Her, His, and Their Journey with Endometriosis: A Qualitative Study

Her, His, and Their Journey with Endometriosis: A Qualitative Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Her, His, and Their Journey with Endometriosis: A Qualitative Study Shiri Shinan-Altman, Aya Wertheimer, Bat-El Frankel, Yaira Hamama-Raz This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3135952/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Endometriosis, impacting roughly 10% of reproductive-age women and girls globally, presents diagnostic challenges that can cause significant delays between symptom onset and medical confirmation. The aim of the current study was to explore the experience of women with endometriosis as well as that of their partners, from pre-diagnosis to diagnosis to post-diagnosis. Methods In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 couples coping with endometriosis. Each partner was interviewed separately, and each interview was analyzed both individually and as part of a dyad, using the dyadic interview analysis method. Results Three main themes emerged: (i) “ Relationship in the shadow of uncertainty ” : Coping with health symptoms prior to the formal endometriosis diagnosis; (ii) Coping together or alone when receiving the endometriosis diagnosis; and (iii) "The day after the diagnosis”: Moving between adversity and growth. Conclusions The study's findings emphasize the importance of viewing the diagnosis from a dyadic perspective and comprehensively – that is, from pre-diagnosis to accepting the formal diagnosis to post-diagnosis. This journey can have a profound impact on both couple members, affecting their day-to-day functioning, communication, emotional and physical intimacy, and fertility. endometriosis coping qualitative method dyadic interview analysis Introduction Endometriosis is a disease in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus [ 1 ]. It affects roughly 10% (190 million) of reproductive-age women and girls globally and can cause infertility [ 2 ]. According to the WHO [ 1 ], endometriosis symptoms include a combination of painful menstrual periods, chronic pelvic pain, pain during and/or after sexual intercourse, painful bowel movements, painful urination, fatigue, depression or anxiety, abdominal bloating, and nausea. Given the variability and broad symptoms involved, endometriosis is not easily diagnosed by healthcare workers, potentially causing a lengthy delay between symptom onset and diagnosis [ 3 ]. Diagnosis can take seven years on average after symptom onset [ 4 ] but ranges from four to 11 years [ 5 ], suggesting a major impact on women’s psychological well-being both before diagnosis and after [ 6 ]. Indeed, a recent meta-ethnography in which the illness experience of endometriosis patients across the globe was investigated stressed the negative impact of this disease on many aspects of life [ 7 ]. Specifically, the authors found that women with endometriosis encountered a multitude of problems including infertility, difficulty in maintaining intimate relationships (both emotional and physical) with their partners, psychological distress, negative emotions that could lead to suicidal ideation, low sense of self, low productivity at work, increased absenteeism, poor academic performance, social isolation, and low quality of life [ 7 ]. In addition to endometriosis’s impact on the woman’s life, it also has an impact on the woman’s partner’s life. The negative emotions that have been reported among patients’ partners include depression, anxiety, helplessness, frustration, worry, and anger [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Additionally, partners of women with endometriosis have reported negative effects on their sex life (i.e., lack of communication about sexuality, sexual dysfunction, avoidance of sexual intercourse), intimacy, and the couple’s relationship [ 11 , 12 ]. Moreover, as endometriosis is a shared experience within the couple [ 13 ], several researchers have explored dyadic relations and marital satisfaction in the context of endometriosis [ 12 , 14 , 15 ]. For example, Facchin and colleagues [ 14 ] revealed that women who perceived their partner as being more interested and actively involved in the management of their endometriosis (for instance by accompanying them to medical visits) reported greater relational satisfaction and better dyadic coping. Although it seems clear that endometriosis is a physically and mentally debilitating disease, with high emotional costs for both patients and partners [ 15 ], less is known about patients’ and partners’ pre-diagnosis experience, and whether the pre-diagnosis period impacts the acceptance of the diagnosis as well as the post–diagnosis period. Thus, in the current study we sought to explore the experience of patients and their partners over the course of their endometriosis “journey” – from pre-diagnosis to receipt of the diagnosis to post-diagnosis management. Gaining a deeper understanding of the experiences of both couple members will provide professionals in the field with knowledge regarding the design of suitable interventions addressing both patients’ and partners' needs. Method In this study we used a qualitative-phenomenological approach [ 16 ], exploring participants’ experiences with endometriosis so as to understand the phenomenon. This approach allows researchers to gain a rich understanding of the interviewees and uncover meaningful insights about the complex phenomenon under study [ 17 ]. Sample Purposive sampling [ 18 ] was used, and the inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) having received a diagnosis of endometriosis at least nine months prior to the study, 2) being aged 18 and above, and 3) being in a heterosexual cohabiting relationship for at least one year. Given the dyadic nature of the study, both partners were asked for consent to participate. The sample included 10 dyads (20 participants) aged 21–45 (men aged 21–39; women aged 22–45). Five couples were married, and two of them also had children. Years of education for all participants ranged between 12–20. Time elapsed since the endometriosis diagnosis ranged from 9 months to 17 years. Three couples were in a cohabiting relationship only post-diagnosis (for more details see Table 1 ). Table 1 Demographic characteristics of participants (n = 20) Dyad number Names Gender Age Years of education Marital status Number of children Time since diagnosis Other chronic disease 1 Gili Female 32 18 Not married 0 9 months Diabetes, psoriasis Tom Male 28 15 - - 2 Jenny Female 45 16 Married 2 17 years Fibromyalgia, allergy Jacob Male 39 17 3 Mili Female 22 13 Not married 0 2 years Insomnia Robert Male 21 12 - - 4 Lili Female 31 15 Married 0 3 months - Ron Male 32 17 - - 5 Su Female 23 15 Not married 0 3 years Polycystic