SMOC2 high myofibroblastic cancer-associated fibroblast drives primary cilia-associated tumor microenvironment remodeling and poor prognosis in gastric cancer.
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This gastric cancer study identifies SMOC2-high myofibroblastic cancer-associated fibroblasts as drivers of primary cilia-associated tumor microenvironment remodeling and poor prognosis, offering a potential therapeutic target distinct from endometriosis or adenomyosis research.
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The provided text consists entirely of a reference list and does not contain the main body of the research article titled "SMOC2 high myofibroblastic cancer-associated fibroblast drives primary cilia-associated tumor microenvironment remodeling and poor prognosis in gastric cancer." Consequently, it is impossible to summarize the study's specific methods, population, or key findings as no experimental data or narrative description is included in the input. The references indicate that the actual paper likely investigates the role of SMOC2-expressing fibroblasts and primary cilia in gastric cancer progression, drawing on literature regarding cancer-associated fibroblasts, Hedgehog signaling, and ciliary function in various malignancies. The paper does not explicitly discuss endometriosis or adenomyosis; it was included in the corpus via a keyword match in the upstream search index.
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Abstract
ObjectiveAdvanced gastric cancer remains highly refractory to therapy, with limited immunotherapy efficacy due to tumor microenvironment heterogeneity. Primary cilia, microtubule-based organelles involved in tumor progression, remain insufficiently explored in gastric cancer. This study aimed to define primary cilia subtypes and establish prognostic signatures for personalized treatment strategies.MethodsBulk transcriptomic data from over 1,500 gastric cancer samples were integrated to define distinct primary cilia subtypes. A primary ciliary phenotype-associated signature (PCS) was established using a multi-machine learning survival framework incorporating ten algorithms. The prognostic predictive value and immunotherapy response prediction capability of PCS were validated across multiple independent cohorts. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis was performed to identify cellular populations associated with high-PCS phenotype. Causal weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was employed to identify driving factors, followed by functional validation through cell culture experiments and xenograft models.ResultsTwo distinct primary cilia subtypes were identified and validated across all cohorts, with C2 patients exhibiting significantly worse overall survival compared to C1 patients. PCS demonstrated robust predictive value for both prognosis and immunotherapy response, with superior accuracy compared to existing models across multiple validation cohorts. High-PCS patients showed reduced tumor purity, increased stromal cell infiltration, and poor response to immunotherapy. Single-cell analysis revealed that fibroblasts had the highest PCS scores and identified a novel secreted modular calcium-binding protein 2 (SMOC2)high myofibroblastic cancer-associated fibroblast (mCAF) population as the key driver of high-PCS phenotype. Functional experiments confirmed that SMOC2 knockdown significantly suppressed gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while promoting mCAF-to-inflammatory cancer-associated fibroblasts (iCAF) transition.ConclusionsPCS serves as a robust prognostic biomarker for gastric cancer patients. Additionally, targeting SMOC2 high mCAFs represents a potential therapeutic strategy for patients with high-PCS gastric cancer.
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