Adult diffuse hepatic hemangiomatosis lesion occupying the entire abdominal and pelvic cavities: a case report.

A 51-year-old man was hospitalized on May 31, 2023 due to abdominal distension lasting for 3 years and chest tightness lasting for 1 week. Three years previously, the patient was diagnosed with venous thrombosis of the right lower extremity and had been taking rivaroxaban for an extended period. He had no history of hepatitis, denied a history of alcoholism, and had diabetes and hypertension. He did not have telangiectasia of the lips or mouth and denied episodes of epistaxis. Physical examination revealed markedly enlarged liver occupying nearly the entire abdominal and pelvic cavities, with the lower margin reaching the superior margin of the pubic symphysis. Complete blood count analysis revealed leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, with a white blood cell count of 2.9 × 109/L (reference range: 4–10 × 109/L) and platelet count of 80 × 109/L (reference range: 100–300 × 109/L). Liver function and coagulation function test results were normal. Tests for hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E, Epstein–Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, liver immunological markers, and ceruloplasmin yielded negative results. Parasitic infection was ruled out based on epidemiological history. Serum tumor marker levels (cancer antigen 125, alpha fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen, cancer antigen 199, total prostate-specific antigen, and squamous cell carcinoma antigen) were within normal ranges. Abdominal Doppler ultrasound examination suggested massive liver enlargement. The liver capsule was smooth, and a giant space-occupying lesion was detected. The lesion had irregular morphology and protruded from the liver, extending to the xiphoid process superiorly, 8.0 cm below the umbilicus inferiorly, and the posterior axillary line on the left side. The liver showed inhomogeneous echogenicity, with only a small amount of normal liver tissue remaining in the right lobe ( Figure 1 ). Doppler ultrasound imaging. (A) Ultrasound showed huge occupation in the liver, with uneven internal echoes, and morphological under-rule. (B) The normal liver tissue in the right lobe of liver. Contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed a massive area of abnormal enhancement in the liver parenchyma partially protruding from the contour of the liver and growing toward the abdominal cavity. The lesion covered an area of approximately 32.4 × 32.2 × 16.2 cm, with only a small amount of normal liver tissue remaining in the right lobe. In the arterial phase, the lesion contained multiple patchy foci of significant enhancement. In the portal venous and delayed phases, the extent of enhancement increased with increased scanning time. Delayed scanning after about 30 min showed uniform enhancement of most of the lesion and patchy low-density shadows in the lateral side of the lesion. The portal vein was slightly narrowed by compression, there was no significant dilation of the splenic vein, and no significant splenomegaly ( Figure 2 ). Computed tomography imaging. (A) The arterial phase showed the irregular patchy foci of enhancement. (B,C) The portal venous phase expressed the range of enhancing gradually increases. (B) The left portal vein branch was extremely thin and the right portal vein branch become thinner. (C) The main portal vein in hepatic hilar region was slightly narrowed. (D) The delayed phases showed uniform enhancement of most of the lesion and patchy low-density shadows in the lateral side of the left lobe. Contrast-enhanced abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed marked liver enlargement with a mass-like abnormal signal in the left lobe and most of the right lobe. The lesion was slightly hypointense on T1-weighted images, slightly hyperintense on T2-weighted and diffuse-weighed images, and locally hypointense on the apparent diffusion coefficient map. The left lobe exhibited local streaks with even lower T1 and even longer T2 signals, with streaks of hypointense segments within. The lesion had clear margins, measured 35.1 × 32.1 × 14.1 cm, and partially protruded from the liver contour, compressing the surrounding structures ( Figure 3 ). Magnetic resonance imaging. (A) T1-weighted image. (B) T2-weighted image. (C) Apparent diffusion coefficient image. (D) The coronal MRI revealed enlarged liver occupying nearly the entire abdominal and pelvic cavities. To confirm the diagnosis, ultrasound-guided biopsy of the right liver lobe was performed. Histopathological analysis revealed that the lesion consisted of cystic dilated vessels of variable size, with large and irregular lumens and uneven wall thickness, and were lined with flattened endothelial cells with no cellular heterogeneity ( Figure 4 ). Pathological image. Histological section showing that the lesion consisted of cystic dilated vessels of variable size, with large and irregular lumens and uneven wall thickness, and were lined with flattened endothelial cells with no cellular heterogeneity. (A) The low magnification. (B) The higher magnification. Our differential diagnoses included diffuse hamartoma, multiple metastases, polycystic iver, diffuse hepatocellular carcinoma, angiosarcoma, and hemangioendothelioma. Based on the histopathological and imaging findings, the patient was diagnosed with adult DHH. At present, no effective treatment is available for DHH with near-total liver involvement. The patient is free of significant complications, such as liver failure, high-output heart failure, Kasabach-Merritt syndrome, or disseminated intravascular coagulation. Therefore, regular follow-up is performed with consideration for future liver transplantation. At nearly 6 months of follow-up, the patient remains stable with intermittent epigastric pain.

