Effect of Phaleria macrocarpa Extract on NF-KB, MMP-2, and MMP-9 Expression in Endometriosis Mice Model

Annissa Febriani, Sutrisno Sutrisno, Yahya Irwanto, Irfani Baihaqi, I Wayan Arsana Wıyasa, Bambang Tri Rahardjo
In: Asian Journal of Health Research · 2022 · vol. 1(3) · doi:10.55561/ajhr.v1i3.35 · W4310168478
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⚙ AI-generated summary by gemini-2.5-flash-lite, 2026-06-07 ⓘ

Phaleria macrocarpa extract reduced NF-kB, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression in a mouse model of endometriosis, with higher doses showing greater reduction.

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⚙ AI-generated deep summary by claude@2026-06, 2026-06-07 · read from full text ⓘ

This paper investigated whether flavonoid extracts from Phaleria macrocarpa fruit affect NF-κB and matrix metalloproteinase expression (MMP-2 and MMP-9) in a Mus musculus endometriosis model using a randomized post-test-only design with six mouse groups, including negative and positive controls and four extract dose groups. NF-κB, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression were measured by immunohistochemistry, quantified with ImageJ, and analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The authors found that Phaleria macrocarpa extract reduced NF-κB, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression, with higher doses showing greater decreases. The paper does not explicitly state limitations such as sample size or the nature of the endometriosis induction in the model text provided. This paper is centrally about endometriosis—testing how Phaleria macrocarpa extract modulates NF-κB and MMP-2/MMP-9 expression in an endometriosis mouse model.

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Abstract

Introduction: Endometriosis is the most common disease that affects the reproductive health and function of women of reproductive age. Treatment for endometriosis includes surgery and medication. Phaleria macrocarpa is a plant native to Indonesia that contains bioactive fractions known to have antiproliferative and apoptotic effects. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of Phaleria macrocarpa extract on matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and NF-KB expression in the endometriosis mice model (Mus musculus). Methods: This study used a Randomized Post-Test Only with Control Group Design. Involves six groups, namely a negative control group (healthy mice without flavonoids from Phaleria macrocarpa fruit extract), a positive control group (an endometriosis model without being given flavonoids from Phaleria macrocarpa fruit extract), and a treatment group, namely a group given four different doses of flavonoids from Phaleria macrocarpa fruit extract: 3.75 milligrams per day, 7.5 milligrams per day, 11.25 milligrams per day and 15 milligrams per day. expressions of NF-KB, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were seen using Immunohistochemistry staining and observed under a microscope with 40x magnification. The data collection used an immunoratio technique with ImageJ analysis software. Furthermore, data analysis using the one-way ANOVA method. Results: In this study, the treatment group with four different doses of Phaleria macrocarpa extract could reduce the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and NF-KB. Groups with higher doses of Phaleria macrocarpa extract showed lessen of MMP-2, MMP-9, and NF-KB expression. Conclusion: In the endometriosis mice model, Phaleria macrocarpa fruit can reduce NF-KB, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression.
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Keywords

Endometriosis, NF-KB, MMP-2, MMP-9, Phaleria macrocarpaAbstract

Introduction

Endometriosis is the most common disease that affects the reproductive health and function of women of reproductive age. Treatment for endometriosis includes surgery and medication. Phaleria macrocarpa is a plant native to Indonesia that contains bioactive fractions known to have antiproliferative and apoptotic effects. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of Phaleria macrocarpa extract on matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and NF-KB expression in the endometriosis mice model (Mus musculus).

Methods

This study used a Randomized Post-Test Only with Control Group Design. Involves six groups, namely a negative control group (healthy mice without flavonoids from Phaleria macrocarpa fruit extract), a positive control group (an endometriosis model without being given flavonoids from Phaleria macrocarpa fruit extract), and a treatment group, namely a group given four different doses of flavonoids from Phaleria macrocarpa fruit extract: 3.75 milligrams per day, 7.5 milligrams per day, 11.25 milligrams per day and 15 milligrams per day. expressions of NF-KB, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were seen using Immunohistochemistry staining and observed under a microscope with 40x magnification. The data collection used an immunoratio technique with ImageJ analysis software. Furthermore, data analysis using the one-way ANOVA method.

Results

In this study, the treatment group with four different doses of Phaleria macrocarpa extract could reduce the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and NF-KB. Groups with higher doses of Phaleria macrocarpa extract showed lessen of MMP-2, MMP-9, and NF-KB expression.

Conclusion

In the endometriosis mice model, Phaleria macrocarpa fruit can reduce NF-KB, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression. Downloads Published Issue Section License Copyright (c) 2022 Annissa Febriani, Sutrisno Sutrisno, Yahya Irwanto, Irfani Baihaqi, I Wayan Arsana Wiyasa, Bambang Rahardjo This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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Condition tags

endometriosis

Citation neighborhood

Papers in the corpus that this work cites (lower rings, blue) and that cite this one (upper rings, green). Dot size scales with the paper's in-corpus citation count — bigger dot = more influential within the endo/adeno field. Click a dot to open that paper. [ expand to 2 hops ] — adds papers reached through this work's immediate citers/citees. Heavier; up to 60 extra dots.

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