Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) may be effective therapeutic targets for treating endometriosis

STUDY QUESTION: What is the role of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) in human endometriotic tissues and a mouse model of endometriosis? SUMMARY ANSWER: Four IAP proteins were expressed in endometriotic tissue indicating IAPs may be a key factor in the pathogenesis and progression of endometriosis. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Overexpression of IAPs protects against a number of proapoptotic stimuli. IAPs (c-IAP1, c-IAP2, XIAP and Survivin) are expressed in human ectopic endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) from ovarian endometriomas. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Forty-eight women with or without ovarian endometrioma are included in this study. BALB/c mice (n = 24) were used for the mouse endometriosis model. Mice with surgically induced endometriosis were treated with an IAP antagonist (BV6) for 4 weeks. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Human ectopic endometrial tissues from chocolate cysts and eutopic endometrial tissue were collected. ESCs were enzymatically isolated from these tissues. ESC proliferation was examined by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IAPs expression in tissue derived from eutopic endometria and chocolate cysts was evaluated using real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. A homologous mouse endometriosis model was established by transplanting donor mouse uterine tissue into the abdominal cavities of recipient mice. After treating the mice with BV6 (i.p. 10 mg/ml), the extent of endometriosis-like lesions in mice was measured and proliferative activity assessed by Ki67 staining. All experiments were repeated a minimum of three times. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: IAP (c-IAP1, c-IAP2, XIAP and Survivin) mRNA and protein in human ectopic endometrial tissues were expressed at higher levels than in eutopic endometrial tissues (P < 0.05). All four IAPs proteins were expressed in mouse endometriosis-like implants. BV6 inhibited BrdU incorporation of human ESCs (P < 0.05 versus control). BV6 also decreased the total number, weight, surface area and Ki67 positive cells in the endometriosis-like lesions in the mice (P < 0.05 versus control). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Endometriotic lesions were surgically induced in mice by transplanting mouse uterine tissue only, not human pathological endometriotic tissue. Furthermore, the effects of BV6 on human ESCs and mouse endometriosis-like lesions may differ between the species. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Our data support the hypothesis that IAPs are involved in the development of endometriosis, and therefore an inhibitor of IAPs has potential as a novel treatment for endometriosis. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: This work was supported by KAKENHI (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grant-in-Aid: to F.T.; 21592098 and to T.H.; 24659731) and Yamaguchi Endocrine Research Foundation. The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.