Hepatic hemangiomas are the most common benign tumors of the liver, with an incidence of 5–20% ( 1 ). In most cases, they are isolated, asymptomatic, and incidentally detected. Contrarily, diffuse hepatic hemangiomatosis (DHH) is a rare disease that usually develops in newborns and is characterized by extensive replacement of the liver parenchyma with hemangiomatous lesions ( 2 ). The difference between DHH and multiple or giant hepatic hemangiomas is that, in the former, the lesions have poorly defined margins with diffuse replacement of hepatic tissue, whereas in the latter, hemangiomas are surrounded by a fibrous capsule with well-defined margins. Adult DHH, particularly without extrahepatic involvement, is extremely rare. Herein, we present a case of adult DHH without extrahepatic involvement presenting with extremely enlarged liver occupying the entire abdominal and pelvic cavities, and describe its imaging features as determined by multimodality evaluation.

Adult DHH is a rare disease, with only 20 reported cases as of August 2023 ( Table 1 ), over half of which were associated with giant cavernous hemangioma (GCH) ( 3 ). In the present case, DHH was not accompanied by GCH, but was diffusely distributed throughout the liver, manifesting as poorly defined spongy vascular tissue occupying nearly the entire liver. The involvement of the left lobe was particularly pronounced. It was completely occupied by hemangiomatous tissue, resulting in a marked increase in its size, reaching the superior margin of the pubic symphysis inferiorly and the posterior axillary line on the left side. The enlarged liver occupied nearly the entire abdominal and pelvic cavities, reaching a size of 35.1 × 32.1 × 14.1 cm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest DHH reported to date. The largest diffuse hepatic hemangiomatosis lesion in recent literature. DHH usually presents with abdominal pain and distension. Some patients may also develop dyspnea and jaundice. Dyspnea is primarily due to the space occupation of the abdominal cavity by the liver associated with restricted respiration due to diaphragmatic elevation, as in this case. Jaundice may be due to liver dysfunction caused by vascular disease, mass effect, and ischemia. Heart failure, liver failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and Kasabach-Merritt syndrome are serious complications of DHH ( 4 ) and the leading causes of patient death. Portal hypertension can develop in cases of diffuse DHH progression with portal vein compression ( 5 ). These tumors may cause a mass effect when they attain substantial dimensions or have a modified internal component, such as a thrombosis or hemorrhage, transforming the lesion into a firm solid mass ( 24 ). It may cause the intrahepatic portal vein obstruction. Mild portal vein compression was also observed in the present case. Although no significant splenomegaly was found, we considered that the leukopenia and thrombocytopenia that could not be explained by other disorders were due to portal hypertension-induced hypersplenism. According to the imaging features, DHH can manifest as a multinodular type, consisting of multiple discrete or coalescing nodules, and diffuse type, consisting of numerous poorly demarcated lesions with a tendency to converge to the point of replacing the entire liver ( 6–8 ). Unlike in cases of multiple hepatic hemangiomas, the lesion margins in DHH are usually indistinct and not clearly demarcated from the normal liver tissue. On Doppler ultrasound, the lesions appear as homogeneously hyperechoic areas with poorly defined margins or multiple small hypoechoic nodules on a hyperechoic background, varying significantly between patients. The lesions lack typical peripheral enhancement on contrast-enhanced CT and tend to present as patchy or crescent-shaped enhancements. On dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, the lesions are hypointense on T1-weighted and hyperintense on T2-weighted images, with restricted diffusion on diffusion-weighted images, and exhibit discontinuous centripetal fill-in on axial dynamic images. In the present case, the hemangiomatous tissue occupied nearly the entire liver, with a diffuse and continuous distribution, and CT and MRI results were consistent with the typical presentation described above. The lesion exhibited diffuse and slightly hypointense areas with homogeneous density on plain CT, which was not easily distinguished from normal liver tissue and differed from the more common diffuse DHH or GCH with DHH manifestations, leading to possible misdiagnosis without contrast-enhanced CT. Due to the rarity of adult DHH, little is known about its etiology or natural history. DHH is among the hepatic manifestations of Rendu-Osler-Weber disease and skeletal hemangiomatosis ( 9 ). Prior studies have reported possible etiologic associations between DHH and medication use (e.g., metoclopramide, estrogens, and Chinese patent medicines) ( 9–12 ). The correlation between hypothyroidism and DHH has been described in infants but not in adults ( 13 ). Jhaveri et al. ( 3 ) reported that GCH can be accompanied by DHH. In the present case, there was no extrahepatic involvement, no history of medication use, including metoclopramide, estrogens, or Chinese patent medicines, and no GCH; thus, a clear etiology could not be established. If the tumor borderline is clear and confined to one lobe, surgical resection can be performed. In the literature, five patients underwent surgery with right/left hepatectomy ( 9 , 10 , 14–16 ). Radiation and Anti-VEGF (anti-vascular endothelial growth fac-tor) treatment has also been reported. The liver transplantation is the last resort. Two patients underwent living-donor liver transplantation and was in good condition at the follow-up ( 17 , 18 ).

The present case provides description of the clinical and imaging characteristic of adult DHH. We conducted multimodality evaluation, including abdominal color Doppler ultrasound, CT, MRI, and liver puncture biopsy and pathology. We believe that the described findings can help improve our understanding of this rare disease. Since the probability of serious complications is significantly higher in cases of near-total liver involvement and severe liver enlargement, continuous monitoring, regular reexamination, and proactive evaluation for liver transplantation are necessary.