Circulating cell-free mature microRNAs and their target gene prediction in bovine metritis

On miRNA quantitative profiling, 30 miRNAs were differentially expressed (p ≤ 0.05; Fold Regulation ≥2 magnitude) in serum samples of cows with metritis compared to normal cows, out of 84 bovine specific miRNAs investigated ( Figs 1 and 2 ). Highly up-regulated miRNAs were bta-miR-15b, bta-miR-17-3p, bta-miR-16b, bta-miR-148a, bta-miR-26b, bta-miR-101, bta-miR-29b, bta-miR-27b and bta-miR-215 (≥10 magnitude of Fold Regulation) whereas bta-miR-148b, bta-miR-199a-3p, bta-miR-122, bta-miR-200b and bta-miR-10a (≤−10 magnitude of Fold Regulation) were highly down-regulated in cows with metritis compared to control cows ( Table 2 ). Response of host cells to microbial infection, and immune activation and inflammatory process by host cells in metritis might have caused dysregulation of miRNAs in the present study. In mice 30 , miR-15b was highly up-regulated in whole blood upon intra-peritoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide, a potent mediator of gram negative bacteria implicated in sepsis and inflammation. Lipopolysaccharide complex associated with gram-negative pathogens (e.g., Escherichia coli ) in cows with metritis may have contributed to up-regulation of bta-miR-15b in the current study. Escherichia coli is one among the main types of bacteria causing uterine inflammation, and the uterine pathology is largely caused with the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide. The highly expressed bta-miR-15b may have down-regulated its target genes that are necessary for the physiological events associated with the normal uterine involution. In that regard, bovine-specific miRNAs were differentially expressed in normal mammary tissue challenged with Staphylococcus aureus 31 and differentially expressed miRNAs were bacteria-specific. Bta-miR-184, miR-24-3p, miR-148, miR-486 and let-7a-5p were unique to E. coli , whereas bta-miR-2339, miR-499, miR-23a and miR-99b were specific to S. aureus in an in-vitro study with bovine mammary epithelial cells 32 . In the present study, upregulation of bta-miR-148a may have been due to E. coli infection associated with metritis. Post-partum involution completes the reproductive cycle after pregnancy and calving by returning the uterus to its normal non-pregnant state so that the cow can come into estrus again. This uterine involution involves substantial uterine tissue reorganization via the activation of matrix metalloproteases, extracellular matrix degradation and cellular autophagy/apoptosis. This is driven by several cellular processes and multitude of gene expression. The E. coli infection may have down-regulated the genes necessary for the uterine involution through up-regulation of bta-miR-148a. In addition, some of the predicted target genes for the bta-miR-148 are involved in apoptosis and matrix degradation. MiR-101 regulated the innate immune response of macrophages challenged with lipopolysaccharide via its target gene MAPKP-1 33 . Serum levels of miR-16, miR-17, miR-20a, miR-20b, miR-26a, and miR-26b were up-regulated in an experimental sepsis condition induced by cecal ligation and puncture in mice 34 , whereas over-expression of miR-21, miR-29b and miR-148a occurred in systemic lupus erythematosus 35 36 . Differential expression of these miRNAs’ would have been an outcome of immune-mediated inflammatory responses in systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the present study, up-regulation of bta-miR-148a may be the result of uterine inflammatory processes in response to post-partum microbial infections. This would have been affected the normal uterine involution by repressing the genes involved in matrix degradation, cell autophagy and cell apoptosis. Interestingly, in the current study, serum bta-miR-148b level was lower, in contrast to the higher serum level of bta-miR-148a in cows with metritis, although they belong to the same miRNA gene family. This might be plausible, since top-ranked target genes, based on miRDB total target score for both miRNAs were different, suggesting molecular functions and biological processes can diverge. Infection with L. monocytogenes significantly reduced expression of intestinal miR-200b 37 , whereas in the present study, bta-miR-200b was down-regulated, consistent with involvement of a bacterial pathogen or an inflammatory outcome of a comparable process in bovine metritis. Also, miR-200b was inversely correlated to transforming growth factor-beta 1(TGF-β1) and TGF-β family involves in preparation of pregnancy and in vascular remodeling. Therefore, repressed miR-200b may have activated the TGF-β signaling and may have caused the uterine inflammation and hindered the normal involution. MiR-122 has been considered liver-specific and associated with hepatitis C virus infection 38 . However, in the current study, the serum level of bta-miR-122 was highly divergent between cows