Surgical simulation supplements reproductive endocrinology and infertility fellowship training.

Forty REI fellows participated in the boot camp, representing 72% of the 50 REI fellowship training programs in the United States. One first-year fellow did not complete the demographic portion of the survey and was excluded from subsequent analyses. Most of the fellows were female (72%) and in their first year of fellowship training (63%). Fifty-one percent identified as white and 28% as Asian. Almost half of the fellows (46%) reported a desire to enter a hybrid academic-private practice after graduation ( Table 1 ). Table 1 Demographics of boot camp participants. Variable Data Age (y), mean ± SD 32.6 ± 3.1 Female 28 (71.8) Race  White 20 (51.3)  Asian 11 (28.2)  African American 3 (7.7)  Other 3 (7.7)  Unknown 2 (5.1) Year of fellowship  1 25 (62.5)  2 11 (27.5)  3 4 (10.0) Career goal  Academic practice 9 (23.1)  Private practice 3 (7.7)  Hybrid practice 18 (46.2)  Undecided 9 (23.1) Note: Data presented as n (%), unless noted otherwise. SD = standard deviation. Demographics of boot camp participants. Note: Data presented as n (%), unless noted otherwise. SD = standard deviation. Prior to the boot camp, most fellows felt prepared to perform operative hysteroscopy (100%), open surgery (85%), and operative laparoscopy (82%), but only a minority felt prepared to perform laparoscopic suturing (33%), robotic surgery (28%), or tubal anastomosis (10%). Fellows reported engaging in a median of 2 simulation hours for hysteroscopy (IQR 0–10), 8 simulation hours for laparoscopy (IQR 2–20), and 4 simulation hours for robotic surgery (IQR 2–10) prior to attending the boot camp. Reported surgical experience in fellowship training varied greatly between participants. Fellows reported performing a median of 30 operative hysteroscopies (IQR 17–64), 17 operative laparoscopies (IQR 10–30), and three abdominal myomectomies (IQR 1–7) during their fellowship training to date. A minority (38.5%) of fellows reported having performed robotic laparoscopy in their fellowship. Seventy-nine percent of fellows had not performed a tubal anastomosis; those fellows who had reported performing this procedure noted having participated in approximately 1 to 5 procedures each. The median number of surgeries performed in the month prior to boot camp was 11.0 (IQR 5–18) for first-year fellows and 2.0 (IQR 0–5) for upper-year fellows. The median number of surgeries performed overall thus far during fellowship was 73 (IQR 40–118) for first-year fellows and 140 (IQR 90–163) for upper-year fellows. In the pre–boot camp survey, a majority of fellows reported they were likely to perform hysteroscopic surgery (100%), operative laparoscopy (87%), and open surgery (71%) after fellowship, whereas only 32% felt they were likely to perform robotic surgery. During the boot camp, fellows experienced significant improvement in laparoscopic suturing skill. Using the box trainers, fellows had a median 44-second improvement (IQR 15–70 sec) in running suture placement, an 82-second improvement (IQR 25–298 sec) in intracorporeal knot placement, and a 71-second improvement (IQR 32–154 sec) in extracorporeal knot placement ( Fig. 1 ; P <.001 for all comparisons). First-year fellows demonstrated a 60-second improvement (IQR 19–76 sec) in running suture times as compared with their upper-level peers who improved by 28 seconds (IQR 3–50 sec; P =.04). No significant differences were found between first- and upper-year fellows in the degree of improvement for intracorporeal and extracorporeal knot tying. There were similarly no differences between first- and upper-year fellows in the efficiency of cadaveric laparoscopic suturing, robotic placement of 6-0 suture for tubal anastomosis, or in hysteroscope assembly or hysteroscopic polypectomy ( P >.15 for all comparisons, data not shown). Figure 1 Laparoscopic suturing times before and after boot camp. Box plots represent laparoscopic suturing times before and after the boot camp. Signed-rank tests were used to assess improvement in laparoscopic suturing tasks for a given fellow. Borders of the box indicate the interquartile range (Q1–Q3); horizontal lines depict the median; open dots depict the mean; whiskers indicate minimum and maximum values; and closed dots reflect outliers. Laparoscopic suturing times before and after boot camp. Box plots represent laparoscopic suturing times before and after the boot camp. Signed-rank tests were used to assess improvement in laparoscopic suturing tasks for a given fellow. Borders of the box indicate the interquartile range (Q1–Q3); horizontal lines depict the median; open dots depict the mean; whiskers indicate minimum and maximum values; and closed dots reflect outliers. The post–boot camp survey aimed to assess if the boot camp changed their desire to perform certain