Patients with IVF complicated by moderate-to-critical OHSS experience increased thrombosis, GDM and neonatal NICU admission but slightly shorter gestation compared with matched IVF counterparts: A retrospective Chinese cohort study.

All 17,537 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included, and 7,064 eligible patients who were diagnosed with clinical pregnancy after IVF/ICSI-fresh ET between June 2012 and July 2016 were evaluated. After meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 6,356 patients who had no evidence of OHSS of any severity after undergoing fresh ET were allocated to the control group, and 385 (3.03%) patients who were hospitalized and treated at the center for late moderate-to-critical OHSS were allocated to the OHSS group. Then, the patients were grouped by propensity score matching as shown in the flow chart in Fig.  1 . Fig. 1 Study enrollment and outcomes. Clinical pregnancy: A pregnacy diagnosed by ultrasonographic visualization of one or more gestational sacs of definitive clinical signs of pregnancy. In addition to intra-uterine pregnancy, it includes a clinically documented ectopic pregnancy. PSM: Prospensity score matching Study enrollment and outcomes. Clinical pregnancy: A pregnacy diagnosed by ultrasonographic visualization of one or more gestational sacs of definitive clinical signs of pregnancy. In addition to intra-uterine pregnancy, it includes a clinically documented ectopic pregnancy. PSM: Prospensity score matching In the OHSS group, 272 cases (70.7%) underwent fertilization by conventional IVF, and the control group included 4,646 cases (73.1%). On the day of embryonic development, the embryos were all transferred in fresh cycles. The OHSS group included the following patients: ex d3: 366 cases, 95.1%, d5/6: 18 cases, 4.9%; control group: ex d3: 5,907 cases, 90.4%, d5/6: 631 cases, 9.6%. Compared with the control group, the patients with moderate-to-critical OHSS in our center were characterized by a young age, a low BMI, ovulation disorders or PCOS, a low basal FSH level, a higher E 2 level on the hCG trigger day, and follicles ≥ 12 mm on the trigger day of final oocyte maturation (Table  1 ). The basic parameters of the patients in the two groups are presented in Table  1 . A propensity score matching analysis was performed with matching based on multiple maternal baseline characteristics (one-to-four), and the analysis yielded 1,540 non-OHSS patients. The baseline patient characteristics and number of multiple gestation pregnancies were similar between the two study groups (Table  1 ). The OHSS group comprised 385 patients (83 moderate OHSS; 289 severe OHSS; and 13 critical OHSS), with an average length of hospital stay of 12.7 ± 6.9 days. The OHSS group included 302 (78.4%) patients who developed severe or critical OHSS. After admission, compared to the moderate group, the patients in the severe-to-critical group were hospitalized longer, and the percentage of those receiving puncture surgery was higher (9.3 ± 4.7 vs. 13.8 ± 7.2, ( P  < 0.001) and 16.9% vs. 44.0%, ( P  < 0.001), respectively). Furthermore, the HCT and WBC values in the severe-to-critical group were higher than those in the moderate group (42.0 ± 4.1 vs. 44.9 ± 5.7 ( P  < 0.001) and 14.0 ± 4.4 vs. 15.4 ± 4.8 ( P  = 0.012), respectively), as shown in Table  2 . Compared with the matched control group with the same baseline characteristics, the incidence rates of miscarriages, live birth delivery, premature delivery and LBW did not significant differ between the groups. The incidence rate of obstetric complications was significantly higher in the severe and critical OHSS groups than in the matched control group; however, there were