Pathophysiologie Endometriose-assoziierter Schmerzen

In: Die Gynäkologie · 2026 · doi:10.1007/s00129-026-05525-4 · W7169541479
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Endometriosis-associated pain involves cyclical nociceptive, neuropathic, and nociceptive pain arising from inflammation, fibrosis, neurogenic inflammation, and sensitization, often overlapping with other pain disorders and comorbidities.

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Zusammenfassung Die Pathophysiologie von Endometriose-assoziierten Schmerzen zu verstehen ist absolut unerlässlich, um die Erkrankung adäquat zu behandeln. Neben zyklischen nozizeptiven Schmerzen kommt es nicht selten im Verlauf der Erkrankung auch zu neuropathischen und vor allem auch noziplastischen Schmerzen. Ist die Erkrankung anfangs zyklisch aktiv, führt die Progression der Läsionen auch zur Inflammation und Fibrose. Neu in Endometriosegewebe einwachsende Nervenfasern sezernieren proinflammatorische Neurotransmitter mit dem Effekt der neurogenen Inflammation, die auch azyklische, hormonunabhängige Schmerzen bedingen kann. Unabhängig davon triggern jahrelange unbehandelte Schmerzen auch eine periphere und zentrale Sensitivierung, die dazu führt, dass sich das nozizeptive Feld erweitert und die Schmerzschwelle sinkt. Eine viszeroviszerale Kreuzsensitivierung („cross sensitisation“) führt vermehrt zu viszeralen Schmerzen auch der benachbarten Organe Darm und Blase. Als Reaktion auf schwere Schmerzzustände kommt es sekundär zu Dysbalancen der Beckenbodenmuskulatur und Aktivierung von myofaszialen Triggerpunkten, sodass auch belastungsabhängige Schmerzen dazu kommen, die ebenfalls azyklisch sind und von der Beckenbodenmuskulatur ausgehen. Endometriose muss als chronische, inflammatorische Schmerzerkrankung mit der Besonderheit der direkten Östrogenabhängigkeit verstanden werden. Nicht selten sind Patientinnen mit komplexen Endometrioseschmerzen auch von anderen überlappenden Schmerzerkrankungen betroffen, wie Migräne, Fibromyalgie, Vulvodynie, denen ebenfalls eine Störung der zentralnervösen Reizverarbeitung zugrunde liegt. Die Inzidenz psychologischer Komorbiditäten wie Depressionen und Angststörungen steigt mit anhaltenden Schmerzen signifikant an. Abstract Understanding the pathophysiology of endometriosis-associated pain is absolutely essential in order to effectively treat the condition. In addition to cyclical nociceptive pain, neuropathic and, above all, nociceptive pain often develop as the condition progresses. If the condition is initially cyclical in nature, the progression of the lesions also leads to inflammation and fibrosis. Newly ingrown nerve fibers in the endometriotic tissue secrete pro-inflammatory neurotransmitters, resulting in neurogenic inflammation, which can also cause acyclic, hormone-independent pain. Moreover, years of untreated pain also triggers peripheral and central sensitisation, leading to an expansion of the nociceptive field and a lowering of the pain threshold. Visceral–visceral cross-sensitisation increasingly leads to visceral pain, including in neighbouring organs (the bowel and bladder). In response to severe pain, secondary imbalances in the pelvic floor muscles and activation of myofascial trigger points occur, resulting in the addition of exertion-related pain, which is also acyclic and originates from the pelvic floor muscles. Endometriosis must be understood as a chronic, inflammatory pain disorder characterised by direct oestrogen dependence. It is not uncommon for patients with complex endometriosis-related pain to also suffer from other overlapping pain disorders such as migraine, fibromyalgia and vulvodynia, which are likewise underpinned by a disturbance in the central nervous system’s processing of stimuli. The incidence of psychological comorbidities such as depression and anxiety disorders increases significantly with persistent pain. Similar content being viewed by others Datenverfügbarkeit Alle dieser Arbeit zugrunde liegenden Daten sind in diesem Artikel enthalten. Literatur Akerlund M (1979) Pathophysiology of dysmenorrhea. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 87:27–32 Akerlund M (1993) The role of oxytocin and vasopressin in the initiation of preterm and term labour as well as primary dysmenorrhoea. 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Additional information Redaktion Stefanie Burghaus, Erlangen Tanja Fehm, Düsseldorf Sebastian D. Schäfer, Münster Uwe A. Ulrich, Berlin Hinweis des Verlags Der Verlag bleibt in Hinblick auf geografische Zuordnungen und Gebietsbezeichnungen in veröffentlichten Karten und Institutsadressen neutral. QR-Code scannen & Beitrag online lesen Rights and permissions About this article Cite this article Mechsner, S. Pathophysiologie Endometriose-assoziierter Schmerzen. Gynäkologie (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00129-026-05525-4 Received: Accepted: Published: Version of record: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00129-026-05525-4 Schlüsselwörter - Chronisches Schmerzsyndrom - Periphere Sensitivierung - Zentrale Senitivierung - Noziplastischer Schmerz - Neuroplastizität

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