Suboptimal management of hypertriglyceridemia in the outpatient setting is associated with the recurrent pancreatitis: A retrospective cohort study.

Data curation: Ping Yan. Formal analysis: Ping Yan. Investigation: Ping Yan. Methodology: Ping Yan, Hong-Xian Zhao. Project administration: Xia Chen. Software: Hong-Xian Zhao. Writing – original draft: Xia Chen. Writing – review & editing: Xia Chen.

We retrospectively studied all patients with HTG-AP admitted to Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University (Luzhou, China) between January 2013 and March 2019. This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University. AP is diagnosed as having 2 out of 3 factors: abdominal pain suggestive of AP, serum amylase and (or) lipase concentration ≥3 times higher than the normal value, and abdominal imaging examination in line with imaging changes typical for AP. The diagnosis of HTG-AP is considered when serum TG levels are >1000 mg/dL at clinical onset. RAP was defined as 2 or more well-documented separate attacks of AP with complete resolution for more than 3 months between attacks. Patients with traumatic, biliary disease, alcohol abuse, pregnancy, and other causes of AP were excluded. Additionally, patients with a history of mental illness or inability to communicate were also excluded from the study. Data recorded included the serum amylase levels at the time of hospitalization; the serum TG levels at the time of admission (the values of patients who had 2 or more disease attacks were counted as the average values of every episode); the number of total HTG-AP episode; gender; age of the first attack of HTG-AP; the length of hospital stay; mortality; history of obesity and diabetes. Use of lipid-lowering drugs and blood TG levels monitoring after hospital discharge were obtained by telephone review. The data were analyzed for significance by using SPSS 17.0. Continuous data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). Groups were compared using Student t test for variables with a normal distribution. Categorical data are displayed as n (%) and were analyzed with the Pearson Chi-squared test or the Fisher exact test as appropriate. P -value < .05 was considered significant.

In total, 206 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria of HTG-AP were considered for the study. Ultimately, 73 patients were excluded, and 133 patients were enrolled for the analysis. Of these, 101 (75.9%) had 1 episode of HTG-AP and 32 patients (24.1%) presented with RAP, 16 (12%) had 2 episodes of HTG-AP, 6(4.5%) had 3 episodes, 10 (7.5%) had 4 or more episodes. 87 patients (65.4%) were males, and 46 (34.6%) were females. The rate of male versus female is 1.89:1. The age range of the patients admitted in this study was from 15 to 75 years. The average age of patients at the first time of admission was 37.4 years, over half (55.6%) of patients were 31 to 45 years, while only 3.8% was 61 to 75 years. obesity was found in 9 patients (6.8%), diabetes in 23 patients (17.3%). (Table 1 ) Clinical features of hypertriglyceridemic acute pancreatitis patients. We next compared the characteristics between patients with non-current acute pancreatitis (non-RAP) and RAP. As it was shown in Table 2 , the mean age in patients who had only 1 episode of HTG-AP was 43.18 ± 7.44 years, whereas patients with RAP were younger ( P  < .05), the mean age was 35.26 ± 6.34 years. Patients who had 4 or more episodes were significantly younger, which was 28.87 ± 3.63 years, P  < .05(Fig. 1 ). No difference of serum amylase levels and hospitalization duration were observed between patients with single attack and recurrent attack. The mortality rate in 1 episode of HTG-AP was 4.2%, while it was 6.3% in recurrent cases, but the difference was not statistically significant. (Table 2 ) Clinical features of non-recurrent acute pancreatitis and recurrent acute pancreatitis cases. Average age of patients with hypertriglyceridemic acute pancreatitis. The mean age in patients who had 1 episode of hypertriglyceridemic acute pancreatitis was 43.18 ± 7 years, patients had 4 or more episodes was 28.87 ± 3.63 years, which was significantly younger. ∗ P  < .05 denotes a significant difference compare with patients with non-recurrent acute pancreatitis. For the blood TG levels at admission, the average value was higher in patients with RAP compared to that of non-recurrent cases (1736 ± 273 mg/dL compared to 1279 ± 205 mg/dL, P  < .05). The serum TG levels in patients who had 4 or more disease attacks were much higher, the average value was 2213 ± 396 mg/dL, P  < .05 (Fig. 2 ). It is likely that the higher the serum TG level was, the more chance of recurrence of HTG-AP. Blood triglycerides levels at the time of hospitalization in patients with hypertriglyceridemic acute pancreatitis. Blood triglycerides levels in patients who had 4 or more episodes of hypertriglyceridemic acute pancreatitis were significantly higher than that of non-recurrent acute pancreatitis. ∗ P  < .05. To our surprise, lipid-lowering drugs were only taken in 10 patients (7.5%) after discharge, 3 in patient with single attack of HTG-AP, 7 in patients with RAP. There were 17 patients (12.8%) observed in this study had measured their blood HTG levels after discharge, 5 in patients had non-RAP, 12 in RAP. The highest level of TG was 1578 mg/dL, while the lowest was 94.7 mg/dL. However, the TG levels in the outpatient setting were higher in patients with RAP than that of non-recurrent cases (453 ± 57 vs 229 ± 34 mg/dL, P  < .05). Among the patients who had measured their TG levels after discharge, 83.3% of patients with HTG-RAP had at least 1 follow-up triglyceride laboratory result that higher than 500 mg/dL, while there was no patient who had a single attack displayed TG levels higher than 500 mg/dL during follow-up.