no significant differences between the moderate group and severe-to-critical group or between the moderate group and matched control group. The incidence rate of neonatal complications was significantly higher in the moderate group than in the matched control group; however, there were no significant differences between the moderate group and severe-to-critical group or between the severe-to-critical group and matched control group. The average neonatal weight in the severe-to-critical group and matched control group was significantly higher than that in the moderate group. The duration of gestation in the matched control group was significantly higher than those in the severe-to-critical group and moderate group. Table 2 The characteristics of the OHSS group patients Characteristic Moderate group ( n  = 83) Severe-to-critical group ( n  = 302) Matched control group 1:4 ( n  = 1540) P1 value1-2 P2 value1-3 P3 value2-3 E 2 level on hCG trigger day (pg/ml) 4739.0 ± 1754.6 4415.2 ± 1935.7 / 0.171 / / Hospital days (days) 9.3 ± 4.7 13.8 ± 7.2 / < 0.001 / / DT (days) 14.0 + 3.3 13.1 + 4.7 / 0.136 / / HCT (%) 42.0 ± 4.1 44.9 ± 5.7 / < 0.001 / / WBC (× 109) 14.0 ± 4.4 15.4 ± 4.8 / 0.012 / / Albumin (g/L) 37.0 ± 4.2 36.7 ± 5.0 / 0.574 / / Surgical treatment, no. (%) 14/83 (16.9) 133/303 (44.0) / < 0.001 / / Miscarriages, no. (%) 9/83 (10.8) 38/302 (12.6) 209/1540 (13.6) 0.668 0.478 0.645 Live birth delivery rate, no.(%) 74/83 (89.2) 264/302 (87.4) 1331/1540 (86.4) 0.668 0.478 0.645 Obstetric complications 6/83 (7.2) 21/302 (7.0) 49/1540 (3.2) 0.931 0.058 0.002 Neonatal complications 6/108 (5.6) 12/395 (3.0) 40/1946 (2.1) 0.240 0.031 0.227 Premature delivery 15/74 (20.3) 52/264 (19.7) 262/1331 (19.7) 0.913 0.902 0.996 Average neonatal weight (g) 2698.8 ± 666.2 2828.6 ± 563.2 2853.6 ± 659.6 0.042 0.018 0.436 Singletons 41 /74 (55.4) 133/264 (44.0) 721/1331 (54.2) 0.444 0.835 0.259 Multiples 33/74 (44.6) 131/264 (49.6) 610/1331 (45.8) 0.444 0.835 0.259 Duration of gestation (weeks) 37.8 ± 2.8 38.1 ± 2.0 38.7 ± 2.1 0.435 < 0.001 0.001 LBW, no.(%) 30/108 (27.8) 98/395 (24.8) 528/1946 (27.1) 0.530 0.883 0.342 Note: Data are n (%) unless otherwise indicated. Plus-minus values are the mean ± SD; SD: Standard deviation. Statistically significant at P  < 0.05 Statistical analysis of baseline data in the above groups revealed no difference, and the results are not shown P1 value was Moderate group vs. Severe-to-critical group, DT  Days after transplantation, OHSS patients were hospitalized for several days after transplantation HCT  Red blood cell-specific volume. Normal range of values: 37–43%; pregnant: <35% WBC  White blood cell count. Normal range of values: 15–22 × 10 9 /l, pregnant: 6–20 × 10 9 /l The characteristics of the OHSS group patients Note: Data are n (%) unless otherwise indicated. Plus-minus values are the mean ± SD; SD: Standard deviation. Statistically significant at P  < 0.05 Statistical analysis of baseline data in the above groups revealed no difference, and the results are not shown P1 value was Moderate group vs. Severe-to-critical group, DT  Days after transplantation, OHSS patients were hospitalized for several days after transplantation HCT  Red blood cell-specific volume. Normal range of values: 37–43%; pregnant: <35% WBC  White blood cell count. Normal range of values: 15–22 × 10 9 /l, pregnant: 6–20 × 10 9 /l A binary logistic regression analysis was first used to compare the perinatal outcomes of the OHSS group and unmatched control group. The pregnancy and neonatal outcomes are described in detail in Table  3 . Table 3 Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of Logistic and Propensity score matching Outcomes OHSS group ( n  = 385) Binary