ovaries, arthritis, adenomyosis Jack Male 25 12 - - 6 Amy Female 23 12 Not married 0 1 year Fibromyalgia Dan Male 22 12 - - 7 Dorin Female 27 15 Married 0 1.5 years - Moshe Male 27 15 - - 8 Mika Female 28 12 Not married 0 3 years Irritable bowel syndrome Ben Male 28 12 9 Rivi Female 37 15 Married 7 3 years - Yuval Male 39 15 - - 10 Maya Female 34 18 Married 0 1 year - Eran Male 37 20 - **Table 1 about here** Procedure After obtaining approval from the Ethics Committee (Authorization No. 072202), participants were recruited from August-October 2022 through the Endo Israel Community Association, which advertised the study on its Facebook and Instagram pages. Because the data was collected via social networks, we could not assess the response rate. The interviews were conducted by five female interviewers, four of whom had themselves been diagnosed with endometriosis and who served as members of the Endo Israel Community Association (the first author was the fifth interviewer). All interviewers had prior training in qualitative interviewing including the conducting of mock interviews prior to the start of this study. Ongoing supervision and mentoring regarding interviewing style were provided by S.S.A., a social worker with extensive experience in qualitative research. The interviewers contacted each patient and partner by phone to explain the study's aims and procedure. Once both partners agreed to participate, the interviewers scheduled a separate interview with each one. The same interviewer interviewed both members of each couple. For ethical reasons, each participant received information regarding the purpose of the study and signed a letter of consent that included an explanation stating that data would be used for research purposes only and that confidentiality would be preserved by changing identifying details. Participants were informed they could withdraw from the study at any time and could refuse to answer any question. None of the participants dropped out. No incentives were offered. Each interview was conducted via Zoom and lasted 60–90 minutes. Each partner was interviewed separately, and each interview was analyzed individually and as part of a dyad. The interviews were conducted in Hebrew, recorded, and then translated into English. Each translation was reviewed by two native speakers, including a professional translator. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was achieved, meaning that additional interviews no longer produced new material for analysis [ 17 ]. Research tools and instruments The study's qualitative data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews [ 19 ]. The research team opted for interviews as the primary method to explore and understand participants' experiences (see Appendix 1 and Appendix 2). The interviews followed a flexible guide that included significant key areas to facilitate a dialogue between the interviewer and the interviewee and enable meaningful self-expression [ 17 ]. Data analysis The dyadic interview analysis method [ 20 ] was used to analyze the data. This method involves following the initial steps of qualitative interview analysis, such as reading and re-reading the interviews, making notes, and coding the data to identify units of meaning and their corresponding titles. This process was repeated for each partner's interview, and all 20 interviews were analyzed. The analysis focused on the endometriosis diagnosis journey, resulting in three themes. The analysis was conducted on both individual and dyadic levels to examine the data from different perspectives [ 21 ]. At the individual level , each partner's quotes were analyzed in an in-depth fashion, with content, structure, linguistics, grammar, and metaphors being taken into consideration [ 22 ]. This process involves deriving interpretations directly from the data. The same analysis was conducted for quotes from the other partner. At the dyadic level , the focus was on examining the contrasts and overlaps between the partners' quotes. Doing so involved exploring the text and subtext, as well as the partners' descriptions and interpretations within each theme and sub-theme [ 20 ]. The themes were identified on the basis of the content and structure of the quotes specifically related to the endometriosis diagnosis. To ensure the trustworthiness of the study findings, the researchers employed multiple methods. These included verbatim transcription of interview data, conducting in-depth interviews for a comprehensive understanding of participants' experiences, and adhering to credibility criteria (i.e., presenting data in a dense and detailed manner). Triangulation through the use of two different sources of interviews and dyadic analysis further enhanced the trustworthiness of the data [ 23 ]. Results The qualitative analysis of the interviews yielded three main themes. Theme 1: “Relationship in the shadow of uncertainty”: Coping with health symptoms prior to the formal endometriosis diagnosis The couples talked about a joint coping journey that started pre-diagnosis. This period was marked by an arduous quest for answers, as the disease’s symptoms were taking a severe toll on the women's physical and emotional well-being. All of the women talked about the physical discomfort they had experienced in various regions of their bodies, to the extent that it hindered their daily functioning. Furthermore, the women, along with their partners, expressed a great deal of unease over the ambiguity and meaning of these symptoms. During this difficult period, the women in four couples began to distance themselves from their partners. The partners responded with understanding, recognizing the women's need for space and time to process their emotions. Despite the temporary distance between them, the partners remained committed to supporting each other. Rivi Yuval “After giving birth, my body changed drastically. My periods became excruciatingly painful, and I experienced constant pain throughout my body. It was debilitating, and I couldn't even get out of bed in the morning. I felt confused and lost, not knowing what was happening to me. I spent a lot of time searching online for answers and trying to make sense of it all. During this period, I became so absorbed in my own struggles that I became disconnected from Yuval and the world around me.” “It took us a long time, about a year, to realize it was endometriosis. We, including the doctors, were confused. Seeing her in pain was tough, so I gave her space, as she needed it from me and the children.” The individual experience (as opposed to the dyadic experience) during the pre-diagnosis period was reflected in five of the women preferring to handle their emotions and cope with the situation alone, rather than burdening their partners: They often chose to undergo medical tests on their