Management of the infertile couple: an evidence-based protocol

Female Partner Non-Invasive Treatment Counselling : for regular intercourse 2-3 times/week. Give-up smoking, not to drink more than 1-2 units of alcohol/week, not to use any addictive drugs, and follow a supervised weight loss programme if obese (BMI > 29). Folic acid 0.4 mg should be provide as a daily supplement to prevent neural tube defect (5.0 mg adviced for women who have previously affected child or on medication for epilepsy). Rubella vaccination if seronegative (avoid pregnancy for one month). Treat any psycho-sexual problem if present Induction of Ovulation : for women with ovulatory dysfunctions. Provide a controlled ovarian stimulation for assisted reproduction techniques Intra-uterine Insemination (IUI) : is not regulated by Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) in the United Kingdom. Could be used for unexplained infertility and female cases with minimal endometriosis Surrogacy : In women with congenital absence of uterus or after surgical removal Invasive Treatment Tubal surgery : as laparoscopic adhesiolysis, tubal cannulation or catheterisation Hysteroscopic surgery : as resection of IU adhesions or polyp In-vitro Fertilisation (IVF) and Embryo transfer (ET) : Used procedure for female tubal factor, moderate male factor, and for unexplained infertility Gamete Intra-fallopian Transfer (GIFT) and Zygote Intra-fallopian Transfer (ZIFT) : are not regulated by HFEA. For cases who refuse fertilisation in lab Oocyte donation and Ovarian tissue transplantation : for premature ovarian failure Male Partner Non-Invasive Treatment Counselling : for regular intercourse 2-3 times/week, give-up smoking, reduce alcohol intake to 3-4 units/week, not to use any addictive drugs, wear loose fitting underwear and trousers, and avoid occupational or social situations that might cause testicular heating. Treat any psycho-sexual problem if present Intra-uterine Insemination (IUI) : Used for mild male factor infertility problems Donor insemination : for azoospermia, positive HIV, severe male factor who refuse the ICSI as a management option Adoption : For cases with recurrent unexplained failed IVF cycles Invasive Treatment Surgical restoration of duct patency : For cases with previous vasectomy Intra-cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) ± PGD : Commonly used procedure for severe male factor or for recurrent unexplained failed IVF cycles. Surgical sperm retrieval (SSR) usually done by percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA), testicular sperm aspiration (TESA), testicular sperm extraction (TESE), or microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration (MESA).

This work was done by RMK and there is no contribution of any other authors.

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Infertility is a common clinical problem. It affects 13% to 15% of couples worldwide [ 1 ]. The prevalence varies widely, being less in developed countries and more in developing countries where limited resources for investigation and treatment are available [ 2 ]. In the United Kingdom, it is estimated that one in six couples would complaint of infertility [ 3 ]. In addition, infertility is considered also a public problem. It does not affect the couples' life only, but it also affects the healthcare services and social environment [ 4 ]. The feelings experienced by the infertile couples include depression, grief, guilt, shame, and inadequacy with social isolation. Today, many patients do not receive the recommended medical care that based on the best available evidence [ 5 ]. As there is surplus medical information everyday that can not be cached by healthcare providers, clinical guidelines created to endorse up-to-date evidence-based practice to improve patients' outcome [ 6 ]. This study was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the University of Bristol Regulations and Code of Ethics for Research Programmes. This paper, as a comprehensive review, deploys a new strategy to translate the research findings and evidence-base recommendations into a simplified focused guide to be applied on routine daily practice. It is an approach to disseminate the recommended medical care of infertile couple to the practicing clinicians. To accomplish this, the literature was searched for the keywords of " Management of infertility, infertile couples " at library website of University of Bristol (MetaLib) by using a cross-search of different medical databases such as ...Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED), ...BIOSIS Previews on Web of Knowledge, ...Cochrane Library, ...PubMed, including Medline, and ...Web of Science, in-addition to the relevant printed medical journals and periodicals. Guidelines and recommendations were retrieved from the best evidence reviews at the American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (ACOG), American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), Canadian Fertility and Andrology Society (CFAS), European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE), Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA), Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG), and the World Health Organization (WHO). For healthy young couples, the probability of getting pregnancy per a reproductive cycle is about 20% to 25%. Their cumulative probabilities of conception are 60% within the first 6 months, 84% within the first year, and 92% within the second year of regular fertility-focused sexual activity. Several studies have reported different causes of infertility [ 7 - 9 ]. Some causes are more common in some countries than others, such as pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID) and sexually transmitted infections (STI) in Africa [ 10 ]. Some personal habits are considered risk factors for infertility, such as excess alcohol intake [ 11 ] and cigarette smoking [ 12 ]. According to the literature survey, the most common causes of infertility are: male factor [ 5 , 7 - 9 , 13 - 15 ] such as sperm abnormalities [ 9 , 13 , 15 ], female factor [ 7 - 9 , 14 - 16 ] such as ovulation dysfunction [ 7 , 8 ] and tubal pathology [ 7 - 9 ], combined male and female factors [ 7 , 9 , 14 , 15 ] and unexplained infertility; where no obvious cause could be detected [ 7 - 9 ]. As the rate of getting spontaneous pregnancy among infertile or subfertile couples is lower than that among normal fertile population, it is recommended to carry out the following diagnostic, evidence-based , work-up to detect any hidden treatable cause. Couples with infertility problem should be interviewed separately as well as together, to bring out important facts that one partner might not wish to disclose to the other. Full history taking of both partners usually denotes the underlying problem [ 17 - 23 ], (Appendix 1). Full clinical examination of both partners usually stands for the underlying physical problem [ 17 - 22 , 24 - 26 ], (Appendix 2). By the end of this step, most of healthcare professionals will be able to sketch out their provisional diagnosis. Investigations will be requested to prove the clinical diagnosis and to exclude other close possibilities. Infertile couples are usually adviced to start their investigations after 12 months of trying to conceive or after 6 months if the female partner is more than 35 years old or immediately if there is an obvious cause for their infertility or subfertility [ 16 ]. As the major causes of infertility are sperm abnormalities, ovulation dysfunction, and fallopian tube obstruction, the preliminary adviced investigations for the infertile couple should be focused on semen analysis (to be compared with the WHO reference values [ 27 ]), detection of ovarian function by hormonal assay (early follicular FSH and LH levels, and mid-luteal progesterone), and evaluation of tubal patency by hysterosalpingography (HSG) [ 17 - 32 ], (Appendix 3). Many infertile couples have had some previous assessment for their infertility and this data should be cautiously reviewed. Further investigations may be requested according to the clinical presentation and the results of preliminary tests. Omitting unnecessary investigations, in particular couples, could reduce total cost of their infertility management without compromising their success rate. For example; a woman who has no history suggestive of previous pelvic inflammatory disease or endometriosis, there is no justification to request a laparoscopy especially after normal hysterosalpingography study [ 33 ]. Similarly, there is no need for testing tubal patency for couples who will require IVF or ICSI procedure. A woman with a suspicion of chronic anovulation most probably due to polycystic ovary (PCO) syndrome, as there is a long history of irregular cycles and clinical presentation with hirsutism, her serum levels of testosterone hormone, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), dihydroepiandrostenedione (DHEA), dihydroepiandrostenedione-sulfate (DHEAS) and prolactin should be evaluated to prove the provisional diagnosis and to detect the source of excess androgens. However, early referral of infertile couples to a dedicated specialist infertility clinic may be indicated to increase their chance of pregnancy (Table 1 ). Criteria for early referral to specialist infertility clinic In some cases, the cause of infertility or subfertility could not be suspected from the history taking and clinical examination. In such circumstances, it is recommended not to prescribe any medication until all basic investigations are done and its results received. The cost of infertility treatment is high [ 34 ]. For this reason, a