procedures by using a less likely to more likely Likert scale. Results from the post–boot camp survey, analyzed as more likely versus neutral/less likely, are summarized in Table 2 . A majority of fellows reported being more likely to incorporate operative hysteroscopy (89%), operative laparoscopy (87%), and laparoscopic suturing (84%) into their practice after attending the boot camp, a finding that persisted when reassessed 1 month later ( P >.30 for all comparisons of 1 month versus immediately after boot camp). Fifty-four percent of fellows reported being more likely to perform robotic surgery after attending the boot camp, which significantly increased to 70% 1 month later (odds ratio 2.10; 95% confidence interval 1.09–4.05; P =.03). Only 50% of fellows reported they felt more likely to perform tubal anastomosis immediately after attending the boot camp, decreasing to 43% 1 month later, although not a statistically significant decrease ( P =.41). After attending the boot camp, first-year fellows felt more likely to incorporate surgical techniques into their practice when compared with upper-year fellows. Specifically, 96% of first-year fellows felt they were more likely to incorporate laparoscopic suturing into future practice, compared with 60% of upper-level fellows ( P =.02) and, similarly, 96% of first-year fellows versus 64% of upper-year fellows ( P =.03) felt more likely to incorporate operative hysteroscopy into their future practice. Table 2 Reported desire to perform a given surgical procedure after boot camp. Procedure Immediately, n (%) 1 mo, n (%) OR (95% CI) P value Operative hysteroscopy 33 (89.2) 31 (83.8) 0.60 (0.23, 1.56) .30 Operative laparoscopy 33 (86.8) 32 (86.5) 0.81 (0.32, 2.05) .65 Laparoscopic suturing 31 (81.6) 31 (83.8) 1.13 (0.54, 2.37) .75 Robotic surgery 20 (54.1) 26 (70.3) 2.10 (1.09, 4.05) .03 Tubal anastomosis 19 (50.0) 16 (43.2) 0.78 (0.44, 1.40) .41 Note: The 5-point Likert scale for the post–boot camp survey was dichotomized as “more likely” versus “neutral/less likely.” Once dichotomized, generalized estimating equations with a logit link were used to assess differences in likelihood of incorporating skills into practice. CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio. Reported desire to perform a given surgical procedure after boot camp. Note: The 5-point Likert scale for the post–boot camp survey was dichotomized as “more likely” versus “neutral/less likely.” Once dichotomized, generalized estimating equations with a logit link were used to assess differences in likelihood of incorporating skills into practice. CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio. Correlations between the number of IVF cycles performed per year and fellow efficiency at laparoscopic suturing or virtual hysteroscopic polypectomy are shown in Figure 2 . There was a very weak correlation between the IVF case volume and the surgical skill of the fellow as assessed based on these two tasks (Spearman correlation coefficients -0.14 for laparoscopic suturing and -0.03 for hysteroscopic polypectomy). To examine whether the residency program training may have impacted the results, the same correlations of IVF volume versus surgical skills were run separately by fellowship year. Using upper-year fellows only, there were still no strong associations (absolute values of Spearman correlation coefficients <0.20). Efficiency at laparoscopic suturing or hysteroscopic polypectomy similarly were weakly correlated with hours of prior simulation training or the numbers of prior procedures performed in fellowship (all absolute values of Spearman correlation coefficients <0.24). There was no correlation between IVF case volume and number of surgical cases performed in the month prior to boot camp (Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.25), nor with the total number of surgical procedures performed during fellowship (Spearman correlation coefficient of -0.02). Figure 2 Correlation between in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles performed in fellowship and surgical simulation efficiency. The scatter plots represent the correlation between the number of IVF cycles performed in fellowship and efficiency with laparoscopic suturing and hysteroscopic polypectomy simulation. Associations between surgical skills and the number of IVF cycles performed per year were examined via Spearman correlations. Correlation between in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles performed in fellowship and surgical simulation efficiency. The scatter plots represent the correlation between the number of IVF cycles performed in fellowship and efficiency with laparoscopic suturing and hysteroscopic polypectomy simulation. Associations between surgical skills and the number of IVF cycles performed per year were examined via Spearman correlations.