own and refrained from sharing their emotional struggles with their significant others. Five male partners discussed the dilemma regarding the emotional distance that was created between them as a result: They expressed their wish to support their female partners and be part of the process but also acknowledged their partners' need for space. Despite the emotional difficulty and their limited understanding of the situation, given the female nature of the as-yet undiagnosed disease, five partners emphasized that they would have preferred to be involved in the process. Mika Ben “During this period I preferred to be alone.. I didn't share with Ben what I was going through. ..I went to the doctors alone, cried alone.. I felt that it was mine and that no one could understand me. I think in retrospect that it must have been difficult for him (Ben) but honestly I was concentrating on myself.” “She was very aggressive in the period before the diagnosis, really attacking me verbally and I get defensive in such situations... It's not that we didn't love each other during that time but we were distant from each other... mainly because of her... She preferred to be alone and I respected that even though I wanted to be there for her more... I think it's also because she thought I couldn't understand her, after all the symptoms she was experiencing were female-related” The “we” of the experience even in the pre-diagnosis phase was expressed among five dyads who described that due to how significantly the disease was impacting the women’s functioning, the couple together tried to find a name for it (i.e., a diagnosis), on the basis of the women’s physical and emotional symptoms. One of the most prominent features during this period was running from doctor to doctor together, a feeling of uncertainty, and a lack of control in the face of various proposed diagnoses, some of which in retrospect were wrong and only led to more frustration. The couples described a common experience around the search for a diagnosis; both the women and their partners described a shared marital experience. Gili Tom “We went to see gastroenterologists and a few gynecologists to figure out what was wrong. They didn't think it was endometriosis, but then we learned about doctors on Facebook who specialized in this area and could diagnose it. We felt lost and helpless during this time, like we were losing control. Finally, when we discovered that it was endometriosis, it brought us a sense of relief as a couple. It gave us an anchor in the storm and a name for what we were facing.” "It was a turbulent time for us as a couple as well, we really suffered... and I can say it was hard for me to see her like this... a year of pain until we received the diagnosis … a disease with an actual name, endometriosis. She, me, and us as a couple had some relief…but up until the diagnosis, our relationship was living in the shadow of uncertainty.” Lili and Ron also described a joint couple experience on the way to receiving a diagnosis. Their shared experience could be described as "we’re in it together for better and worse." Their relationship experience during this period of uncertainty was enveloped in mutual loyalty and commitment. Lili Ron “Ron has been my rock throughout this journey. He's been there for every doctor's visit and examination, supporting me every step of the way. When I received the diagnosis, he showed a vulnerable side, shedding tears and worrying about my health. It strengthened our bond, and I realized that he's there for me no matter what.” "She felt pain, severe pain in the pelvic area ... We ran straight to the hospital for all kinds of tests, until one of the doctors diagnosed it as endometriosis.. we were together the whole time.. loyal and committed to each other.. After we realized that it was a disease, Lili was able to explain to me more about what she was going through." Before receiving the diagnosis, six women experienced internal conflict. They wanted to understand whether there was a name for their physical symptoms and whether it was recognized in the medical literature. They felt frustrated and confused that their symptoms did not seem to be taken seriously by healthcare providers or society. However, they also feared the potential consequences of receiving a diagnosis and worried about how it might impact their lives. This inner turmoil caused them to feel guilty for not facing the situation and not allowing their partners to be more involved. The partners, on the other hand, were simply “hungry” for information; they wished to fully comprehend their partner's health status, educating themselves about the disease they were facing. Maya Eran “The uncertainty of whether to seek a diagnosis or not felt like walking on a tightrope. There was fear that naming the condition would have consequences, and maybe it would be a serious illness. But then I thought about my partner and it didn’t seem fair that he had to experience the symptoms while I avoided knowing what they meant. This struggle between getting a diagnosis or not caused me confusion, anger, and self-blame.” “I'm a rational type... looking for a logical explanation for everything... reading, studying... that's why I wanted to know what she had... what it was called, what the diagnosis was... not only for myself of course but also for her... with a diagnosis you can know what it’s about and start acting accordingly...I know she had a hard time making a decision about this [receiving a diagnosis].” Theme 2: Coping together or alone when receiving the endometriosis diagnosis This theme pertains to the experience of receiving an endometriosis diagnosis after a prolonged period of waiting. Six women were with their partners when they received the diagnosis, and four women were not in a relationship at the time of the diagnosis. Therefore, the latter group of women had to break the news about the disease to their partners (i.e., when they entered these relationships). The couples who were together described a common experience of relief upon receiving the diagnosis and the mutual support made possible by the partner’s presence (i.e., he too could hear what the doctor had to say about the disease). Even though endometriosis is a “female disease,” it also directly affects the partner in various ways, thus making the partner’s presence meaningful. Lili Ron “After the doctor gave it a name, we both sat down and began to understand.. we asked questions, we were interested, and the doctor allowed us to ask everything.. it was so meaningful for us, a certain relief.. we were even able to see a light at the end of the tunnel because we understood from the doctor how to deal with various challenges…for example, sex... we understood that the disease is for life, a chronic disease, but there is a lot that we can do about