with metritis and control cows, emphasizing the necessity of future exploration of its function with regards to metritis. Interestingly, miR-199a maintained uterine quiescence by suppressing COX-2, enhancing contractile prostaglandins, and mediating progesterone and estrogen effects during pregnancy and labor in humans 39 , whereas a lower level of serum bta-miR-199a in the current study may have contributed to clearance of infectious materials and inflammatory products from the bovine uterus. Regulatory T-cells control immune responses, and miR-10a was reported to be a key mediator of Treg in pathogen-mediated inflammation 40 , whereas serum bta-miR-10a was lower in cows with metritis in the current study, suggesting a critical role in the biological process of uterine inflammation. In the current study, target genes were identified (miRDB 28 ) for highly differentiated miRNAs between metritis and control cows. Up-regulated miRNAs in metritis were integrated to several genes; top ranking genes were ZFHX4, SYNJ1, CDCA4, KAT7, TSHZ3, MAML3, ZFHX4, SLC9A6, and IPO7, whereas top-ranking genes with down-regulated miRNAs were DLST, ZC3H14, ETS1, ETNK1, CELSR2, ADAMTSL3, HNRNPU, CLIC5, and CLIC4 ( Tables 3 and 4 ). On the analysis of 200 targeted genes of the 10 up-regulated miRNAs, and 200 integrated genes of the down-regulated miRNAs, using the PANTHER classification system, genes were categorized into several biological processes, including biological regulation, cellular process, developmental process, metabolic process, localization, multicellular organismal process, response to stimulus, immune system process, cellular components organization, apoptotic process, biological adhesion, developmental process, and locomotion ( Figs 3 and 4 ). Several of these biological processes are critical in responses to uterine infection, for inflammatory progression, and for clearing infectious materials and inflammatory products following the course of metritis.

This study was performed in strict accordance with the ethics, standard operating procedure, handling of animals, collection of biomaterials, and use of biofluids for research. The protocol was approved by the institutional animal care and use committee of the Washington State University (Protocol Number: 04070-001). Cows with metritis (n = 4) of similar severity and cows with no apparent uterine abnormality (n = 4) within 1 wk after calving were included. Affected cows had reddish brown fetid uterine discharge and elevated rectal temperature (>39.5 °C), whereas normal cows had clear or no uterine discharge and <18% neutrophils on uterine cytology at 21 d post-partum. Blood was collected by coccygeal venipuncture from these postpartum cows at the time of diagnosis and used to investigate circulating miRNAs. Silica spray-coated red-top 10 mL serum tubes (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) were used to collect blood. Samples were allowed to clot for 15 min at room temperature and then put on ice in a cooler and transported to the laboratory within 2 h after collection. Tubes were centrifuged (1000 × g for 10 min) in a refrigerated centrifuge and serum was apportioned into 0.5-mL aliquots and stored at −80 °C until further processing. Small RNAs were purified using a miRNeasy serum/plasma kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA). The miRNeasy serum/plasma kit includes phenol/guanidine-based lysis of samples and silica membrane column-based isolation of small RNAs. The kit was designed to isolate cell-free small RNAs. Frozen serum samples were thawed at room temperature, 150 μL of serum was pipetted into a 1.5 mL eppendorf tube, and 750 μL of QIAzol reagent was added, mixed by repeated pipetting and incubated at room temperature for 5 min. Following incubation, 3.5 μL miRNeasy serum/plasma spike-in-controls (lyophilized C. elegans miR-39 miRNA mimic) at 1.6 × 10 8 copies/μL was added. Then, 150 μL of chloroform was added and the mixture was shaken vigorously for 15 s, incubated at room temperature for 2–3 min, and then centrifuged at 12,000 × g for 15 min at 4 °C. The upper portion of the aqueous phase was transferred to a new 1.5 mL eppendorf tube without contaminating the interphase. Approximately 1.5 volumes of 100% ethanol was added to the aqueous contents and thoroughly mixed by pipetting. Approximately half of the mix was transferred into an RNeasy MinElute spin column in a 2 mL collection tube and centrifuged at 12,000 × g for 15 s at room temperature. The flow-through was discarded and this step was repeated with the rest of the sample. The RNA was bound to the membrane. Subsequently, membrane with attached RNAs was washed by 700 μL of buffer RWT and 500 μL of buffer RPE with two centrifugation steps. Then, the RNeasy MinElute column in a new 2 mL collection tube was dried for 5 min by a full speed centrifugation step (14,000 × g) and the flow-through and collection tube were discarded. Subsequently, small