logistic regression analysis Propensity score matching Unmatched ( n  = 6356) P value Matched 1:4 ( n  = 1540) P value Live birth delivery rate, no. (%) 338/385 (87.8) 5380/6356 (84.6) 0.164 1331/1540 (86.4) 0.481  Singleton, no. (%) 174/338 (51.5) 3913/5380 (72.7)  < 0.001 721/1331 (54.2) 0.376  Multiple, no. (%) 164/338 (48.5) 1467/5380 (27.3)  < 0.001 610/1331 (45.8) 0.376 Preterm delivery, no. (%) 67/338 (19.8) 1456/5380 (27.1)  < 0.001 262/1331 (19.7) 0.955 Miscarriages, no. (%) 47/385 (12.2) 976/6356 (15.4) 0.164 209/1540 (13.6) 0.481 Early miscarriages, no. (%) 23/385 (6.0) 607/6356 (9.6) 0.160 137/1540 (8.9) 0.063 Obstetric complications, no. (%) 27/385 (7.0) 414/6356 (6.5) 0.700 49/1540 (3.2) 0.001  PP, no. (%) 3/385 (0.8) 35/6356 (0.6) 0.404 5/1540 (0.3) 0.215  GDM, no. (%) 7/385 (1.8) 82/6356 (1.3) 0.178 9/1540 (0.6) 0.017  HDP, no. (%) 12/385 (3.1) 137/6356 (2.2) 0.117 34/1540 (2.2) 0.184  ICP, no. (%) 2/385 (0.5) 7/6356 (0.1) 0.056 1/1540 (0.1) 0.104  VT, no. (%) 2/385 (0.5) 0  < 0.001 0 0.040 Duration of gestation (weeks) (mean + SD) 38.0 ± 2.2 38.7 ± 2.0 0.020 38.7 ± 2.1  < 0.001 Neonatal births 503 6855 1946 Neonatal complications, no. (%) 18/503 (3.6) 193/6855 (2.8) 0.322 40/1946 (2.1) 0.045  NICU, no. (%) 16/503 (3.2) 143/6855 (2.1) 0.103 33/1946 (1.7) 0.034 Congenital diseases, no. (%) 2/503 (0.4) 15/6855 (0.2) 0.420 1/1946 (0.1) 0.048 Average neonatal weight (g) (mean + SD) 2800.7 ± 588.6 3040.0 ± 655.3  < 0.001 2853.6 ± 659.6 0.081 LBW, no. (%) 128/503 (25.5) 1228/6855 (17.9)  < 0.001 528/1946 (27.1) 0.441 Note: Data are n (%) unless otherwise indicated. Plus-minus values are the mean±SD; SD Standard deviation. Statistically significant ( P <0.05). OR, Odds ratio Live birth delivery rate; the number of deliveries that resulted in at least one live birth, expressed per 100 cycle attempts. the denominator in our study is the number of pregnancies who were diagnosed with clinical pregnancy after IVF/ICSI- fresh ET Premature delivery was defined as birth before 37 completed weeks and after 28 completed weeks of pregnancy Miscarriage included early- and late-term miscarriages. Early miscarriages occurred before 12 gestational weeks, and late-term miscarriages occurred between 13 and 28 gestational weeks Obstetric complications; PP Placenta previa, GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus, PROM Premature rupture of the fetal membranes, HDP hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia, ICP Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, VT Venous thrombosis Neonatal complications included prematurity, extremely low birth weight, perinatal asphyxia, major birth defects, sepsis, neonatal jaundice, and infant respiratory distress syndrome due to immaturity of the lungs NICU, neonatal intensive care unit, which concentrates on the care of premature babies and sick newborns, due to extreme low birth weight (LBW), perinatal asphyxia, major birth defects, sepsis, neonatal jaundice, and infant respiratory distress syndrome due to immaturity of the lungs and other complications Other neonatal complications: One neonatal death occurred in the NICU, and two congenital diseases occurred in the OHSS group. In the matched non-OHSS group, one death occurred within one year after birth, and one congenital disease, one chromosomal abnormality and five congenital diseases were present LBW Low birth weight (birth weight <2500 g) Threatened abortion refers to a small amount of vaginal bleeding, often dark red or bloody leukorrhea and accompanying paroxysmal abdominal pain or lower back pain in the absence of pregnancy discharge at <28 weeks of pregnancy Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of Logistic and Propensity