it...” “We also started asking a lot of questions while he was explaining things to us. I'm a very technical person, so when I don't know something, I deeply analyze it. So, I asked the doctor, 'On a scale from one to ten, how bad is it? What are the dangers, on a scale from one and ten?' without too much emotion. I asked him to explain how we should deal with various challenges.. I was a participant in the conversation and it was meaningful for me.” For four couples, receiving the diagnosis was accompanied by feelings of stress and fear. They struggled between hiding their feelings, in order to appear strong in the face of this new information, and revealing their true feelings/fear. Dorin Moshe “When we left the doctor after the diagnosis Moshe told me that it didn’t matter what he felt; only what I felt… and we went down the stairs and I really cried.. I was afraid of what I would have to face now that we knew what it was and maybe it wasn’t good that I was crying like that.. maybe it was better to look strong, for me but also for him.” “When we were sitting in the doctor's office I felt pain, maybe because we had waited so long to understand what she had... it was an emotional pain, maybe it was a reaction to Dorin's physical pain, her suffering and what she went through to finally understand what she had... the doctor was very attentive. He was also sensitive to me and to my questions.” Other couples talked about being together but feeling apart when they received the news. Physically they were both present in the doctor’s office, but emotionally/psychologically each was present in the situation mainly with himself/herself. Mika Ben “I felt terribly alone... I realized that only I could really help myself, and that I couldn’t expect anything from anyone, and that I would have to take responsibility for myself…I mean, I was happy that he [Ben] was sitting next to me and listening to the doctor, but in my feelings, I was alone... me and the disease.” “The doctor spoke, and I felt pressure, I didn't know what would happen, how she would manage with it, how I would manage with it, how we would manage with it together... I was thinking about her, about me, about us...however, the truth is that I didn't feel comfortable revealing my feelings, I'm not used to talking about feelings, I usually hide them.” Among three dyads, the women received the diagnosis before being in a cohabiting relationship, and therefore they were the ones who actually informed their partners about their disease. The delivery of this news was more complex for these women than the others, as they were concerned that the partner would fear or be alarmed by the disease and its implications for their relationship. Among these unmarried couples there was a gap between the woman's fear of telling her partner about the disease and the partner’s desire to support and help his partner. Mili Robert “I was afraid to tell him that I had endometriosis. To be in the situation of having to ‘spread the word.’ For me it meant actually being in this situation for the second time, only now I was the messenger. And if he panicked? And if he ran away? I had many fears but somewhere or other I had enough confidence in our relationship that he would understand.” “I was somewhat prepared for it because I knew she had female-related health issues. When she told me her diagnosis, I hugged her. I won't deny that I had some worries and occasional fears, but I'm here for her. I reassured her that I would be by her side, and I wouldn’t ever leave her because of the disease.” Theme 3 : “The day after the diagnosis” : Moving between adversity and growth After the endometriosis diagnosis, both partners experienced relief at finally understanding the cause of the women’s suffer. The women were pleased to learn they could receive treatment that would help reduce their symptoms, improving their quality of life and their ability to engage in sexual activity. Five partners also talked about feeling relieved that their female partner's condition was finally being addressed, and they felt more confident about providing support and care for her. Maya Eran “The day after the diagnosis was a relief for both of us. It helped us understand what was happening to me and how it was impacting our relationship. It felt like finding a path forward because we discovered there were treatments that could help us. I'm currently trying new treatments to manage the pain and improve our sex life.” “Today, now that we understand the disease Maya has, I feel more confident in helping her. For example, in sexual relations, I have a better understanding of the meaning of the disease and how it affects her sexual functioning. Our communication and openness really allow us to face the challenges.” Regarding the post-diagnosis period, six women also talked about having a new understanding of the challenges they faced in maintaining intimacy with their partners. They felt that the pain they experienced during intercourse – which made sex unpleasant or even impossible – now had more “legitimacy” (i.e., it now made more sense). Additionally, according to eight women, the physical and emotional toll of living with endometriosis led to feelings of anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem, which affected their ability to feel sexually confident and comfortable. It should be noted that the topic of sexual intimacy was discussed mainly by the women, and they went into detail and specifics; the male partners, however, discussed this issue in a limited and more general way. Five partners talked about their difficulty in understanding the extent of their partners’ pain and discomfort, although they knew that such pain/discomfort was part of the disease. They felt helpless or frustrated when their partner was in pain, especially if there was little they could do to help. Amy Dan “I understand that the pain during sex is attributed to the disease. Even though the consequences of the disease were explained to me at the diagnosis .. I still feel difficulty both physically and mentally. A real lack of confidence in sexual relations, even though this is part of the prognosis.” “The day after the diagnosis, I understand that part of the disease is living with pain and difficulty in having sex. The most frustrating thing is that I can't do much… I am considerate, of course, but the whole issue of sexual relations over time becomes complex.” Eight women described how in coping with the disease, they saw the opportunity for change and progress in their relationships, as a result of learning how to manage their physical and emotional symptoms. They sought and found effective pain management strategies such as medication, acupuncture, or physical therapy, and developed coping mechanisms to deal with the emotional toll of the condition. In