RNAs were eluted in a new 1.5 mL collection tube in 24 μL RNase-free water by a centrifugation step (14,000 × g for 1 min). The RNA was reverse transcribed using miScript II RT kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA). A HiSpec buffer (5×) was used to prepare cDNA for mature miRNA profiling. RNase-free water, 10x miScript Nucleics mix and 5x HiSpec buffer were thawed at room temperature. All contents were mixed by flicking the tubes, spun them briefly to collect residues and kept on ice. A reverse transcription reaction was prepared by adding 4 μL of HiSpec buffer, 2 μL of Nucleics mix, 2 μL of miScript reverse transcriptase enzyme and 12 μL of the template RNA. The reaction was gently mixed and briefly spun. The mix was incubated at 37 °C for 60 min. Then, reverse transcriptase enzyme was inactivated by incubation at 95 °C for 5 min and the content was placed on ice. Subsequently, the cDNA was diluted in nuclease free water (final volume, 110 μL) and stored at −20 °C. MiScript miRNA PCR array technology was used to identify circulating cell-free mature miRNA in bovine serum. Since this expression profiling consists of SYBR green-based real-time PCR, single miRNA gene validation experiments were not considered necessary. A bovine miRBase profiler plate 1 ( Table 1 , Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) was used. The array plate consisted of specific primers to identify 84 highly prioritized bovine mature miRNAs from the most current miRNA genome, as annotated in miRBase V20 ( www.miRBase.org ). Controls included were cel-miR-39-3p, SNORD42B, SNORD69, SNORD61, SNORD68, SNORD96A, RNU6-2, miRTC and PPC. MiScript SYBR Green PCR Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) which contains miScript Universal Primer (reverse primer) and QuantiTect SYBR Green PCR Master Mix, was used to prepare real-time PCR reactions. The reaction volume (2750 μL) was prepared using 1375 μL of Master Mix, 275 μL of Universal Primer, 1000 μL of RNase-free water and 100 μL of template cDNA, with 25 μL of reaction volume added to each well (96-well plates). Amplification was programmed in a StepOne Plus instrument (Applied Biosystems Inc., Carlsbad, CA, USA). Cycling conditions for real-time PCR included an initial activation step at 95 °C for 15 min to activate HotStar Taq DNA polymerase and 40 cycles of denaturation (at 94 °C for 15 s), annealing (at 55 °C for 30 s) and extension (at 70 °C for 30 s). The ROX passive reference dye was designed to normalize fluorescent reporter signal and baseline and threshold were set automatically for all real-time PCR runs. Fluorescence data were collected at the holding stage of the extension step. Specificity and identity were verified by melting curve analyses. Threshold cycles values (C T ) were exported as an Excel file for analyses. Eighty-four high-priority bovine mature miRNAs were selected from the miRNA genome to analyze. Reverse transcription and positive controls were chosen to ensure efficiency of the array, reagents and instrument. Raw C T in Excel version (1997–2003 (.XLS file format)) was uploaded to the data analysis center ( http://www.qiagen.com ). Data quality control was examined to assess amplification reproducibility and reverse transcription efficiency, and to detect any other contamination in amplified samples. The C T values of samples were calibrated to the C T values of cel-miR-39-3p. Global C T mean of expressed miRNAs was chosen to normalize the target circulating miRNAs. The distribution of C T values and raw data average in both groups were reviewed. Average ΔC T , 2^ −ΔCT , fold change, P-value and fold regulation were calculated in the web-based program and P-values were included in subsequent graphical analyses. Average C T values were converted into linear 2^ −ΔCT values and P-values were calculated with a Student’s t -test. Target genes were predicted using miRDB ( http://mirdb.org/miRDB/ ) for differentially expressed miRNAs in metritis, and top ranked predicted genes were run through a PANTHER classification system 18 to identify associated biological processes in response to uterine infection and inflammation.

How to cite this article : Kasimanickam, V. and Kastelic, J. Circulating cell-free mature microRNAs and their target gene prediction in bovine metritis. Sci. Rep. 6 , 29509; doi: 10.1038/srep29509 (2016).

In conclusion, there were highly discriminated serum miRNAs identified between cows with metritis and normal cows. Of 84 bovine-specific prioritized miRNAs investigated, 16 and 14 were present in higher and lower levels, respectively, in cows with metritis. Hundreds of integrated genes were identified for these up-regulated and down-regulated miRNAs, and top-ranked genes based on total target scores were categorized into biological processes critical for responding to uterine infection, mediating uterine inflammatory process, and for clearance of infectious agents and inflammatory products.