score matching Note: Data are n (%) unless otherwise indicated. Plus-minus values are the mean±SD; SD Standard deviation. Statistically significant ( P <0.05). OR, Odds ratio Live birth delivery rate; the number of deliveries that resulted in at least one live birth, expressed per 100 cycle attempts. the denominator in our study is the number of pregnancies who were diagnosed with clinical pregnancy after IVF/ICSI- fresh ET Premature delivery was defined as birth before 37 completed weeks and after 28 completed weeks of pregnancy Miscarriage included early- and late-term miscarriages. Early miscarriages occurred before 12 gestational weeks, and late-term miscarriages occurred between 13 and 28 gestational weeks Obstetric complications; PP Placenta previa, GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus, PROM Premature rupture of the fetal membranes, HDP hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia, ICP Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, VT Venous thrombosis Neonatal complications included prematurity, extremely low birth weight, perinatal asphyxia, major birth defects, sepsis, neonatal jaundice, and infant respiratory distress syndrome due to immaturity of the lungs NICU, neonatal intensive care unit, which concentrates on the care of premature babies and sick newborns, due to extreme low birth weight (LBW), perinatal asphyxia, major birth defects, sepsis, neonatal jaundice, and infant respiratory distress syndrome due to immaturity of the lungs and other complications Other neonatal complications: One neonatal death occurred in the NICU, and two congenital diseases occurred in the OHSS group. In the matched non-OHSS group, one death occurred within one year after birth, and one congenital disease, one chromosomal abnormality and five congenital diseases were present LBW Low birth weight (birth weight <2500 g) Threatened abortion refers to a small amount of vaginal bleeding, often dark red or bloody leukorrhea and accompanying paroxysmal abdominal pain or lower back pain in the absence of pregnancy discharge at <28 weeks of pregnancy All patients in the two groups had a clinical pregnancy, and the abortion rate of the unmatched control group was higher than that of the OHSS group, but there was no significant difference (12.2% vs. 15.4%, P  = 0.098). There was no difference in the abortion rate between the two groups after matching (12.2% vs. 13.6%, P  = 0.481). Before matching, several parameters differed between the patients in the OHSS group and the controls. However, after propensity score matching, the perinatal outcomes of the OHSS group and matched control group were compared. The live birth singleton delivery rate and preterm delivery rate did not significantly differ between the two groups. The incidence rate of obstetric complications of concern was significantly higher in the OHSS group than in the matched control group (7.0% vs. 3.2%; P  = 0.001). Moreover, the GDM and venous thrombosis (VT) rates were higher in the OHSS group than in the matched control group (1.8% vs. 0.6%; P  = 0.017 and 0.5% vs. 0%; P  = 0.04, respectively). The incidence rates of neonatal complications and number of neonates admitted to the NICU were significantly higher in the OHSS group than in the matched control group (3.6% vs. 2.1%; P  = 0.045 and 3.2% vs. 1.7%; P  = 0.034, respectively). The duration of gestation in the matched non-OHSS group was significantly higher than that in the OHSS group (38.7 ± 2.1 vs. 38.0 ± 2.2; P  < 0.001). However, no significant between-group differences were evident in the average neonatal weight (g) or LBW (2800.7 ± 588.6 vs. 2853.6 ± 659.6; P  = 0.081 and 25.5% vs. 27.1%; P  = 0.441, respectively).