addition, they learned to advocate for themselves in medical settings by asking questions, seeking second opinions, and exploring different treatment options. Their partners also saw the potential for change and progress. Their personal growth involved learning about the disease, its symptoms, and its impact on their partner's life, as well as providing emotional support and practical help. Partners’ personal growth was also reflected in their ability to learn to communicate effectively with their partner about their needs, feelings, and concerns, and finding ways to be a supportive and loving partner in the face of endometriosis. Mili Robert “I feel that today I am in a different, better place. As a couple too we know how to manage the symptoms of my disease together and I take part in treatments that will allow me and us as a couple to function.” “I feel that I went through a process.. I learned, I read about Mili's illness and I know how to communicate about this illness of hers, and this is how I feel I can support and help properly. It's a good feeling for me.” One factor the couples became aware of at diagnosis was that the disease could cause fertility problems. For seven of the women, fertility and bringing children into the world were seen as a fundamental part of their identity and sense of life fulfillment. Some of the women shared that the desire to have children was also tied to cultural and societal expectations, such as the expectation that they would become mothers at some point in their lives. Table 2 presents the classification of main categories and subcategories. Gili Tom “Losing the chance to have kids feels like a shattered dream. It's a personal goal I now know won't happen. My body can't handle pregnancy, and adoption isn't an option. It's disappointing because society expects me to have children, but luckily, my partner Tom is supportive of me. Still, it's undeniably a sad situation for me.” “For some women, being a mother is a crucial part of who they are. But with endometriosis, it becomes a big obstacle. It's not like a broken bone or kidney problem; it directly impacts the ability to have children. Personally, it doesn't bother me much since I don't see myself as a parent, but it's still sad to know it's not even an option.” Table 2 about here Table 2 Classification of main categories and subcategories Main categories Subcategories Theme 1: “Relationship in the shadow of uncertainty” : Coping with health symptoms prior to the formal endometriosis diagnosis * Joint journey of coping with pre-diagnosis symptoms : Couples navigated together the challenges of coping with endometriosis symptoms prior to diagnosis, with women experiencing physical discomfort and emotional distress, and partners providing understanding and support. Struggles with the ambiguity of the symptoms and emotional turmoil : The absence of a formal diagnosis created emotional turmoil as women dealt with frustration and self-blame, choosing to handle their emotions alone, while partners respected their need for space but desired more involvement. Shared experience in the search for answers : Couples faced uncertainty and frustration, running from doctor to doctor, but found solace in being together and sharing the journey, with partners expressing commitment, loyalty, and a desire to understand and support their female partners. Theme 2: Coping together or alone when receiving the endometriosis diagnosis * Mutual support and relief : Couples who were together during the diagnosis experienced a sense of relief upon receiving the diagnosis, as they could support each other and ask questions together, gaining a better understanding of the disease and how to cope with its challenges. * Internal conflict : hiding vs. revealing feelings : Some couples struggled with the dilemma of revealing their true feelings of stress and fear vs. appearing strong in front of their partner after receiving the diagnosis, leading to internal pressure and a conflict when responding to the news. *Subjective experience and individual coping : Despite physically being together, some couples felt emotionally distant from one another when receiving the diagnosis, with each partner mainly focused on their own thoughts and feelings, leading to a sense of being alone in their experience with the disease. Theme 3: "The day after the diagnosis”: Moving between adversity and growth. *Enhanced understanding and relief : The endometriosis diagnosis brought relief to both couple members and a shared understanding of the difficulties in their relationship that had stemmed from the disease, with the women feeling pleased that treatment options existed and the partners feeling more confident in providing support. *Intimacy challenges and emotional struggles : The women felt that the endometriosis diagnosis had given legitimacy to the pain they experienced during intercourse, while the partners recognized their limited ability to understand and expressed frustration when unable to alleviate their partner's pain. *Opportunities for growth and coping : The endometriosis diagnosis and coping with it offered an opportunity for relationship progress and personal development/growth. The women developed strategies to manage symptoms, and the partners learned to be more supportive, fostering progress in the relationship and overall well-being. Discussion In this study we explored the individual and dyadic experience of women with endometriosis as well as that of their partners in their journey of coping with the disease, from pre-diagnosis to receiving the diagnosis to post-diagnosis. In the first theme, “Relationship in the shadow of uncertainty”: Coping with health symptoms prior to the formal endometriosis diagnosis,” the women presented a range of coping mechanisms, from detachment and handling their health symptoms on their own to recognizing the significance of collaboratively (i.e., with their partners), addressing the symptoms and their impacts. This duality between individualism and interdependence brought with it a spectrum of emotions, ranging from guilt and shame to feelings of acceptance and understanding that coping with these uniquely female symptoms needed to be a shared experience. In addition, the first theme’s findings point to the long and painful road that the women and their partners had to travel in order to receive a formal diagnosis. Indeed, previous studies have shown the complexity of receiving adiagnosis of endometriosis [ 24 , 25 ]. The findings of the current study reinforce these earlier findings by showing that there are also emotional and marital implications resulting from the mere seeking of an accurate diagnosis. Pre-diagnosis, the current study participants experienced feelings of uncertainty and stress. According to several previous studies, stress in couple