AP is an inflammatory disorder of the pancreas characterized by rapid onset and has multiple possible etiologies. The association between severe HTG and AP has long been recognized. [ 10 ] Yet the exact threshold of serum TG level to trigger AP has not been defined. AP is conventionally thought to be triggered when TG levels exceed 1000 mg/ dL (11.3 μmol/L). It was also proposed that the TG level > 500 mg/dL should raise a high-degree suspicion of HTG-AP, especially in the absence of other probable etiologies. [ 5 ] The incidence of HTG-AP was increasing year by year especially in China. [ 11 , 12 ] Moreover, HTG-AP was reported to increase at a faster rate than alcoholic AP. [ 6 ] In some regions, HTG had exceeded alcohol and become the second cause of AP. [ 3 , 13 ] Clinical presentation of HTG-AP is similar to that of pancreatitis of other etiologies, [ 14 ] but patients with HTG-AP were more likely to have pancreatic necrosis and organ failure, severe acute pancreatitis, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. [ 4 , 11 ] Compared to other causes of AP, HTG-AP patients were younger, had more hospital stays and higher recurrence rate in previous study. [ 4 ] A multicenter study showed that alcoholic pancreatitis and HTG-AP were mainly distributed in patients before the age of 49 years. [ 6 ] In the present study, half (55.5%) of patients were 31 to 45 years and HTG-AP appeared to be more prevalent in males than females, which is similar to other studies, but the exact reason is not clear. HTG is common in patients with the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and obesity which can contribute to elevated TG levels substantial enough to provoke pancreatitis. [ 15 ] In the present study, the prevalence of obesity and diabetes was lower than other studies, obesity was found only in 6.8% of patients, diabetes in 17.3% of patients. RAP is a syndrome of multiple distinct acute inflammatory responses originating within the pancreas in individuals with genetic, environmental, traumatic, morphologic, metabolic, biologic, and/or other risk factors who experienced 2 or more episodes of documented AP. [ 16 ] If unchecked, recurrent episodes of AP may lead to chronic pancreatitis. Approximately 9% to 31% of patients with AP develop recurrent attacks of pancreatitis. [ 1 , 17 , 18 ] The etiological factors of RAP are similar to those of first attack AP. Recently HTG is accepted as a major cause of RAP particularly in China. Deng et al reported that HTG accounted for 21% of RAP and biliary factor was still the leading causes of RAP in a region of China. [ 19 ] A multicenter study showed the recurrence rate of HTG-AP was obviously higher than other causes (15.29%, 7.73%, and 9.75% for HTG-AP, biliary AP, and alcoholic AP respectively). [ 6 ] The present study showed that 24.1% of patients with HTG-AP develop a recurrent disease. Patients with RAP seemed younger than non-recurrent cases. In contrast, serum amylase levels, hospitalization duration and mortality rate were almost identical in the 2 groups. Patients with RAP in the present study presented with higher blood TG levels at the time of admission, suggesting that blood TG level is likely associated with the relapse of HTG-AP. Potential causes should be carefully evaluated in patients with an initial episode of AP. If the underlying cause is not corrected, any factor responsible for pancreatitis can lead to recurrent episodes. At present, there is a lack of consensus on the most appropriate treatment options for patients with HTG-AP. Although there are conflicting opinions regarding the lipid-lowering therapy for asymptomatic HTG to prevent AP. [ 20 , 21 ] However, when TG levels are ≧500 mg/dL, and especially when they are ≧1000 mg/dL, the primary treatment strategy is to reduce TG levels with a TG-lowering drug to reduce the risk of pancreatitis. [ 22 ] For those who had suffered HTG-AP, diet control, exercise program, lipid-lowering agents, and plasma exchange are recommended to reduce TG levels during the acute phase of HTG-AP, and in the prevention of recurrence. In present study, the follow-up of blood TG levels after hospital discharge were investigated. We found that the TG levels were higher in patients with RAP than that of non-RAP. Among the patients who had measured TG levels after discharge, the majority (83.3%) of RAP had at least 1 follow-up of TG laboratory result higher than 500 mg/dL, while there was no patient who had 1 episode displayed TG levels higher than 500 mg/dL. The risk of AP increases in a direct relationship to the level of TG. [ 23 ] In a retrospective cohort study, the risk of incident AP increased by 4% for every 100-mg/dL increase in TG concentration. [ 8 ] Lower follow-up of TG levels was associated with a lower incidence of important clinical events for patients with severe HTG. [ 24 ] It is generally accepted that it is important to treat HTG to minimize the risk of recurrence of AP by reducing TG levels to <500 mg/dL. [ 15 , 25 ] Our results also supported that follow-up of TG levels were <500 mg/dL have less chance of pancreatitis episode and may be helpful in reducing the recurrence of pancreatitis. Once the HTG-AP attack has been resolved, prevention of a next episode is compulsory. The long-term management consists of dietary intervention, long-term medications, regular monitoring of serum TG levels and lifestyle modifications. [ 15 ] In the present study, there were only 7.5% of patients continued to use the lipid-lowering drugs after hospital discharge. The unsatisfied medication compliance is likely an important contributing factor to the high frequency of RAP in our study. Lipid monitoring might improve control of lipid parameters and the dietary compliance of patients with HTG. [ 26 ] However, the percentage of follow-up of TG level monitoring was relatively low in our study, only 12.8% of patients had their TG levels measured after discharge, showing that majority of the patients in present study lacked the understanding of HTG control for the prevention of AP attack. Although strategies of community based chronic disease treatment have been established in China, identifying and resolving compliance issues of HTG management should be improved and valued in these HTG-AP patients as well as decrease the recurrence rate. Our study has several limitations. Although all data were collected prospectively, all questions were raised retrospectively. Cases were included into the analysis with TG measurement on the first days from admission, but unfortunately still just a few of the entire cohort met the inclusion criteria within 24 hour onset. Second, the cross-sectional study design precludes inference of causality between the observed associations. Moreover, the increased prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia-related risk factors (overweight/obesity and diabets) in our cohort may simply reflect that a proportion of patients, However, within the limitations of this large epidemiologic study, it was not feasible to employ testing to distinguish HTG-AP from others AP. Along this line, we did not assess whether unexplained causes was a contributor to AP development in our cohort, but overall the prevalence is low and thus this is less likely to influence our findings. Third, we did not collect data on lipid-lowering drugs for HTG-AP (names or doses). Finally, our observations are restricted to a population dominated by hypertriglyceridemia mostly from the various hospitals and thus need further validation in populations with different measurement accuracy. We attempted to minimize these limitations by comparing the epidemiological and major outcome distributions of the data analyzed and the whole cohort.