After eliminating the effects of confounding factors, late moderate-to-critical OHSS could reduce the gestational time and increase the number of obstetric complications and neonatal complications, including the incidence of GDM, VT, congenital disorders and neonatal NICU hospitalization. However, the live birth rate, average neonatal weight and incidence rates of premature delivery, miscarriage, early abortion, HDP, PP, ICP, and LBW were not statistically different between the two groups.

The occurrence of OHSS-associated hospitalizations increases the economic burden and affects patient mental wellbeing after IVF-ET [ 26 ]. However, different races, regions, hospitals or research methods may affect the impact of OHSS on pregnancy outcomes; for instance, the baseline characteristics or severity of OHSS in patients may affect interpretation of the results during the course of clinical research. The pregnancy outcomes of pregnancies effected by OHSS have not yet been investigated thoroughly, and further studies are needed [ 8 , 12 ]. The results of our data in the OHSS group and unmatched control group showed that the rates of multiple live birth deliveries and LBW were significantly higher in the OHSS group after eliminating the impact of multiple pregnancies and nine baseline characteristics on perinatal complications using propensity score matching. Furthermore, the results of our data in the OHSS group and matched control group showed that the incidence rates of obstetric complications and neonatal complications were significantly higher in the OHSS group than in the control group, including the incidence of GDM, VT, congenital disorders and neonatal NICU hospitalization. No significant between-group differences in the rates of preterm delivery, miscarriage, and early miscarriage were observed. In our study, obstetric complications were significantly higher in the OHSS group than in the control group, but the incidence rates of PP, HDP, and ICP were not increased after OHSS, and the rates were consistent with previously reported post-IVF rates [ 27 , 28 ]. Our results are similar to several previous reports that assessed this outcome [ 12 , 14 ]. A previous symposium by Raziel et al. in 2009 and a previous case-control study indicated that the pregnancy rate is increased in OHSS patients and that the incidence rates of multiple pregnancies, GDM, premature birth, and LBW infants are significantly higher in OHSS patients [ 8 ]. We observed thrombosis only in the OHSS group. These results are rather inconsistent with previous findings because the obstetric complications examined here were not evaluated in previous studies [ 8 , 13 , 14 ]. A previous case-control study reported that the hospitalization duration of OHSS patients was positively related to increases in the rate of miscarriage and that OHSS hospitalization was not conducive to pregnancy or continued pregnancy in patients who underwent IVF [ 18 ]. It is possible that the occurrence and treatment of OHSS does not affect the abortion rate. At admission, the HCT and WBC values were positively correlated with the degree of OHSS and patient symptoms and were associated with an increased rate of surgical treatment. The number of hospital stays in the severe-critical group was higher than that in the moderate group, and the number of obstetric complications was decreased; however, the number of neonatal complications were increased, as shown in Table  2 . The severity of OHSS increased the incidence rates of obstetrical complications and preterm delivery but had no effect on neonatal complications.

The widespread use of assisted reproductive technology (ART) in the clinic to enhance the oocyte number has increased the prevalence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) [ 1 , 2 ]. The etiopathogenesis of OHSS remains unclear, but hCG, VEGF, angiotensin, and interleukin seem to be the key players in OHSS. These factors increase capillary permeability and cause blood volume reduction, blood concentration, liver function damage, kidney function damage, water and electrolyte disorders, thrombosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome and other clinical manifestations, and the condition can be life-threatening [ 3 – 5 ]. Clinical studies indicate that the incidence of moderate-to-severe OHSS is approximately 2–3%, and milder forms may develop in up to 20– 30% of all in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients [ 5 ]. The clinical symptoms of OHSS are highly variable and difficult to precisely classify, and uniform standards are lacking, rendering accurate clinical data collection and unified classification difficult. Recently, numerous reports concerning the prevention and treatment of OHSS have been published. However, the pregnancy outcomes of OHSS are poorly understood and remain controversial likely because the impact of late OHSS on pregnancy outcomes is difficult to predict [ 6 – 10 ]. Earlier studies have demonstrated that pregnancy and abortion rates are significantly increased among OHSS patients and that these patients are more likely to develop adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as abortion, growth restriction, hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (HDP), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and low neonatal birth weight (LBW) [ 1 , 11 – 17 ]. In addition, one study reported that the hospitalization of OHSS patients who underwent IVF was not conducive to pregnancy or continued pregnancy [ 18 ]. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of late moderate-to-critical OHSS on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in pregnancies conceived following IVF/ICSI fresh embryo transfers.