relationships is no longer conceptualized as an individual phenomenon but rather as a dyadic stressor [ 26 , 27 ]. Dyadic coping entails mutual involvement of both partners: providing and receiving support from each other and engaging in joint problem-solving activities and shared emotion regulation [ 28 ]. In line with this notion, Bodenmann [ 26 ] coined the term “we-ness,” referring to the function of dyadic coping as enhancing mutual trust and intimacy, mutual attachment and commitment. Yet in our study some of the women preferred in the pre-diagnosis phase to face their symptoms alone, on an individual level, rather than as a couple. The second theme, “ Coping together or alone when receiving the endometriosis diagnosis,” demonstrated how meaningful the presence of a partner during the diagnosis process was, as this presence enabled both partners to offer each other mutual support and also allowed the male partner to understand the meaning and consequences of the disease. Indeed, endometriosis is not solely a female disease; it also affects the partner in various ways, such as in terms of intimacy, fertility, and overall quality of life [ 29 , 30 ]. The presence of a partner during the diagnosis process can help alleviate some of the stress and anxiety associated with the disease and can facilitate open and honest communication about the disease’s impact on the relationship. Our findings also indicated that some couples struggled with a kind of tension between hiding their feelings upon receiving the diagnosis (so as to appear strong in the face of it) and revealing their true emotions/fears to their partner. This internal pressure and conflict between hiding vs. revealing feelings/fears may be related to societal expectations of how individuals should respond to a medical diagnosis, particularly as it pertains to gender roles and expectations. Studies have shown that gendered expectations can influence how individuals cope with illness and how they express their emotions (e.g., 31). Specifically, women are often expected to express their emotions more freely than men, who may be socialized to suppress their emotions and appear strong and stoic in the face of adversity. Indeed, such notions may apply to the findings of the current study, in which couples felt pressure to hide their emotions and appear strong in front of their partners, and this was particularly the case for the men. However, hiding emotions and appearing strong may not always be helpful in coping with the emotional impact of a diagnosis, as it may lead to feelings of isolation and lack of support [ 32 ]. The third theme, “The day after the diagnosis”: Moving between adversity and growth,” highlights the dialectical lens, viewing the adversity that accompanies the endometriosis diagnosis and the personal/couple growth as potentially coexisting phenomena. Specifically, both members of the couple reported that initially they felt relief that the disease finally had a name, particularly as it took so long to receive a diagnosis. The women hoped that now their medical treatment would be accurately targeted, and that their partners would be better able to support/understand them. However, when the exact meaning of the disease became clear to both couple members, and they became more informed, their distress became apparent once again: Women had to deal with anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem pertaining to the various implications of their diagnosis, and their partners had to deal with hopelessness and difficulty in relieving their partners’ pain. In this context, Missmer and colleagues [ 33 ] found that the most frequent symptoms that negatively affected various areas of the lives of women diagnosed with endometriosis, including their intimate relationships, were pelvic pain apart from menstruation, painful menstruation, and painful sexual intercourse. Distress and concern about fertility, in light of the endometriosis diagnosis, also emerged among both couple members. Indeed, women with a history of endometriosis have twice the risk of infertility compared with women without a history of endometriosis [ 34 ]. In this regard, Moradi and colleagues [ 35 ] indicated that the worrying about the possibility of infertility adds to the burden of endometriosis, and negatively affects psychological health, marital relationships, and social interactions, and causes feelings of stigmatization and hopelessness. Thus, it was not surprising that once the symptoms received the "endometriosis" label, dealing with fertility became a cause for additional distress. Nevertheless, some of the positive impacts of receiving the diagnosis – namely, personal and couple growth – also became clear. Women showed self-efficacy in terms of finding tailored and personalized treatments, in addition to standard care, and handling the medical setting in a more effective way. Their partners indicated that finally having a diagnosis strengthened their ability to communicate with their partner, as well as the intimate relationship itself. Our findings echo previous findings [ 10 ] regarding men’s descriptions of how they live with their partners’ endometriosis. The researchers of that study stressed several positive impacts including the development of a supportive approach to the partner which strengthened the relationship, becoming a more sympathetic person and a better partner, and being closer to the partner. These results suggest the possibility of posttraumatic growth (PTG), which is defined as the positive psychological change experienced as a result of a struggle with highly challenging life circumstances [ 36 ]. In this regard, Marki and colleagues [ 37 ] revealed, via the use of focus groups with women who had a confirmed endometriosis diagnosis, that despite many difficulties and problems, women described positive impacts on their life, such as peace, patience, openness, personality development, and gratitude, after they had accepted the diagnosis. The current study had a few limitations. First, the sample was composed mainly of heterosexual couples, with limited variability in socioeconomic status. Second, the endometriosis-specific information (e.g., disease stage/grading, confirmed diagnosis) was self-reported and not clinically confirmed. Third, most of the study’s interviewers were members of the Endo Israel Community Association. Thus, their personal experience of both having the disease and conducting the interviews must be taken into consideration. We would recommend, going forward, that additional experiences among both endometriosis patients and their partners in a more heterogeneous sample be examined. Clinical implications The research findings point to the importance of revising comprehensive treatment approaches for endometriosis; specifically, guidelines must be implemented