Uterine fibroids and Black people of African descent globally: a scoping review protocol

Uterine fibroids are benign non-cancerous growths in the uterus. 1 3 Previously considered a condition with minimal impacts, emerging data indicates an alarming increase in the incidence and severity of uterine fibroids with higher frequency of debilitating symptoms among Black people of African descent. 14 9 In North America, race-disaggregated statistics and quantitative research on uterine fibroids is limited. However, the limited available evidence suggests that uterine fibroids disproportionately impact Black people of African descent. Canadian literature 8 10 shows that Black women have larger uterine fibroids with an earlier onset, are more likely to be anaemic and experience a longer duration of symptoms such as intense pain and excessive menstrual bleeding. 8 10 Furthermore, the lack of race-disaggregated data hampers understanding of the contexts of Black women’s experiences and access to culturally appropriate healthcare for uterine fibroids. Often researchers addressing uterine fibroid management in Canada must rely on data from the USA, UK or the Caribbean. These regions have different sociopolitical, geographical and healthcare landscapes that cannot be directly transferred in Canada. To address the limited Canadian research, the Canadian Women With Uterine Fibroids Registry (CAPTURE) was developed to describe ethnic differences in relation to fibroid burden, demographics and patient-reported symptoms. 8 This registry represents an important step forward in capturing evidence-based data within a Canadian context; however, it does not capture Black women’s experience navigating a complex healthcare system with structural barriers hindering better outcomes. Evidence from the USA indicates uterine fibroids as more prevalent in African American women, developing at an earlier age, with more frequent and debilitating symptoms, and higher rates of surgical intervention and postoperative complications. 1 5 11 Data from the USA further shows that nearly 80% of Black women will develop fibroids by the age of 50, 5 and when adjusted for factors including age, parity, age of pregnancies, Body Mass Index (BMI) and alcohol use are almost three times more likely than other racial groups to develop fibroids. 1 9 11 Whereas, in South Africa, a pilot study with Black South African women indicated that the increased incidence of genetic markers, age and parity were contributors to long term, spontaneous and uncontrolled growth of myometrial cell tissue present in uterine fibroids. 12 Reproductive Justice affirms the right of individuals to plan their own family and have access to timely and culturally appropriate healthcare. 13 14 Reproductive Justice is a movement that addresses barriers to reproductive health services for marginalised communities, including conditions that impact pregnancy and fertility. 13 14 For example, Black people of African are disproportionately affected by poor obstetrical outcomes, including higher rates of maternal mortality. 13 15 16 People with uterine fibroids have higher rates of miscarriage 17 and have increased risk of uterine fibroid-associated pain, vaginal bleeding and pelvic pressure in the first and second trimesters. 17 19 To this end, examining the extent and type of available literature regarding Black people of African descent with uterine fibroids globally will identify knowledge and evidence gaps. This will inform recommendations for future research in timely and culturally appropriate healthcare. This scoping review includes three operational terms. The first is Black people of African descent, which includes people identified as being Black and of African descent. Within the context of this scoping review, the term Black encompasses both the genetic presence of African origin as well as the sociocultural alignment with Black identity, including a distinct mindset and worldview. 20 Black identity may also include self-assigned ethnicity of African descent. 20 21 A non-exhaustive list of examples of Black people of African descent includes those who identify as Black African, Black Caribbean, Black of African descent, Black, Afro-Brazilian, African Canadian or African Nova Scotian. This review uses the term people as opposed to the traditional term women (or female), in relation to uterine fibroids research. The use of this term acknowledges and includes the progressive understanding of sex and gender-based considerations in health research. This expansive parameter allows us to include and consider biological (sex) and sociocultural (gender) aspects of personhood. 22 To achieve a more comprehensive understanding of this issue, this scoping review will include literature with participants who identify as female or women as well as those who do not identify with either of these categories but who also experience uterine fibroids. Thus, this scoping review is gender non-specific and will include participants who may identify as cis, trans, non-binary or gender expansive. Finally, the term uterine fibroids, also known as uterine leiomyomas, is restricted to non-cancerous fibroid growths in the uterus or uterine tissues. 