All United States REI fellows were invited to participate in an intensive, 2-day boot camp for the purpose of advancing surgical principles and technical skills inherent to minimally invasive reproductive surgery. The fifth annual boot camp took place in January 2019 at the Methodist Institute of Technology, Innovation and Education in Houston, Texas, and was cosponsored by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine’s Society for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility and Society of Reproductive Surgeons. The course was taught by a group of invited faculty educators and reproductive surgeons from the fields of REI and urology. The format of the boot camp included pre–boot camp video lectures and both 15-min didactic lectures as well as hands-on wet and dry laboratory instruction. The day was equally divided into didactic instruction on surgical concepts in REI and minimally invasive surgery with dedicated hands-on practice of hysteroscopy, laparoscopic suturing, robotic tubal anastomosis, and embryo transfer using a combination of low- and high-fidelity simulators. Specific course objectives included reviewing pelvic anatomy in didactic sessions as well as cadaveric dissections, exploring a variety of techniques for diagnostic and operative hysteroscopy, performing laparoscopic suturing and knot tying using box trainers and cadaveric models, attempting robotic tubal anastomosis using cadaveric models, and practicing embryo transfer using the American Society for Reproductive Medicine Embryo Transfer Simulator (VirtaMed). Prior to the start of the boot camp, all fellows were asked to complete a precourse survey characterizing: demographics, career aspirations, perceived competency with concepts and procedures in reproductive surgery, and prior surgical experience and simulation training in both IVF and reproductive surgery. During the boot camp, fellows were timed before and after training in laparoscopic suturing, intracorporeal knot tying, and extracorporeal knot tying using the box trainers. Fellows also were timed while performing laparoscopic needle loading, suturing, and knot tying in cadaveric models as well as while performing various hysteroscopic tasks including hysteroscope assembly and virtual hysteroscopic polypectomy. Following the boot camp, fellows were surveyed about incorporating select surgical skills into clinical practice based on a 5-point Likert scale (much more likely, slightly more likely, neutral, slightly less likely, and much less likely). This survey was administered immediately after the boot camp and again 1 month later to assess the longevity of any changes. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center. Descriptive statistics were generated with continuous data reported as median (interquartile range [IQR]) and categorical data reported as n (%). Fellow level of training was dichotomized as first year versus upper year due to fewer second- and third-year fellow participants. Signed-rank tests were used to assess improvement in laparoscopic suturing tasks for a given fellow. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to compare the improvement between first-year and upper-level fellows. The 5-point Likert scale for the post–boot camp survey was dichotomized as more likely versus neutral/less likely. Once dichotomized, generalized estimating equations with a logit link, an extension of logistic regression that accounts for correlated data per fellow ( 25 ), were used to assess differences in the post–boot camp survey responses with effect sizes quantified based on odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Associations between two continuous variables were examined via the Spearman correlations coefficient.

Because surgical morbidity has been directly linked to surgeon experience ( 17 ), national organizations such as the American Association of Gynecologist Laparoscopists have suggested concentrating gynecologic surgery in the hands of fewer practitioners who can maintain higher operative volumes ( 18 ). It has been shown previously that higher-volume surgeons have better operative outcomes and decreased surgical complication rates ( 19 , 20 ). Particularly in the case of minimally invasive gynecologic surgery, additional practice or training may be required for an individual to achieve comfort or perceived competency ( 20 , 21 ). Advanced gynecologic procedures, therefore, increasingly may be performed by the approximately 12% of OBGYN residency graduates who chose to pursue fellowship training in a gynecologic subspecialty, including the 4% who pursue REI ( 22 ). Although incoming REI fellows report widespread exposure to hysteroscopic, basic laparoscopic, and open procedures, comfort and training in advanced laparoscopy and robotic reproductive surgery are more limited and inconsistent. The reasons for this lack of exposure are likely multifactorial and may relate to scope of practice, resource availability, and referral patterns within fellowship training programs. The nature of surgical practice for the reproductive endocrinologist has changed dramatically with the advent and improvement of IVF. Although surgery may have a more limited role in the treatment of infertility related to endometriosis or tubal pathology, the scope of reproductive surgery has expanded to include not only the correction of abnormal pathology but also techniques that preserve fertility or enhance the outcome of IVF treatment with a focus on minimally invasive techniques ( 1 , 24 , 26 , 27 ) that remain critical to a patient’s reproductive care ( 28 ). Although REI physicians were among the first gynecologists to embrace minimally invasive surgical techniques, time constraints and economic pressures have caused many to curtail or abandon surgical practice ( 29 ). These practice changes likely have impacted fellowship training in REI, although the effect previously has not been