Good long-term results of sacral neuromodulation for endometriosis related chronic pelvic pain

A total of 16 women, with a median age of 39 (25–50) years, underwent SNM treatment for CPP related to endometriosis, with a median follow-up time of 73 (48–85) months. All the patients had previously undergone at least one surgery due to endometriosis, with a median of 3 [ 1 – 6 ] operations. Deep endometriosis (88%) was more frequent than superficial endometriosis (38%) and endometrioma (44%). A significant number of patients have undergone extensive surgery including hysterectomy (44%), adnexectomy (56%) and sigmoid resection or anterior resection of the rectum (44%). Baseline characteristics are presented in Table  1 . The patient flow chart is presented in Fig.  1 . The Implantable Pulse Generator (IPG) was implanted to 14 patients (88%). The majority of the patients had the SNM electrode implanted in S3 right (38%) or S4 right (38%) foramens, S3 left (19%) and S4 left (6.3%) were less commonly used. Postoperative complications were registered in five patients (31%) after Stage 1 (pain in three patients, cable dislodgement in one patient and cable snapping in one patient) and in two patients (14%) after Stage 2 (one with pain and one with infection, where IPG and electrode were replanted). By the end of the follow-up period 10 patients (62,5% of all patients and 71% of those who received IPG) had a functional SNM. Pain NRS value dropped from median 7.4 (3.6–10) before SNM to 2.3 (0-6.5) by the end of the follow-up (Fig.  2 ). Postoperative outcomes are illustrated in Table  2 . Analysis of the two groups of patients with working SNM vs. failed SNM therapy by the end of the follow up showed no statistically significant differences when the type of endometriosis, the type of surgery or the number of surgeries were taken into consideration (Table  3 ). The number of functional electrodes and the location of the electrodes did not influence the final outcome. Median number [ 4 , 2 , 3 , 4 ] of functional electrodes was the same in both groups ( p  = 0.940).

All the endometriosis patients treated with SNM for CPP in Finland between 2004 and 2017 were included. There were four centers in which SNM was performed: Oulu and Turku University Hospitals, as well as Jyväskylä and Seinäjoki Central Hospitals. SNM was offered to patients who did not respond to conventional medical and surgical therapies as an off-label treatment and followed the generally accepted contraindications: cognitive disorders, severe or rapidly progressive neurological disease, pregnancy, abnormal sacral anatomy, bleeding disorders and other general contraindications for surgery. SNM was performed in two stages using standard programs. In the evaluation stage I, a tined lead was placed in the S3 or S4 foramina with the patient in prone Jack knife position under local or general anesthesia. After a trial period of 14 days, stage II was performed. The internal pulse generator (IPG) was implanted after a successful test period, meaning at least a 50% clinical improvement of symptoms. SNM related data was collected from patient records in 2017 and was later completed with endometriosis related data in autumn 2023. Long-term results were assessed by phone questionnaire during spring 2021. Patients were asked the following questions: Does the SNM device still work? If the device was removed, why did this happen and when? What is the intensity of the current worst pain using a numeric rating scale (NRS; range 0–10 with 0 meaning no pain and 10 the worst pain imaginable)? Was the internal pulse generator (IPG) changed? The primary outcome was successfully sustained SNM therapy and the decrease of NRS pain score. Success was defined as having a permanent stimulator (IPG) implanted and as having a working SNM by the end of the follow-up. Secondary outcomes were failure of the treatment and postoperative morbidity. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics version 22 for Windows (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA). Non-categorical variables were expressed as medians with minimum and maximum values unless otherwise stated. Continuous variables were analyzed using Student’s t-test or Mann–Whitney U-test, the latter for non-normally distributed data. Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test was used for categorical variables. Two-tailed P values were reported and a P value < 0.05 was deemed statistically significant. This study was conducted in accordance with Finnish Medical Research Act 488/199, 295/2004 and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital District of Southwest Finland (ETMK: 163/1801/2015, ETMK 7/2019).