2 3 This operational definition of uterine fibroids does not include other gynaecological or reproductive health issues such as malignant uterine growths (carcinomas), endometriosis, adenomyosis, uterine polyps, polycystic ovarian syndrome, ectopic pregnancies or unexplained abnormal uterine bleeding. Growing attention on the debilitating and disproportional impacts of uterine fibroids reinforces both the timeliness and necessity of a review on the extent and type of literature available regarding Black people of African descent with uterine fibroids globally. To better address this health issue and the impacts on Black people of African descent, it is critical to comprehensively review the available literature related to uterine fibroids among Black people of African descent globally. Additionally, a comprehensive review of the literature advances the scientific field of Black population health by identifying existing evidence gaps as well as opportunities to develop recommendations for future research related to Black people of African descent with uterine fibroids. Importantly, understanding the available literature on this issue will illuminate salient evidence gaps that address intersectional, geographical and historical considerations. Finally, this review contributes to the international call-to-action by the United Nations to improve the human rights, social well-being and overall health of Black people of African descent globally. 21 A preliminary search of MEDLINE, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and JBI Evidence Synthesis was conducted in December 2023. No systematic reviews or scoping reviews regarding Black people of African descent with uterine fibroids, in a global context, were identified as in progress. Our preliminary search retrieved two existing reviews. The first is related to Black women/women of African descent in Sub-Saharan Africa and epidemiology of uterine fibroids. 23 This 2022 review retrieved nine studies with case series, case control or cross-sectional study designs, with sample sizes ranging from 20 to 661 participants. The review illuminated a dearth of data on the epidemiology of uterine fibroids, with small-scale studies presenting conflicting findings. The second review included a review on the epidemiology of uterine fibroids. 24 In this 2017 systematic review, Black race was identified as a consistent risk factor for uterine fibroids across the 60 included sources. This review found that factors such as age, premenopausal state, hypertension, family history, time since last birth, and food additive and soybean milk consumption increased uterine fibroid risk. 24 This review also identified factors such as the use of oral or injectable contraceptives (ie, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate), smoking in women with low BMI, and unspecified parity, reduced uterine fibroid risk. 24 This scoping review will address a gap of prior reviews by expanding the context to a global scope with explicit focus on the risk factor of Black race. Therefore, the objectives of this scoping review are to: Understand the extent and type of literature available regarding Black people of African descent with uterine fibroids globally; Identify the gaps within existing literature; and Provide recommendations for future research involving Black people of African descent with uterine fibroids. Our review is guided by the research question, ‘what is the available extent and type of literature regarding Black people of African descent with uterine fibroids globally?’

The proposed scoping review will be conducted in accordance with the JBI methodology for scoping reviews, 25 26 and follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) Checklist. 27 Sources will be considered for inclusion if they focus on participants identified as Black, Black African, Black Caribbean or of Black African descent. Additionally, there are no gender restrictions imposed in this review, therefore, sources will be considered for inclusion if they focus on participants identified as cis-, non-binary or trans. Sources will be excluded if they do not focus on participants identified as Black people of African descent. Sources that include a subgroup analysis will be considered for inclusion. For example, participants who live in predominantly Black countries (regions or jurisdictions) and do not identify as Black and of African descent will be excluded. The concept of interest is uterine fibroids, which are also known as uterine leiomyomas. The operational definition of uterine fibroids is restricted to non-cancerous fibroid growths in the uterus. Sources that focus on other gynaecological or reproductive health issues such as endometriosis, adenomyosis, uterine polyps, polycystic ovarian syndrome, infertility, miscarriage and abnormal uterine bleeding will be excluded if there is no disaggregated analysis related to uterine fibroids. The context does not include any jurisdictional, geographical or regional restrictions. The context of interest is Black people of African descent globally. Additionally, no restrictions will be imposed related to study setting such as clinical or hospital settings. This scoping review will consider both experimental and quasi-experimental study designs including randomised controlled trials, non-randomised controlled trials, before and after studies and interrupted time-series studies. In addition, analytical observational studies including prospective and retrospective cohort studies, case-control studies and analytical cross-sectional studies will be considered for inclusion. This review will also consider descriptive observational study designs including case series, individual case reports and descriptive cross-sectional studies for inclusion. This scoping review will consider mixed methods and qualitative study designs including but not limited to phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, qualitative