call for low-cost ART protocols have been attempt to reduce the overall current cost of IVF through limiting the rquired laboratory investigations, modifying the stimulation regimen and purchasing low-priced pre-used machines and instruments [ 35 ]. But the question that should be answered one day is: will the output quality be compromised with such approach? With the fast progression in reproductive medicine and the experiences gained through infertility management, a wider range of treatment options have become available to infertile couples [ 17 - 19 , 21 - 26 , 31 , 36 ], (Appendix 4). There are three main types of fertility treatment: medical treatment (such as ovulation induction therapy); surgical treatment (such as laparoscopy and hysteroscopy); and the different assisted reproduction techniques [ 37 ]. Choice of infertility treatment often related to issues of efficacy, cost, ease of use or administration, and its side effects. Legal, cultural and religious inquiries have limited the available choices in some countries, such as the use of donor sperms or oocytes. Treatment options available for any particular infertile couple will depend also on the duration of their infertility, which partner is affected, the age of the female partner and if any has a previous children or not, the underlying pathological cause, and if the treatment will be covered by the National Health System (NHS) or funded by their own. Fertility clinics should address the psycho-social and emotional needs of infertile couples as well as their medical needs. The content of counselling may differ depending on the concerned couple and the existing treatment options. It usually involves treatment implication counselling, emotional support counselling, and therapeutic counselling [ 38 , 39 ]. Most of infertile couples are aware of what can be offered to them from the media. Regrettably, this often leads to untruly high expectations of assisted reproduction techniques (ART) [ 40 ]. The chance of a live birth following treatment is nearly 50% [ 25 ]. It varies with the age (the optimal female age is between 23 and 39 years) and with body weight (the ideal body mass index is between 19 and 30). It is more successful in women who have previously been pregnant. There is no reliable means to predict whether the use of any treatment option will be successful and after how many attempts. The facilities available and the skills of personnel are the major determining factors for the success rate. An estimated 28% of all couples seeking reproductive assistance may have normal findings on their clinical evaluation, making the unexplained infertility a more common provisional diagnosis. The predictable pregnancy rate for this group is about 5% after timed intercourse, 10% after superovulation with intrauterine insemination (IUI), and 15% to 25% after assisted reproduction techniques (ART) [ 41 ]. These rates, of course, readjusted down for the older women with long durations of infertility [ 42 ]. As treatment begins, couples may experience cycles of optimism and despair with each passing menstrual cycle. As the duration of treatment prolonged, psychological suffering is likely to increase [ 6 ]. The treating doctor may feel inadequacy and the trust between the doctor and patient breaks down [ 43 ]. At this point, psychological consultation and support should be provided [ 44 ]. The incidence of congenital malformation in IVF babies ranges between 2% and 3% worldwide and is similar to that in babies conceived naturally [ 45 ]. However there is a minimal increased risk of de-novo chromosomal abnormalities in ICSI born babies [ 46 , 47 ] that necessitate counselling of the concerned couples.

Infertility by itself does not threaten the life, but it has devastating psycho-social consequences on infertile couples. It remains a worldwide problem challenge. Management of infertility has been and still a difficult medical task not only because of the difficulty in the diagnosis and treatment of the reproductive disorders in each partner, or the poorly unstated interaction between the partners' fertility potentials, but also because of the fact that success of treatment is clearly identifiable entity; the achievement of pregnancy. The treating doctor who is counselling the couple regarding their infertility must be familiar with the causes, investigations and the treatment options available. The couple needs to be given realistic information about their chances of having a live birth, as well as, the risks and costs of the management plan and its alternatives. By follow the proposed, evidence-based , management protocol stated in this paper, infertile couples will have a good chance to start up their treatment in the proper way at early time with enough financial support through reducing money spent on unnecessay investigations.