quantified. Interestingly, IVF case volume at a fellow’s training program was not correlated with surgical case volume nor with surgical skill as measured by performance on laparoscopic suturing or hysteroscopic polypectomy. These findings may suggest retention of essential surgical skills gained during residency training as well as a potential role for surgical simulation in the maintenance and expansion of skill. It is unlikely that the entirety of this effect was due to retention of surgical skill from residency training because the lack of correlation persisted when examined solely among upper-level fellows, although this subanalysis was limited by sample size. Significant improvement in the efficiency of laparoscopic suturing ranging from 15 sec to nearly 5 min was seen across fellows at all levels of training during the boot camp. This increase in efficiency can translate to reduced operative times, resulting in significant cost savings ( 28 , 30 , 31 ) as well as improved perioperative outcomes from reduced anesthetic exposure ( 32 ). It is notable that first-year fellows had the fastest baseline times in all laparoscopic suturing tasks and showed greater improvement following the boot camp in comparison with upper-level fellows. One explanation for these findings is the proximity of first-year fellows to residency training with its higher surgical case volume. One may expect further improvement in baseline laparoscopic suturing skill with the new American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology requirement that residents graduating after 2020 successfully complete the Fundamentals in Laparoscopic Surgery course as a prerequisite for board certification. Although completion of Fundamentals in Laparoscopic Surgery consistently has been shown to improve surgical skill and reduce operative times among general surgery residents ( 33 , 34 ), its validity has been only recently established in gynecology where studies are more limited ( 35 ). DeStephano et al. ( 36 ) called for a more standardized approach for surgical simulation within OBGYN graduate medical education for which a surgical skills boot camp may be beneficial. Greater baseline competence in laparoscopic suturing among incoming REI fellows may enable surgical simulation training to focus on advanced skills necessary for reproductive surgery, including multilayer myomectomy closure, retroperitoneal dissection, and use of fine suture for tubal pathology. In the present study, most fellows reported being more likely to incorporate surgical techniques into clinical practice after attending the boot camp. This finding was most significant among first-year fellows, highlighting the importance of early surgical and/or simulation exposure to reinforce and develop skills acquired in residency. Maintenance and development of surgical practice through volume of exposure has been linked directly to decreased surgical complications ( 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ). High- and low-fidelity surgical simulation have been similarly well-studied as a means to develop muscle memory and practice surgical decision making in a nonclinical setting. In gynecology, effective simulation models have been described for a variety of advanced procedures including laparoscopic ureteral dissection ( 19 ), vaginal hysterectomy ( 37 ), trans-vaginal tape placement ( 38 ), sacrospinous ligament fixation, and radical hysterectomy ( 29 , 39 ). Use of brief, intensive surgical boot camps has been validated to prepare medical students for an OBGYN residency ( 40 ) and to reinforce basic procedural skills for junior residents ( 39 , 41 ) but has yet to be described for advanced reproductive surgery. A key strength of this study is its wide reach, with representation from more than 70% of the REI fellowship programs in the country. Moreover, the study provides empiric data to quantify the improvement in key surgical tasks following a short, intensive period of simulation training. However, certain limitations should be considered when interpreting this data. First, the descriptive portions of the study rely on self-reporting to assess surgical training and exposure and could not be confirmed by empiric data from fellowship programs. Second, surveys were designed to assess the longevity of fellows’ comfort with reproductive surgical skills following the boot camp, but conclusions cannot be reached about the impact of the boot camp on persistent changes in knowledge or surgical performance. There is literature to suggest that simulation-based curricula may be beneficial to learn psychomotor skills but continued coaching may be necessary for maintenance of skill ( 41 ). Because most surgeries in our cohort were performed during the first year of fellowship, REI fellows may benefit from more evenly distributed clinical time throughout all 3 years. Potentially useful strategies to maintain surgical skill could include competency-based curricula ( 42 ) with benchmarks to monitor progress and encourage growth ( 43 ), use of personalized surgical video feedback ( 44 ), and continued formal surgical mentorship or repeated attendance at the surgical boot camp. Given the heterogeneous training in advanced reproductive surgery among REI fellowship programs, a surgical boot camp appears to be useful in enhancing surgical skill among REI fellows. The empiric increases in surgical efficiency demonstrated among REI fellows during the boot camp, as well as the sustained improvements in perceived competency after its completion, are both reassuring. However, subsequent study is required to quantify the longevity of this impact on surgical skill. If brief, intensive, boot-camp style simulation sessions can indeed impact long-term surgical knowledge and competency among REI fellows, they may provide a mechanism for practitioners to obtain and retain the skills required to maintain ownership of patients’ reproductive surgical needs.