Endometrial Stem Cells and Endometriosis

Access this chapter Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Similar content being viewed by others Abbreviations - ABCG2: - ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (Junior Blood Group) - BMDSC: - Bone marrow-derived stem cells - bmMSC: - Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell - CD: - Cluster of differentiation - c-KIT: - KIT proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase (CD117) - DNA: - Deoxyribonucleic acid - EGF: - Epidermal growth factor - eMSC: - Endometrial mesenchymal stem cell - E-MSC: - Endometrial mesenchymal stromal cells - EP: - Epithelial progenitor - epCAM: - Epithelial cell adhesion molecule - ER-alpha: - Estrogen receptor alpha - ER-beta: - Estrogen receptor beta - GCS-F: - Colony-stimulating factor - GnRH: - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone - GnRH-a: - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist - hES: - Human embryonic stem - hESC: - Human embryonic stem cell - HGF: - Hepatocyte growth factor - HLA-DR: - Human leukocyte antigen-DR isotype - HSC: - Hematopoietic stem cell - Huvec: - Human umbilical vein endothelial cells - MSC: - Mesenchymal stem cell - PDGF: - Platelet-derived growth factor - PDGFRB: - Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta - RAF1: - Raf-1 proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase - RNA: - Ribonucleic acid - mRNA: - Messenger ribonucleic acid - SOX9: - SRY-box transcription factor 9 - SP: - Side population - SSEA-1: - Stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 - SUSD2: - Sushi domain containing 2 (W5C5) - UPA: - Ulipristal acetate - VEGF: - Vascular endothelial growth factor - VEGF-R2: - Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 - VEGF-R3: - Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 References Chan RWS, Schwab KE, Gargett CE (2004) Clonogenicity of human endometrial epithelial and stromal cells. Biol Reprod 70:1738–1750. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.103.024109 Santamaria X, Mas A, Cervelló I, Taylor H, Simon C (2018) Uterine stem cells: from basic research to advanced cell therapies. Hum Reprod Update 24:673–693. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmy028 Benor A, Gay S, DeCherney A (2020) An update on stem cell therapy for Asherman syndrome. J Assist Reprod Genet 37:1511–1529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-020-01801-x Gargett CE, Nguyen HPT, Ye L (2012) Endometrial regeneration and endometrial stem/progenitor cells. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 13:235–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-012-9221-9 Gargett CE (2007) Uterine stem cells: what is the evidence? Hum Reprod Update 13:87–101. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dml045 Gargett CE, Schwab KE, Zillwood RM, Nguyen HPT, Wu D (2009) Isolation and culture of epithelial progenitors and mesenchymal stem cells from human endometrium. Biol Reprod 80:1136–1145. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.108.075226 Schwab KE, Chan RWS, Gargett CE (2005) Putative stem cell activity of human endometrial epithelial and stromal cells during the menstrual cycle. Fertil Steril 84(Suppl 2):1124–1130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.02.056 Valentijn AJ, Palial K, Al-Lamee H, Tempest N, Drury J, Von Zglinicki T, Saretzki G, Murray P, Gargett CE, Hapangama DK (2013) SSEA-1 isolates human endometrial basal glandular epithelial cells: phenotypic and functional characterization and implications in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Hum Reprod 28:2695–2708. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/det285 Wright AJ, Andrews PW (2009) Surface marker antigens in the characterization of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res 3:3–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scr.2009.04.001 Nguyen HPT, Xiao L, Deane JA, Tan K-S, Cousins FL, Masuda H, Sprung CN, Rosamilia A, Gargett CE (2017) N-cadherin identifies human endometrial epithelial progenitor cells by in vitro stem cell assays. Hum Reprod 32:2254–2268. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dex289 Crisan M, Yap S, Casteilla L, Chen C-W, Corselli M, Park TS, Andriolo G, Sun B, Zheng B, Zhang L, Norotte C, Teng P-N, Traas J, Schugar R, Deasy BM, Badylak S, Buhring H-J, Giacobino J-P, Lazzari L, Huard J, Péault B (2008) A perivascular origin for mesenchymal stem cells in multiple human organs. Cell Stem Cell 3:301–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2008.07.003 Schwab KE, Gargett CE (2007) Co-expression of two perivascular cell markers isolates mesenchymal stem-like cells from human endometrium. Hum Reprod 22:2903–2911. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dem265 Dominici M, Le Blanc K, Mueller I, Slaper-Cortenbach I, Marini F, Krause D, Deans R, Keating A, Prockop D, Horwitz E (2006) Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy 8:315–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/14653240600855905 Cervelló I, Gil-Sanchis C, Mas A, Delgado-Rosas F, Martínez-Conejero JA, Galán A, Martínez-Romero A, Martínez S, Navarro I, Ferro J, Horcajadas JA, Esteban FJ, O’Connor JE, Pellicer A, Simón C (2010) Human endometrial side population cells exhibit genotypic, phenotypic and functional features of somatic stem cells. PloS One 5:e10964. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010964 Miernik K, Karasinski J (2012) Porcine uterus contains a population of mesenchymal stem cells. Reproduction 143:203–209. https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-11-0202 Masuda H, Anwar SS, Bühring H-J, Rao JR, Gargett CE (2012) A novel marker of human endometrial mesenchymal stem-like cells. Cell Transplant 21:2201–2214. https://doi.org/10.3727/096368911X637362 Ulrich D, Tan KS, Deane J, Schwab K, Cheong A, Rosamilia A, Gargett CE (2014) Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells in post-menopausal endometrium. Hum Reprod 29:1895–1905. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deu159 Hematti P (2012) Mesenchymal stromal cells and fibroblasts: a case of mistaken identity? Cytotherapy 14:516–521. https://doi.org/10.3109/14653249.2012.677822 Bianco P, Cao X, Frenette PS, Mao JJ, Robey PG, Simmons PJ, Wang C-Y (2013) The meaning, the sense and the significance: translating the science of mesenchymal stem cells into medicine. Nat Med 19:35–42. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3028 Phinney DG, Sensebé L (2013) Mesenchymal stromal cells: misconceptions and evolving concepts. Cytotherapy 15:140–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2012.11.005 Sacchetti B, Funari A, Michienzi S, Di Cesare S, Piersanti S, Saggio I, Tagliafico E, Ferrari S, Robey PG, Riminucci M, Bianco P (2007) Self-renewing osteoprogenitors in bone marrow sinusoids can organize a hematopoietic microenvironment. Cell 131:324–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.08.025 Darzi S, Werkmeister JA, Deane JA, Gargett CE (2016) Identification and characterization of human endometrial mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and their potential for cellular therapy. Stem Cells Transl Med 5:1127–1132. https://doi.org/10.5966/sctm.2015-0190 Barragan F, Irwin JC, Balayan S, Erikson DW, Chen JC, Houshdaran S, Piltonen TT, Spitzer TLB, George A, Rabban JT, Nezhat C, Giudice LC (2016) Human endometrial fibroblasts derived from mesenchymal progenitors inherit progesterone resistance and acquire an inflammatory phenotype in the endometrial niche in endometriosis. Biol Reprod 94:118. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.115.136010 Challen GA, Little MH (2006) A side order of stem cells: the SP phenotype. Stem Cells 24:3–12. https://doi.org/10.1634/stemcells.2005-0116 Zhou S, Schuetz JD, Bunting KD, Colapietro AM, Sampath J, Morris JJ, Lagutina I, Grosveld GC, Osawa M, Nakauchi H, Sorrentino BP (2001) The ABC transporter Bcrp1/ABCG2 is expressed in a wide variety of stem cells and is a molecular determinant of the side-population phenotype. Nat Med 7:1028–1034. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0901-1028 Goodell MA, Rosenzweig M, Kim H, Marks DF, DeMaria M, Paradis G, Grupp SA, Sieff CA, Mulligan RC, Johnson RP (1997) Dye efflux studies suggest that hematopoietic stem cells expressing low or undetectable levels of CD34 antigen exist in multiple species. Nat Med 3:1337–1345. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1297-1337 Kato K, Yoshimoto M, Kato K, Adachi S, Yamayoshi A, Arima T, Asanoma K, Kyo S, Nakahata T, Wake N (2007) Characterization of side-population cells in human normal endometrium. Hum Reprod 22:1214–1223. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/del514 Masuda H, Matsuzaki Y, Hiratsu E, Ono M, Nagashima T, Kajitani T, Arase T, Oda H, Uchida H, Asada H, Ito M, Yoshimura Y, Maruyama T, Okano H (2010) Stem cell-like properties of the endometrial side population: implication in endometrial regeneration. PloS One 5:e10387. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010387 Miyazaki K, Maruyama T, Masuda H, Yamasaki A, Uchida S, Oda H, Uchida H, Yoshimura Y (2012) Stem cell-like differentiation potentials of endometrial side population cells as revealed by a newly developed in vivo endometrial stem cell assay. PloS One 7:e50749. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050749 Gurung S, Deane JA, Masuda H, Maruyama T, Gargett CE (2015) Stem cells in endometrial physiology. Semin Reprod Med 33:326–332. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1558405 Tsuji S, Yoshimoto M, Takahashi K, Noda Y, Nakahata T, Heike T (2008) Side population cells contribute to the genesis of human endometrium. Fertil Steril 90:1528–1537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.08.005 Critchley HO, Brenner RM, Henderson TA, Williams K, Nayak NR, Slayden OD, Millar MR, Saunders PT (2001) Estrogen receptor beta, but not estrogen receptor alpha, is present in the vascular endothelium of the human and nonhuman primate endometrium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1370–1378. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.3.7317 Sasson IE, Taylor HS (2008) Stem cells and the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1127:106–115. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1434.014 Seli E, Berkkanoglu M, Arici A (2003) Pathogenesis of endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 30:41–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8545(02)00052-9 Sampson JA (1927) Peritoneal endometriosis due to the menstrual dissemination of endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 14:422–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9378(15)30003-X Kruitwagen RFPM, Poels LG, Willemsen WNP, Jap PHK, Thomas CMG, Rolland R (1991) Retrograde seeding of endometrial epithelial cells by uterine-tubal flushing. Fertil Steril 56:414–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(16)54533-6 Vigano P, Somigliana E, Vignali M, Busacca M, Blasio AMD (2007) Genetics of endometriosis: current status and prospects. Front Biosci 12:3247–3255. https://doi.org/10.2741/2308 Christodoulakos G, Augoulea A, Lambrinoudaki I, Sioulas V, Creatsas G (2007) Pathogenesis of endometriosis: the role of defective “immunosurveillance.” Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care Off J Eur Soc Contracept 12:194–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/13625180701387266 Li X, Gong X, Zhu L, Leng J, Fan Q, Sun D, Lang J, Fan Y (2012) Stretch magnitude- and frequency-dependent cyclooxygenase 2 and prostaglandin E2 up-regulation in human endometrial stromal cells: possible implications in endometriosis. Exp Biol Med 237:1350–1358. https://doi.org/10.1258/ebm.2012.012060 Sha G, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Wan Y, Zhao Z, Li C, Lang J (2009) Elevated levels of gremlin-1 in eutopic endometrium and peripheral serum in patients with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 91:350–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.007 Signorile PG, Baldi A (2010) Endometriosis: new concepts in the pathogenesis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 42:778–780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2010.03.008 Ferguson BR, Bennington JL, Haber SL (1969) Histochemistry of mucosubstances and histology of mixed müllerian pelvic lymph node glandular inclusions. Evidence for histogenesis by müllerian metaplasia of coelomic epithelium. Obstet Gynecol 33:617–625 Matsuura K, Ohtake H, Katabuchi H, Okamura H (1999) Coelomic metaplasia theory of endometriosis: evidence from in vivo studies and an in vitro experimental model. Gynecol Obstet Invest 47(Suppl 1):18–20; discussion 20–22. https://doi.org/10.1159/000052855 Dimitrov R, Timeva T, Kyurkchiev D, Stamenova M, Shterev A, Kostova P, Zlatkov V, Kehayov I, Kyurkchiev S (2008) Characterization of clonogenic stromal cells isolated from human endometrium. Reproduction 135:551–558. https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-07-0428 Fraser IS (2008) Recognising, understanding and managing endometriosis. J Hum Reprod Sci 1:56–64 Leyendecker G, Herbertz M, Kunz G, Mall G (2002) Endometriosis results from the dislocation of basal endometrium. Hum Reprod 17:2725–2736. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/17.10.2725 Gargett CE, Schwab KE, Deane JA (2016) Endometrial stem/progenitor cells: the first 10 years. Hum Reprod Update 22:137–163. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmv051 Liu Y, Niu R, Yang F, Yan Y, Liang S, Sun Y, Shen P, Lin J (2018) Biological characteristics of human menstrual blood-derived endometrial stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 22:1627–1639. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.13437 Herington JL, Bruner-Tran KL, Lucas JA, Osteen KG (2011) Immune interactions in endometriosis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 7:611–626. https://doi.org/10.1586/eci.11.53 Liu Y, Zhang Z, Yang F, Wang H, Liang S, Wang H, Yang J, Lin J (2020) The role of endometrial stem cells in the pathogenesis of endometriosis and their application to its early diagnosis†. Biol Reprod 102:1153–1159. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioaa011 Laschke MW, Menger MD (2018) Basic mechanisms of vascularization in endometriosis and their clinical implications. Hum Reprod Update 24:207–224. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmy001 Rakhila H, Al-Akoum M, Bergeron M-E, Leboeuf M, Lemyre M, Akoum A, Pouliot M (2016) Promotion of angiogenesis and proliferation cytokines patterns in peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis. J Reprod Immunol 116:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2016.01.005 Izumi G, Koga K, Takamura M, Makabe T, Satake E, Takeuchi A, Taguchi A, Urata Y, Fujii T, Osuga Y (2018) Involvement of immune cells in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 44:191–198. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.13559 Ulrich D, Muralitharan R, Gargett CE (2013) Toward the use of endometrial and menstrual blood mesenchymal stem cells for cell-based therapies. Expert Opin Biol Ther 13:1387–1400. https://doi.org/10.1517/14712598.2013.826187 Moggio A, Pittatore G, Cassoni P, Marchino GL, Revelli A, Bussolati B (2012) Sorafenib inhibits growth, migration, and angiogenic potential of ectopic endometrial mesenchymal stem cells derived from patients with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 98:1521-1530.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.08.003 Canosa S, Moggio A, Brossa A, Pittatore G, Marchino GL, Leoncini S, Benedetto C, Revelli A, Bussolati B (2017) Angiogenic properties of endometrial mesenchymal stromal cells in endothelial co-culture: an in vitro model of endometriosis. Mol Hum Reprod 23:187–198. https://doi.org/10.1093/molehr/gax006 Kao A-P, Wang K-H, Chang C-C, Lee J-N, Long C-Y, Chen H-S, Tsai C-F, Hsieh T-H, Tsai E-M (2011) Comparative study of human eutopic and ectopic endometrial mesenchymal stem cells and the development of an in vivo endometriotic invasion model. Fertil Steril 95:1308-1315.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.09.064 Olive DL, Pritts EA (2001) Treatment of endometriosis. N Engl J Med 345:266–275. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200107263450407 Lessey BA (2000) Medical management of endometriosis and infertility. Fertil Steril 73:1089–1096. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(00)00519-7 Valle RF, Sciarra JJ (2003) Endometriosis: treatment strategies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 997:229–239. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1290.026 Kennedy S, Bergqvist A, Chapron C, D’Hooghe T, Dunselman G, Greb R, Hummelshoj L, Prentice A, Saridogan E, ESHRE Special Interest Group for Endometriosis and Endometrium Guideline Development Group (2005) ESHRE guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis. Hum Reprod 20:2698–2704. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dei135 Waller KG, Shaw RW (1993) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues for the treatment of endometriosis: long-term follow-up. Fertil Steril 59:511–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(16)55791-4 Revelli A, Modotti M, Ansaldi C, Massobrio M (1995) Recurrent endometriosis: a review of biological and clinical aspects. Obstet Gynecol Surv 50:747–754. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006254-199510000-00022 Yao Z, Shen X, Capodanno I, Donnelly M, Fenyk-Melody J, Hausamann J, Nunes C, Strauss J, Vakerich K (2005) Validation of rat endometriosis model by using raloxifene as a positive control for the evaluation of novel SERM compounds. J Investig Surg Off J Acad Surg Res 18:177–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941930591004412 Kulak J, Fischer C, Komm B, Taylor HS (2011) Treatment with Bazedoxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, causes regression of endometriosis in a mouse model. Endocrinology 152:3226–3232. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2010-1010 Naqvi H, Sakr S, Presti T, Krikun G, Komm B, Taylor HS (2014) Treatment with bazedoxifene and conjugated estrogens results in regression of endometriosis in a murine model. Biol Reprod 90:121. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.113.114165 Huniadi CA, Pop OL, Antal TA, Stamatian F (2013) The effects of ulipristal on Bax/Bcl-2, cytochrome c, Ki-67 and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in a rat model with surgically induced endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 169:360–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.03.022 Liang B, Wu L, Xu H, Cheung CW, Fung WY, Wong SW, Wang CC (2018) Efficacy, safety and recurrence of new progestins and selective progesterone receptor modulator for the treatment of endometriosis: a comparison study in mice. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 16:32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-018-0347-9 Kettel LM, Murphy AA, Morales AJ, Ulmann A, Baulieu EE, Yen SS (1996) Treatment of endometriosis with the antiprogesterone mifepristone (RU486). Fertil Steril 65:23–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(16)58022-4 Mei L, Bao J, Tang L, Zhang C, Wang H, Sun L, Ma G, Huang L, Yang J, Zhang L, Liu K, Song C, Sun H (2010) A novel mifepristone-loaded implant for long-term treatment of endometriosis: in vitro and in vivo studies. Eur J Pharm Sci Off J Eur Fed Pharm Sci 39:421–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2010.01.012 Pittatore G, Moggio A, Benedetto C, Bussolati B, Revelli A (2014) Endometrial adult/progenitor stem cells: pathogenetic theory and new antiangiogenic approach for endometriosis therapy. Reprod Sci 21:296–304. https://doi.org/10.1177/1933719113503405 Laschke MW, Menger MD (2007) In vitro and in vivo approaches to study angiogenesis in the pathophysiology and therapy of endometriosis. Hum Reprod Update 13:331–342. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmm006 Taylor RN, Yu J, Torres PB, Schickedanz AC, Park JK, Mueller MD, Sidell N (2009) Mechanistic and therapeutic implications of angiogenesis in endometriosis. Reprod Sci 16:140–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/1933719108324893 Hull ML, Charnock-Jones DS, Chan CLK, Bruner-Tran KL, Osteen KG, Tom BDM, Fan T-PD, Smith SK (2003) Antiangiogenic agents are effective inhibitors of endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:2889–2899. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021912 Nap AW, Griffioen AW, Dunselman GAJ, Bouma-Ter Steege JCA, Thijssen VLJL, Evers JLH, Groothuis PG (2004) Antiangiogenesis therapy for endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:1089–1095. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-031406 Van Langendonckt A, Donnez J, Defrère S, Dunselman GAJ, Groothuis PG (2008) Antiangiogenic and vascular-disrupting agents in endometriosis: pitfalls and promises. Mol Hum Reprod 14:259–268. https://doi.org/10.1093/molehr/gan019 Soares SR, Martínez-Varea A, Hidalgo-Mora JJ, Pellicer A (2012) Pharmacologic therapies in endometriosis: a systematic review. Fertil Steril 98:529–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.07.1120 Ornek T, Fadiel A, Tan O, Naftolin F, Arici A (2008) Regulation and activation of ezrin protein in endometriosis. Hum Reprod 23:2104–2112. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/den215 Dabrosin C, Gyorffy S, Margetts P, Ross C, Gauldie J (2002) Therapeutic effect of angiostatin gene transfer in a murine model of endometriosis. Am J Pathol 161:909–918. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64251-4 Laschke MW, Elitzsch A, Vollmar B, Vajkoczy P, Menger MD (2006) Combined inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor, but not inhibition of VEGF alone, effectively suppresses angiogenesis and vessel maturation in endometriotic lesions. Hum Reprod 21:262–268. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dei308 Ricci AG, Olivares CN, Bilotas MA, Meresman GF, Barañao RI (2011) Effect of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition on endometrial implant development in a murine model of endometriosis. Reprod Sci 18:614–622. https://doi.org/10.1177/1933719110395406 Ozer H, Boztosun A, Açmaz G, Atilgan R, Akkar OB, Kosar MI (2013) The efficacy of bevacizumab, sorafenib, and retinoic acid on rat endometriosis model. Reprod Sci 20:26–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/1933719112452941 Novella-Maestre E, Carda C, Noguera I, Ruiz-Saurí A, García-Velasco JA, Simón C, Pellicer A (2009) Dopamine agonist administration causes a reduction in endometrial implants through modulation of angiogenesis in experimentally induced endometriosis. Hum Reprod 24:1025–1035. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/den499 Novella-Maestre E, Carda C, Ruiz-Sauri A, Garcia-Velasco JA, Simon C, Pellicer A (2010) Identification and quantification of dopamine receptor 2 in human eutopic and ectopic endometrium: a novel molecular target for endometriosis therapy. Biol Reprod 83:866–873. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.110.084392 Li W-N, Wu M-H, Tsai S-J (2021) HYPOXIA AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH: the role of hypoxia in the development and progression of endometriosis. Reproduction 161:F19–F31. https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-20-0267 Xiong W, Zhang L, Xiong Y, Liu H, Liu Y (2016) hypoxia promotes invasion of endometrial stromal cells via hypoxia-inducible factor 1α upregulation-mediated β-catenin activation in endometriosis. Reprod Sci 23:531–541. https://doi.org/10.1177/1933719115607999 Xiong Y, Liu Y, Xiong W, Zhang L, Liu H, Du Y, Li N (2016) Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of endometrial epithelial cells may contribute to the development of endometriosis. Hum Reprod 31:1327–1338. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dew081 Liu H, Zhang Z, Xiong W, Zhang L, Xiong Y, Li N, He H, Du Y, Liu Y (2017) Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α promotes endometrial stromal cells migration and invasion by upregulating autophagy in endometriosis. Reproduction 153:809–820. https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-16-0643 Author information Authors and Affiliations Corresponding author Editor information Editors and Affiliations Rights and permissions Copyright information © 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG About this chapter Cite this chapter Canosa, S., Carosso, A.R., Sestero, M., Revelli, A., Bussolati, B. (2022). Endometrial Stem Cells and Endometriosis. In: Virant-Klun, I. (eds) Stem Cells in Reproductive Tissues and Organs. Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, vol 70. Humana, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90111-0_8 Download citation DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90111-0_8 Published: Publisher Name: Humana, Cham Print ISBN: 978-3-030-90110-3 Online ISBN: 978-3-030-90111-0 eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)