Endometriosis patients with chronic pelvic pain may benefit from SNM therapy after failure of standard medical and surgical therapy, regardless of the type of endometriosis or the extent of surgery performed. More multi-centre, larger, prospective studies are needed, potentially including QoL metrics, cost-effectiveness, and biomarkers predictive of SNM success. Fig. 1 Patient flow chart Patient flow chart Table 1 Baseline characteristics Variable Age, median (min-max) 39 (25–50) Follow-up time, median (min-max) 73 months (48–85) G, median (min-max) 1 (0–3) P, median (min-max) 0 (0–2) Superficial endometriosis, n (%) 6 (38) Deep endometriosis, n (%) 14 (88) Endometrioma, n (%) 7 (44) Endometrioma enucleation, n (%) 7 (44) Hysterectomy, n (%) 7 (44) Salpingectomy, n (%) 9 (56) Ovariectomy, n (%) 9 (56) Superficial peritoneal endometriosis resection, n (%) 6 (38) Anterior resection of rectum or sigmoid resection, n (%) 7 (44) Number of endometriosis surgeries, median (min-max) 3 (1–6) Light opiods, n (%) 1 10 (63) Strong opioids, n (%) 2 6 (38) 1 Light opioids, i.e. codein, tramadol 2 Strong opioids, i.e. oxycodone Baseline characteristics 1 Light opioids, i.e. codein, tramadol 2 Strong opioids, i.e. oxycodone Table 2 Postoperative SNM outcomes Variable Pre-test NRS, median (min-max) 7.4 (3.6–10) Stage 1 test 16 (100)  Stage 1 complications 5 (31) Stage 2 implantation rate 14 (88)  Stage 2 complications 2 (14)  Working SNM at the end of follow-up 10 (71)  NRS at the end of the follow-up, median (min-max) 2.3 (0-6.5) Postoperative SNM outcomes Table 3 Comparative analysis of patients with working SNM vs. failed SNM therapy Working SNM Failed therapy p -value Age 33 (29–40) 26 (25–27) 0.562 Preoperative pain 7 (3.6–8.4) 9.5 (9–10) 0.095 Superficial endometriosis 2 (33) 4 (67) 0.118 Deep endometriosis 8 (57) 6 (43) 0.500 Endometrioma 6 (86) 1 (14) 0.145 Endometrioma enucleation 6 (86) 1 (14) 0.145 Hysterectomy 5 (71) 2 (29) 0.633 Salpingectomy 7 (78) 2 (22) 0.302 Ovariectomy 7 (78) 2 (22) 0.302 Superficial peritoneal endometriosis resection 2 (33) 4 (67) 0.118 Anterior resection of rectum or sigmoid resection 4 (57) 3 (43) 0.999 Number of endometriosis surgeries, median (min-max) 4 (1–6) 3 (1–6) 0.635 Light opioids 1 7 (70) 3 (30) 0.726 Strong opioids 2 4 (67) 2 (33) 0.915 Number of functional electrodes 4 (2–4) 4 (2–4) 0.940 Foramen S3 5 (56%) 4 (44%) 0.091 Foramen S4 1 (14%) 6 (86%) 1 Light opioids, i.e. codein, tramadol 2 Strong opioids, i.e. oxycodone Comparative analysis of patients with working SNM vs. failed SNM therapy 1 Light opioids, i.e. codein, tramadol 2 Strong opioids, i.e. oxycodone Fig. 2 Box-plot illustrating current worst pain scores reported by using Numeric Rating Scale (NRS, range 0–10 with 0 no pain and 10 worst imaginable pain) before SNM ( n  = 16), during test-phase ( n  = 16) and at the end of the follow-up ( n  = 10) Box-plot illustrating current worst pain scores reported by using Numeric Rating Scale (NRS, range 0–10 with 0 no pain and 10 worst imaginable pain) before SNM ( n  = 16), during test-phase ( n  = 16) and at the end of the follow-up ( n  = 10)

