Menstrual cycle bleeding patterns in cigarette smokers

Michael Grossman, Steven T. Nakajima
In: Contraception · 2006 · vol. 73(6) , pp. 562–565 · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2006.01.016 · PMID:16730484 · W2069273324
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This review explores how cigarette smoke and its components may cause irregular menstrual bleeding in women, particularly those using oral contraceptives.

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Abstract

It is known that women who smoke cigarettes and use oral contraceptives are more likely to have breakthrough bleeding than women who do not smoke. In this article, we review possible mechanisms by which cigarette smoke and its constituents may contribute to irregular bleeding, highlight differences in the activities of nicotine and cigarette smoke, and postulate further studies in the area.

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License: CC0 · commercial use OK