Female infertility - risk factors

Furqan S, Saira Furqan, Yasin SS, Sarah Saba Yasin, Saad M, Muhammad Saad, Muhammad Salik, Salik M
JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association · 2026 · vol. 76(1) , pp. 76–82 · doi:10.47391/JPMA.21620 · PMID:41736339
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⚙ AI-generated summary by gemini-2.5-flash-lite, 2026-07-31 ⓘ

This review highlights age, ovulatory dysfunction, endometriosis, uterine and tubal issues, and lifestyle choices like smoking and stress as significant contributors to female infertility.

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⚙ AI-generated deep summary by claude@2026-06, 2026-06-17 · read from full text ⓘ

This narrative review examines major risk factors and etiologies of female infertility, covering age-related decline in fertility, ovulatory disorders, endometriosis, uterine abnormalities, pelvic and tubal adhesions, and lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol, caffeine intake, exercise patterns, psychological stress, and drug abuse. The review’s main finding is that both non-modifiable factors (e.g., advancing age and certain medical conditions) and modifiable behaviors are presented as relevant contributors to reduced reproductive potential. A key limitation noted is the need for more robust research to improve understanding of the complex interplay among these factors. This paper is centrally about female infertility risk factors and includes endometriosis among multiple contributors to infertility.

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Abstract

Female infertility is a complex health concern with a multitude of risk factors and aetiologies. This current narrative review was planned to highlight the various significant contributors to female infertility, including age related decline in fertility, ovulatory dysfunctions, endometriosis, uterine abnormalities, pelvic and tubal adhesions, and lifestyle factors, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, caffeine intake, exercise, psychological stress and drug abuse. While advanced age and some medical conditions undeniably lower reproductive potential, modifiable lifestyle choices also play a vital role. Early diagnosis, prompt and appropriate management, and awareness of these factors are imperative for optimising fertility outcomes. Public health strategies should emphasise education and awareness of lifestyle choices that impact fertility, alongside advocating timely interventions for those at risk. There is a critical need for robust research to augment the present understanding of female infertility and its complex interplay with these factors.
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Female infertility – risk factors DOI: https://doi.org/10.47391/JPMA.21620Keywords: Female infertility, Risk factors, Ovulatory disorders, Endometriosis, Lifestyle factors, Pelvic adhesions, Tubal blockage, Uterine abnormalities, Age-related decline, Nutrition and fertilityAbstract Female infertility is a complex health concern with a multitude of risk factors and aetiologies. This current narrative review was planned to highlight the various significant contributors to female infertility, including age-related decline in fertility, ovulatory dysfunctions, endometriosis, uterine abnormalities, pelvic and tubal adhesions, and lifestyle factors, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, caffeine intake, exercise, psychological stress and drug abuse. While advanced age and some medical conditions undeniably lower reproductive potential, modifiable lifestyle choices also play a vital role. Early diagnosis, prompt and appropriate management, and awareness of these factors are imperative for optimising fertility outcomes. Public health strategies should emphasise education and awareness of lifestyle choices that impact fertility, alongside advocating timely interventions for those at risk. There is a critical need for robust research to augment the present understanding of female infertility and its complex interplay with these factors. Key Words: Female infertility, Risk factors, Ovulatory disorders, Endometriosis, Lifestyle factors, Pelvic adhesions, Tubal blockage, Uterine abnormalities, Age-related decline, Nutrition and fertility. Downloads Published How to Cite Issue Section License Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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Condition tags

endometriosisinfertility

MeSH descriptors

Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis

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chemicals 2
alcohol caffeine

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