CPP is not currently an approved US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) indication for SNM. There is emerging data showing that SNM is effective in the treatment of CPP with multifactorial etiology [ 2 , 3 , 12 ]. There are only a few studies showing good short-term results of SNM in the treatment of endometriosis related CPP [ 8 , 9 , 10 ], but long-term data is lacking. This Finnish national study is the first to show promising long-term results in the difficult to treat group of endometriosis patients with CPP after surgery. The long-term efficacy of SNM in our study is reflected by the fact that 71% of the patients that received the IPG had a functioning device by the end of the follow-up and this is better than the reported SNM long-term outcomes with different etiologies [ 13 ]. It is also illustrated by the decrease of the pain related NRS value from a median of 7.4 (3.6–10) before SNM to 2.3 (0-6.5) by the time of follow-up. This NRS drop is significant, as usually a reduction of pain by 50% or an absolute pain reduction of 3 units are accurate in evaluating a successful pain reduction after a given treatment [ 11 ]. The complication rates are comparable with those reported in earlier studies [ 2 , 14 ]. The overall implantation rate of 88% in our study is better than the implantation rate of 64.3% reported by a recent meta-analysis and systematic review of SNM in CPP, with a quite diverse etiology of pain [ 2 ]. The implantation rate is also better than the one of 54,8% reported by another meta-analysis and systematic review of SNM in CPP [ 3 ]. CPP affects women’s quality of life deeply. CPP is often associated with migraine and headache, regardless if CPP is related or not to endometriosis [ 15 ]. Endometriosis and CPP was reported to negatively impact all domains of life including physical, psychological, social, sexual, education and employment [ 16 ]. A large multi-center study across Europe, UK and the USA found that the total cost per woman with endometriosis per year was €9579 with the bulk of costs (€6298) being due to absence from work [ 17 ]. It has been shown that as little as a 10% reduction on a pain scale is needed to improve productivity [ 18 ]. All the patients in our study underwent standard medical therapy and at least one surgery for endometriosis before SNM. According to literature, surgery does not reduce pain in 20–28% of patients [ 19 ]. Post-surgical hormonal therapy has been advocated to improve the effectiveness of surgery and prevent recurrences, but it has been proven to be of limited or no benefit for endometriosis in general and for deep peritoneal endometriosis in particular [ 20 ]. Given the amount of non-responders to surgery and the recurrence of pain, even though there is no evident recurrence of endometriosis in 23%, there is a need for evidence-based approaches that do not require surgery or taking hormones [ 16 ]. Diet, exercise, physiotherapy, acupuncture, psychotherapy could be considered [ 16 ] and this is the area where SNM might play a role. It was suggested that a major contributing factor for endometriosis-associated pain are not the ectopic growths themselves, but rather nerve activity from surrounding tissues, which affects the activity of neurons in the spinal cord and brain [ 21 ]. This could explain why SNM is effective. These findings encourage the consideration of SNM as a long-term treatment option for patients with refractory CPP due to endometriosis, particularly in cases where standard surgical and hormonal therapies fail. This study has a few limitations. This is a retrospective study. The total number of the patients is relatively small. There are potential biases from reliance on phone questionnaires for long-term follow-up. Furthermore, unfortunately, QoL data was not available. On the other hand this is a comprehensive national study including all the patients that underwent SNM therapy for endometriosis-associated CPP between 2004 and 2017. More studies are definitely needed in order to standardize the role of SNM in the treatment of endometriosis patients with persisting CPP after surgery.

Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is mostly used in urology to improve bladder control and also in gastroenterological surgery to improve bowel control [ 1 ]. Recent systematic reviews and meta-analysis show that SNM could be an effective treatment of chronic pelvic pain (CPP), significantly reducing pain and increasing patients’ quality of life with immediate to long-term effects [ 2 , 3 ]. CPP is a multifactorial disorder with pain originating in any of the urogynecological, gastrointestinal, pelvic musculoskeletal, or nervous systems [ 4 ]. Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent chronic inflammatory disease defined by the presence of functional endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. Among women who underwent laparoscopy for CPP, endometriosis is found in about 1/3 of the cases, while only 25% of women with histological confirmed endometriosis are asymptomatic [ 5 ]. Endometriosis has a massive financial impact. Estimated direct medical costs for outpatient visits for chronic pelvic pain for the U.S population of women aged 18–50 years are $881.5 million per year [ 6 ]. SNM involves the electrical stimulation of sacral nerve roots S3 or S4 with low electrical current via an electrode placed percutaneously through the sacral foramen. Patients usually undergo a temporary evaluation period, and if successful, an implantable pulse generator (IPG) is inserted. Although the mechanism of action of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is still not fully elucidated, it seems to involve modulation of spinal cord reflexes and brain networks by peripheral afferents. Nevertheless, motor effects mediated via efferents on direct stimulation cannot be fully excluded [ 7 ]. We have already indicated that SNM may be effective in the treatment of endometriosis patients with CPP [ 8 – 10 ]. This study aims to assess the long-term efficacy and safety of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) in the treatment of chronic pelvic pain (CPP) associated with endometriosis, a challenging condition to manage post-surgery. To our best knowledge, this is the first study reporting long-term results of SNM in patients with CPP related to endometriosis.