description, action research and feminist research. Systematic reviews and grey literature (eg, dissertations, text and opinion papers, organisational reports, or policy documents) will also be considered for inclusion in this scoping review. The comprehensive search strategy, developed in collaboration with a health sciences librarian, will locate both published and unpublished studies. An initial limited search of MEDLINE, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and JBI Evidence Synthesis was conducted in December 2023. No systematic reviews or scoping reviews were global in context or in progress on the topic were identified. The text words contained in the titles and abstracts of relevant articles, and the index terms used to describe the articles were used to develop a full search strategy for MEDLINE, outlined in table 1 . The search strategy, including all identified keywords and index terms, will be adapted for each included database and/or information source. Importantly, ancestry searching (scanning the reference list of included sources) and forward citation tracking will be conducted to screen for additional studies. No language filter will be applied in the search. Sources that do not include an English translation will be translated using DeepL (DeepL SE, Cologne, Germany). Lastly, no restrictions will be imposed for date-of-publication and databases will be searched from time of inception. The databases to be searched include CINAHL (EBSCO), MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Elsevier), Gender Studies Database (EBSCO), Scopus (Elsevier) and LILACS (VHL). Sources of unpublished studies/grey literature to be searched include The Society for Women’s Health Research, Black Women’s Health Imperative, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global (ProQuest), Open Access Theses and Dissertations (OATD.org) and Google search. The keywords for the search include terms such as Black, African, visible minorities, racialized people, fibroids and leiomyoma. Following the search, all identified citations will be collated and uploaded into Covidence (Veritas Health Innovation, Melbourne, Australia) and duplicates removed. All titles and abstracts will then be screened by two independent reviewers against the a priori inclusion criteria for the review. Potentially relevant sources will be retrieved in full, and their citation details imported into Covidence. The full text of included citations will be assessed in detail against the a priori inclusion criteria by two independent reviewers. Reasons for exclusion of sources of evidence at full text that do not meet the inclusion criteria will be recorded and reported in the scoping review. Any disagreements that arise between the reviewers at each stage of the selection process will be resolved by a third reviewer or through team discussion and consensus. The results of the search and the study inclusion process will be reported in full in the final scoping review report and presented in a PRISMA-ScR flow diagram. 27 Data will be extracted from included sources by two independent reviewers using a data extraction tool developed by JBI and modified by the reviewers to accommodate the objective of this scoping review. The data to be extracted will include details such as purpose, population, concept, context, study methods and key findings relevant to the review question. The tool will be tested with two reviewers completing extractions independently, followed by comparisons before continuing with the extraction process. The extraction tool is shown in table 2 . The draft data extraction tool will be modified and revised during data extraction, if necessary. All modifications will be detailed within the final scoping review report. Similar to the full-text review phase, any disagreements that arise between reviewers will be resolved through discussion or with a third reviewer. Finally, critical appraisal will not be conducted on these sources. Extracted data will be reviewed and then classified into conceptual categories. This will facilitate creating a comprehensive illustration of the type and extent of available literature. Data analysis will complement the conceptual categorisation of data with thematic analysis. The analysis will examine sources to identify the methods used, location of studies, study results including statistical information or thematic findings, and recommendations. The findings from the review will be presented in a manner that addresses our review objective and question. Importantly, the findings will be presented narratively through conceptual categories and themes. The findings will also be illustrated using charts or tables where necessary to allow for the characterisation and summarisation of evidence related to Black people of African descent with uterine fibroids globally. Patients or the public were not involved in the design, conduct or reporting for this scoping review. The public will be involved in the dissemination plans of this scoping review as recipients of the results. The plan for results dissemination is detailed in the following section. The results from this scoping review will be disseminated to the scientific community through a peer-reviewed publication in an appropriate journal and through scholarly presentations at local, national and international scientific meetings and conferences. The review results will also be shared with the general public through in-person and virtual community-oriented events and through infographics.