This prospective observational study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University and the Institutional Ethics Committee Review Board of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University (Scientific research-2019-LW-046). This study was retrospectively registered on May 26th, 2017 (ChiCTR-1,800,014,655). The inclusion criteria in this study were as follows: IVF/ICSI-fresh embryo transfer (ET) and an age ≤ 40 years. The exclusion criteria included the following: preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), donor sperm and donor oocyte, female age > 40 years, missing clinical data, sperm extraction method for percutaneous epididymis/testicular puncture/testicular biopsy (PESA/TESA/TESE), parental chromosomal abnormalities, Mullerian tube abnormalities (uterine malformations), and other diseases that may affect pregnancy outcomes, including an adverse pregnancy history, diabetes, hyperprolactinemia, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, cervix postoperative conization, pituitary tumor, pituitary microadenoma, premature ovarian failure, a history of pelvic tuberculosis, a history of rheumatic immune system disease, and a history of psychiatric diseases. The classification criteria for OHSS were as follows: early-onset OHSS indicated the occurrence of OHSS no later than 9 days after the hCG injection, and late OHSS indicated the occurrence of OHSS generally no earlier than 10 days after the hCG injection [ 5 , 15 ]. The classification of OHSS symptoms were as follows: mild: abdominal distension/discomfort, mild nausea/vomiting, mild dyspnea, diarrhea, enlarged ovaries, and no important alterations; moderate: mild features, ultrasonographic evidence of ascites, hemoconcentration (Hct > 41%), and elevated WBC (> 15,000 mL); severe: mild and moderate features, clinical evidence of ascites, hydrothorax, severe dyspnea, oliguria/anuria, intractable nausea/vomiting, severe hemoconcentration (Hct > 55%), WBC > 25,000 mL, CrCl  1.6 mg/dL, Na +  5 mEq/L, and elevated liver enzymes; critical: low blood/central venous pressure, pleural effusion, rapid weight gain (> 1 kg in 24 h), syncope, severe abdominal pain, venous thrombosis, anuria/acute renal failure, arrhythmia, thromboembolism, pericardial effusion, massive hydrothorax, arterial thrombosis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, and worsening of findings [ 19 ]. The control group included patients with no evidence of OHSS of any severity after undergoing fresh ET, and the OHSS group were patients who were hospitalized and treated at the center with late moderate-to-critical OHSS. The incidences of the main outcome measures (obstetric complications and neonatal complications) were compared between the OHSS group and control group. First, we compared the baseline characteristics of the women according to the conception category. Potential confounders were selected based on the literature and clinical reasoning [ 3 – 10 , 12 – 17 ]. The confounding baseline characteristics, including maternal age, infertility duration, body mass index (BMI), basal FSH, basal LH, antral follicle count (AFC), infertility cause, estradiol level on the hCG trigger day (pg/mL), number of oocytes retrieved from follicles with diameters ≥ 12 mm, and number of multiple gestations, were collected. We implemented a propensity score matching approach to identify the control group women who were most similar to the OHSS group women [ 20 – 25 ]. Propensity score matching was used to further validate the logistic regression analysis results. For the propensity score analysis, we performed one-to-four matching without replacement based on the nearest propensity scores of the OHSS and control groups [ 20 – 25 ]. Matching variables are presented in Table  1 . The primary outcomes of our study were