In summary, this retrospective study found that patients with RAP were younger and had higher blood TG levels. TG levels are ≧500 mg/dL in the outpatient setting may be associated with an increased risk of relapse of clinical HTG-AP events. The majority of patients in the present study failed to routinely monitor and control their serum TG levels. This inappropriate management for TG control partly contributed to the high recurrence rate in the present study. Therefore, the importance of HTG management in the outpatient setting should be emphasized in the long-term treatment of severe HTG and the prevention of the next episode of HTG-AP.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is now one of the most common reasons for hospitalization with a gastrointestinal condition. It is widely reported that the most common causes are excessive alcohol consumption and gallstones. Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is the third cause of AP in the western population. [ 1 ] The incidence of AP related to elevated triglycerides (TG) is estimated up to 10 percent of total cases. [ 2 ] But in China, HTG is more frequent as a cause of AP, ranging from 14.3% to 24%. [ 3 – 6 ] It has been shown that insufficient intake of vegetable and fruit, physical inactivity, and overweight or obesity were high in the floating population in China, which may be partly explain the prevalence of AP induced by HTG increased dramatically in recent years. Hypertriglyceridemic acute pancreatitis (HTG-AP) is generally considered to have no correlation with elevated serum cholesterol levels, but to be closely associated with elevated serum TG. There are various epidemiological studies that tried to determine the appropriate cut-off for TG level to cause AP. [ 5 , 7 , 8 ] At least for now, HTG-AP is oftentimes established by the presence of serum TGs are ≥1000 mg/dL. Although gallstones and alcohol are the most common etiologies for recurrent acute pancreatitis (RAP), HTG is also a well-known cause of RAP. In the management of RAP, understanding of etiology is of vital importance for establishing specific treatment and thereby decreasing the possibility of recurrence. As for HTG-AP, preventive measures such as dietary modification, antihyperlipidemic agents, lipid monitoring is indicated to be beneficial in reducing the possibility of recurrence in clinical practice. The control of TG levels can decrease the clinical pancreatitis events and associated health care costs. [ 9 ] Lipid-lowering drugs and regular monitoring of TG levels are long-term strategies in the prevention of next episode of HTG- AP, but non-compliance is frequent and many of these patients develop recurrent attacks. Few researches have focused on the long-term HTG management after HTG-AP attack has been resolved. In the present study, in addition to demographic and clinical characteristics, we mainly investigated the clinical blood TG levels and HTG management in patient who have had attack of HTG-AP, and thus to assess the patient understanding in HTG management for the prevention of pancreatitis.