal repair, were eliminated from the analysis, leaving only 482 patients undergoing only hysterectomy/BSO, appendectomy, lysis of adhesions, and fulguration (not resection) of endometriosis, the appendectomy cases still were of shorter duration (133 vs 104 minutes, P<0.0001), and the duration of stay was still shorter in the appendectomy group (1.5 vs 1.1, P<0.0001). Clinically, all 257 appendices appeared normal. Pathologic examination of the appendices revealed normal anatomy in 135 (52%); fibrous obliteration in 98 (38%); endometriosis in 8 (4%); 3 cases each of carcinoid tumor (1.1%) and chronic appendictis (1.1%); 2 cases each of serositis fatty metaplasia and mucinous cystadenoma (1.1%); and one case each of mucosal melanosis, neurophilia, adhesions, and metastatic papillary ovarian carinoma (1.5%). Two of the three cases of carcinoid demonstrated invasion to the serosal surface and required subsequent staging ileoascending colectomy as treatment. No complications were attributed to the appendectomy procedure. Additionally, there was no difference in overall (11.3 vs 7.4%, P=0.0813), or reoperative complications (5.6 vs 2.7%, P=0.0654) in either group.

In patients 40 years and older, appendicitis occurs with a frequency of about 30/100,000, 11 about the same as the incidence of ovarian cancer in that age group. 12 After age 60, patients who develop appendicitis have a significantly increased risk of perforation and postoperative complications. 13 This is because the diagnosis of appendicitis in senior women is often difficult, making immediate open surgical exploration appropriate in this population. 14 In 1981, Tranmer et al 6 reviewed 100 cases of appendicitis among women over age 40 and found a 30% perforation rate and a 31% risk of incisional abscess. Furthermore, among these women, 13% had undergone previous elective hysterectomy or cholecystectomy, leading them to conclude that some of these cases may have been prevented by incidental appendectomy. The earliest reports of incidental appendectomy in gynecologic surgery were during Cesarean deliveries in 1959, 15 for management of ectopic pregnancy in 1962, 16 vaginal hysterectomy in 1966, 8 with abdominal hysterectomy in 1967, 17 and during postpartum sterilizations in 1973.18 The routine performance of incidental appendectomy during laparotomy for ovarian cancer staging had become standard by 1968 because 25% of normal-appearing appendices contained metastatic deposits. 6 In 1981, Tranmer et al 6 reviewed 200 cases of incidental appendectomy during laparotomy for hysterectomy or cholecystectomy, noting no complications, concluding that incidental appendectomy was indeed routinely indicated with laparotomy. Waters et al 19 concurred that incidental appendectomy “should be performed with abdominal and pelvic surgery whenever the opportunity is presented.” In a review of 5,369 incidental appendectomies, 8% of specimens demonstrated acute appendicitis, 65% showed evidence of chronic appendicitis with obliteration of the lumen, and 0.6% contained carcinoid tumors, mucoceles, or endometriosis. 20 These data are reconfirmed by our findings. Incidental appendectomy has been recommended for routine use with all abdominal hysterectomies by Salom et al, 1 who also observed no additional complications and confirmed a 31% rate of appendiceal pathology. 2 By 1988, routine incidental appendectomy during laparotomy was accepted as safe and protective, 4 , 20 with some hospital programs enforcing a policy of routine incidental appendectomy during all open gynecologic surgery. 21 They reported 97% compliance with the policy with no increase in complication rates attributed to the appendectomy. 21 Initially, in the late 1970s, laparoscopy for appendicitis was used solely to confirm the diagnosis and to facilitate the planned laparotomy for appendectomy. 22 – 24 After the 1987 separate reports of laparoscopic therapeutic appendectomies by Gangal and Gangal 25 and Schrieber, 26 the laparoscopic approach for therapeutic appendectomy became standard. 27 A laparoscopic approach for incidental appendectomy in elective gynecologic surgery was first reported in 1982 by Semm 28 and then in a 1990 series of 388 gynecologic procedures by Gotz et al, 29 and in a 1991 series of 100 procedures by Nezhat and Nezhat, 9 with no complications attributable to the procedure. In 1996, Pelosi and Pelosi 30 performed 12 vaginal incidental appendectomies during laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomies and found that an additional 12 minutes was needed for the procedure. Incidental laparoscopic appendectomy is specifically recommended in cases of right pelvic pain because 22 of 53 patients had appendiceal inflammation, even though removal did not relieve the pain in all patients. 31 Many patients having laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis have been found to have endometriosis on the appendix. 32 Neither fertility concerns 33 , 34 nor pregnancy 35 are contraindications for incidental or indicated appendectomy in young women. 33 , 34 Today, laparoscopic therapeutic appendectomy is part of the gynecologic surgical standard for treatment of pelvic pain and endometriosis, 36 , 37 and staging of ovarian and tubal carcinoma. 38 In this series of total laparoscopic hysterectomy patients with many diverse gynecological indications, no detriment was observed that was attributable to the appendectomy. The longer surgical duration and postoperative hospital stay in the group not having appendectomy are likely due to the fact that appendectomy was variably offered and variably performed. This is a significant weakness in this report, but it reflects the reality of surgical practice standards. Although appendectomy was recommended to every patient under age 40, we did not document the rate of acceptance or refusal. Additionally, we did not uniformly offer or document the response for appendectomy to every patient over age 40. Early in the series, appendectomy was rarely offered to patients over age 40. When a case seemed overly long or difficult, the appendectomy was sometimes abandoned. These data, however, are still useful in confirming that laparoscopic incidental appendectomy is low risk when the appendix is accessible and when the prior portions of the case have gone well.

This series of 199 cases is the largest series of laparoscopic incidental appendectomies in gynecology and confirms an equal and low complication rate whether appendectomy was performed or not. These data concur with the literature findings of safety from routine incidental appendectomy during open or laparoscopic approaches. Gynecologists should consider offering prophylactic appendectomy to their patients when open or laparoscopic procedures are planned.

Incidental appendectomy during gynecological procedures has been reviewed in the literature since 1967 and is considered safe and reasonable during both abdominal and vaginal surgeries. 1 – 8 Nezhat and Nezhat 9 reported on therapeutic laparoscopic appendectomy for the treatment of pelvic pain and concluded the benefits outweigh the minimal risks. It is not known whether incidental laparoscopic appendectomy can be done safely and routinely in gynecologic surgery. We reviewed our database of 821 cases of total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) in which 257 patients had elective appendectomy and report on the safety of this procedure.