pregnancy outcomes, obstetric and neonatal complications, the live birth delivery rate, the miscarriage rate, gestational age at birth (weeks) and neonatal birth weight. Table 1 Characteristics of the patients at baseline and outcomes of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation Baseline characteristics OHSS group ( n =385) Control group Unmatched ( n =6356) P value Matched 1:4 ( n =1540) P value Age (years), mean ±SD 29.3±3.8 30.3±4.3 <0.001 29.4±4.0 0.585 BMI (kg/m 2 ) 21.8±2.7 22.5±3.0 <0.001 21.8±2.7 0.997 Duration of infertility (years) 3.8±2.4 4.2±3.0 0.002 3.8±2.6 0.964 Baseline FSH (mIU/ml) 6.5±1.7 7.1±2.2 <0.001 6.5±1.8 0.876 Baseline LH (mIU/ml) 6.0±4.3 5.4±3.3 0.005 6.0±4.0 0.939 AFC 14.7±5.8 12.8±6.0 <0.001 14.5±6.4 0.588 Indications for IVF  Unexplained factors (%) 10 (2.6) 320 (5.0) 0.031 42 (2.7) 0.888  Anovulatory disorders (includes PCOS) 67 (17.4) 563 (4.9) <0.001 216 (14.0) 0.094  Tubal factors 157 (40.8) 2923 (46.0) 0.046 670 (43.5) 0.334  Endometriosis-associated 7 (1.8) 137 (2.2) 0.657 25 (1.6) 0.789  Male factors 111 (28.8) 2060 (32.4) 0.144 449 (29.2) 0.900  Pelvic inflammatory disease 3 (0.8) 56 (0.9) 1 13 (0.8) 1.000  Multiple factors 33 (8.6) 605 (9.5) 0.538 138 (9.0) 0.810 E 2 level on hCG trigger day (pg/ml) 4484.9±1905.8 4098.5±2715.2 <0.001 4521.6±4030.0 0.795 No. of oocytes retrieved 12.2±2.9 10.5±3.8 <0.001 12.2±4.0 0.906 Multiple gestations, no. (%) 179 (46.5) 1719 (27.1) <0.001 725 (47.0) 0.837 Note: Data are expressed as n (%) unless otherwise indicated. Plus-minus values are the mean±SD; SD: Standard deviation. Statistically significant at P <0.05 OHSS Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, IVF In vitro fertilization, AFC Antral follicle count, FSH Follicle-stimulating hormone, LH Luteinizing hormone, hCG Human chorionic gonadotropin, BMI Body mass index (the body mass index is the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters), PCOS Polycystic ovary syndrome (polycystic ovaries were defined as the presence of an antral follicle count of 12 or more or a volume of more than 10 cm 3 in at least one ovary); Multiple factors, Infertility due to more than one infertility factor; Multiple gestations, diagnosis based on ultrasound during early pregnancy Characteristics of the patients at baseline and outcomes of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation Note: Data are expressed as n (%) unless otherwise indicated. Plus-minus values are the mean±SD; SD: Standard deviation. Statistically significant at P <0.05 OHSS Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, IVF In vitro fertilization, AFC Antral follicle count, FSH Follicle-stimulating hormone, LH Luteinizing hormone, hCG Human chorionic gonadotropin, BMI Body mass index (the body mass index is the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters), PCOS Polycystic ovary syndrome (polycystic ovaries were defined as the presence of an antral follicle count of 12 or more or a volume of more than 10 cm 3 in at least one ovary); Multiple factors, Infertility due to more than one infertility factor; Multiple gestations, diagnosis based on ultrasound during early pregnancy Categorical data are represented as frequencies and percentages, and differences in these measures between the study groups were assessed by chi-square analysis with the Fisher’s exact test for expected frequencies less than 5. Continuous data are expressed as means ± standard deviations (SD) using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 22. Statistical analysis, including propensity score matching of data, was performed using R Statistical software version 3.2.5 (install.packages (“MatchIt”, R Foundation for Statistical Computing; https://www.r-project.org/ ). The significance testing was 2-sided, and P  < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.