for community physicians to expedite diagnosis, increase awareness, and normalize experiences. Doing so would help reduce diagnostic delays and provide support for individuals and couples. Individual and couple treatment protocols within endometriosis treatment centers, both in hospitals and in the community, should be developed, so as to address emotional needs and facilitate open communication. Additionally, healthcare professionals must deliver the diagnosis with sensitivity and provide information about the potential impacts of the disease on fertility, pregnancy, and childbirth, taking into consideration the couples’ concerns. Offering information through workshops, virtual communities, lectures, and treatment centers can further enhance patient support. Conclusions In this study the experiences of women with endometriosis and their partners, from pre-diagnosis to post-diagnosis, were explored. The findings revealed that coping with health symptoms before receiving a formal diagnosis involved balancing individualism and interdependence. Couples experienced uncertainty and stress during the pre-diagnosis period. The presence of a partner when receiving the diagnosis played a crucial role in providing support and facilitating communication about the impact of endometriosis on the relationship. However, couples faced challenges in expressing their emotions authentically during the diagnosis process. After receiving the diagnosis, couples felt relief that the disease finally had a name, but they also experienced distress and concern about pain and fertility issues. The study emphasizes the coexistence of adversity and growth, as well as the importance of mutual coping in addressing the psychological effects of endometriosis. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethics approval was received from the Ethics Committee of Bar-Ilan University (approval No. 072202). Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Availability of data and materials: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the co-responding author upon reasonable request. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interest concerning this paper. Funding: The authors received no funding for this study. Authors' contributions: S.S.A., Y.H.R., A.W., and B-E.F. were involved in designing this study. A.W. and B-E.F. helped recruit participants. S.S.A. and Y.H.R. were involved in the analysis and interpretation of data. This manuscript was drafted by S.S.A and Y.H.R. All authors approved the final draft. Acknowledgements: The authors thank S.S., S.L., A.S-E., and R.T-A. for helping in recruiting participants as well as to all the participants who took part in this study. References World Health Organization (WHO). International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11). Geneva: WHO; 2018. Zondervan KT, Becker CM, Missmer SA, Endometriosis. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1244–1256. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1810764 . Agarwal SK, Chapron C, Giudice LC, Laufer MR, Leyland N, Missmer SA, Singh SS, Taylor HS. Clinical diagnosis of endometriosis: a call to action. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;220(4):354.e1–354.e12. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2018.12.039 . Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Endometriosis in Australia: Prevalence and Hospitalisations: In Focus. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2019. Singh S, Soliman AM, Rahal Y, Robert C, Defoy I, Nisbet P, Leyland N. Prevalence, symptomatic burden, and diagnosis of endometriosis in Canada: cross-sectional survey of 30,000 women. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2020;42(7):829–38. Staal AH, van der Zanden M, Nap AW. Diagnostic delay of endometriosis in the Netherlands. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2016;81(4):321–324. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1159/000441911 . Nwankudu OC, Idris IO, Ayomoh FI, Onyes U. Exploring the societal burden of endometriosis on women: A meta-ethnography. Preprints. 2021;2021090345. Available from: https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202109.0345.v1 . Aerts L, Grangier L, Streuli I, Dällenbach P, Marci R, Wenger JM, Pluchino N. Psychosocial impact of endometriosis: From co-morbidity to intervention. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2018;50:2–10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2018.01.008 . Ameratunga D, Flemming T, Angstetra D, Ng SK, Sneddon A. Exploring the impact of endometriosis on partners. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2017;43(6):1048–1053. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.13325 . Culley L, Law C, Hudson N, Mitchell H, Denny E, Raine-Fenning N. A qualitative study of the impact of endometriosis on male partners. Hum Reprod. 2017;32(8):1667–1673. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dex221 . Hämmerli S, Kohl Schwartz AS, Geraedts K, Imesch P, Rauchfuss M, Wölfler MM, Haeberlin F, von Orelli S, Eberhard M, Imthurn B, Leeners B. Does endometriosis affect sexual activity and satisfaction of the male partner? A comparison of partners from women diagnosed with endometriosis and controls. 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Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(20):10598. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010598 . Patton MQ. Two decades of developments in qualitative inquiry: A personxperiential perspective. Qual Soc Work. 2002;1(3):261–283. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1473325002001003636. Creswell JW, Poth CN. Qualitative inquiry research methods: Choosing among five approaches. 4th ed. London: Sage; 2018. Lincoln YS, Guba EG. Naturalistic inquiry. Sage; 1985. Brinkman S, Kvale S, Interviews. Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2015. Hudson N, Law C, Culley L, Mitchell H, Denny E, Raine-Fenning N. Conducting dyadic, relational research about endometriosis: A reflexive account of methods, ethics and data analysis. Health. 2020;24(1):79–93. Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3:77–101. Smith JA, Flowers P, Larkin M. Interpretive phenomenological analysis: Theory, method and research. London: Sage; 2009. Anney VN. Ensuring the quality of the findings of qualitative research: Looking at trustworthiness criteria. J Emerg Trends Educ Res Policy Stud. 2014;5(2):272–281. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/256 . Anastasiu CV, Moga MA, Elena Neculau A, Bălan A, Scârneciu I, Dragomir RM, et al. Biomarkers for the noninvasive diagnosis of endometriosis: state of the art and future perspectives. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(5):1750. Koninckx PR, Ussia A, Adamyan L, Tahlak M, Keckstein J, Martin DC. The epidemiology of endometriosis is poorly known as the pathophysiology and diagnosis are unclear. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2021;71:14–26. Bodenmann G. Dyadic coping and its significance for marital functioning. In: Revenson TA, Kayser K, Bodenmann G, editors. Couples coping with stress: Emerging perspectives on dyadic coping. Washington: American Psychological Association; 2005. p. 33–49. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2021.1912740 . Bodenmann G, Meuwly N, Kayser K. Two conceptualizations of dyadic coping and their potential for predicting relationship quality and individual well-being. Eur Psychol. 2011;16(4):255–266. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000068 . Revenson TA, DeLongis A. Couples coping with chronic illness. In: Folkman S, editor. Handbook of Coping and Health. New York: Oxford Press; 2010. pp. 101–23. Maren S, Ariane G, Bettina B, Stephanie H, Magdalena G, Sabine R, et al. Partners matter: The psychosocial well-being of couples when dealing with endometriosis. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2022;20(1):1–10. Margatho D, Makuch MY, Bahamondes L. Experiences of male partners of women with endometriosis-associated pelvic pain: a qualitative study. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2022;27(6):454–60. Greaves L, Ritz SA. Sex, gender and health: Mapping the landscape of research and policy. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(5):2563. English T, Lee IA, John OP, Gross JJ. Emotion regulation strategy selection in daily life: The role of social context and goals. Motiv Emot. 2017;41:230–42. Missmer SA, Tu F, Soliman AM, Chiuve S, Cross S, Eichner S, et al. Impact of endometriosis on women's life decisions and goal attainment: a cross-sectional survey of members of an online patient community. BMJ Open. 2022;12(4):e052765. Prescott J, Farland LV, Tobias DK, Gaskins AJ, Spiegelman D, Chavarro JE, et al. A prospective cohort study of endometriosis and subsequent risk of infertility. Hum Reprod. 2016;31(7):1475–82. Moradi M, Parker M, Sneddon A, Lopez V, Ellwood D. Impact of endometriosis on women's lives: a qualitative study. BMC Womens Health. 2014;14:123. Tedeschi RG, Calhoun LG. Posttraumatic growth: conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychol Inq. 2004;15(1):1–18. Márki G, Vásárhelyi D, Rigó A, Kaló Z, Ács N, Bokor A. Challenges of and possible solutions for living with endometriosis: a qualitative study. BMC Women's Health. 2022; 22: 20. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-01603-6 . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementaryMaterial.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3135952","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":223271259,"identity":"4f63c128-4081-414a-857c-e26ab2f31efb","order_by":0,"name":"Shiri Shinan-Altman","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCcYGhgQGBhkw52ODBEQ0oYCwFh4eIJtxJlyLAT4tEAqshZm3ASaMR4v87Oa2Dw8Y7HjsxQ4/e2y7wyKxgf3wA4YHeLQY3DnYPCOBIZmHRzrN3Dj3jERiA0+aAV6HGUgkNgP9wgzUkmAmndsG1MKQg98v8jPAWuqBWtK/SVuCtPC/IeD9G2Ath4FacsykGUFaJAjYYgDWYnCch+d2Tplk7xkJ4zaJZwYH8Dss/THjj4pqOfbZ6dskfu6ok+3nT3748EcFHodB7EJiswHxAUIaRsEoGAWjYBTgBwCrBEUg/vchiAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Bar-Ilan University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shiri","middleName":"","lastName":"Shinan-Altman","suffix":""},{"id":223271260,"identity":"f405b21a-057f-4282-938b-609b34093bc6","order_by":1,"name":"Aya Wertheimer","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Endo Israel Community Association","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aya","middleName":"","lastName":"Wertheimer","suffix":""},{"id":223271261,"identity":"29964010-4e17-4883-94dd-e8a64de330b9","order_by":2,"name":"Bat-El Frankel","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Endo Israel Community Association","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bat-El","middleName":"","lastName":"Frankel","suffix":""},{"id":223271262,"identity":"87e4a888-9a13-4184-9319-b1d1a5ecf002","order_by":3,"name":"Yaira Hamama-Raz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ariel University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yaira","middleName":"","lastName":"Hamama-Raz","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-07-03 14:29:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3135952/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3135952/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":59045008,"identity":"f3bc60f1-40a1-439e-877f-cbde13b29cbd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-25 17:59:48","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":664373,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3135952/v1/14244b17-b2b2-4fcb-856e-ec5cf3539173.pdf"},{"id":41202655,"identity":"4ef4ac00-7387-49e3-beb2-9276a81011ae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-08-07 18:34:27","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":15988,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryMaterial.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3135952/v1/854903de58d19271843649c6.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Her, His, and Their Journey with Endometriosis: A Qualitative Study","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eEndometriosis\u003c/em\u003e is a disease in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. It affects roughly 10% (190\u0026nbsp;million) of reproductive-age women and girls globally and can cause infertility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. According to the WHO [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], endometriosis symptoms include a combination of painful menstrual periods, chronic pelvic pain, pain during and/or after sexual intercourse, painful bowel movements, painful urination, fatigue, depression or anxiety, abdominal bloating, and nausea. Given the variability and broad symptoms involved, endometriosis is not easily diagnosed by healthcare workers, potentially causing a lengthy delay between symptom onset and diagnosis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Diagnosis can take seven years on average after symptom onset [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] but ranges from four to 11 years [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], suggesting a major impact on women\u0026rsquo;s psychological well-being both before diagnosis and after [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Indeed, a recent meta-ethnography in which the illness experience of endometriosis patients across the globe was investigated stressed the negative impact of this disease on many aspects of life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Specifically, the authors found that women with endometriosis encountered a multitude of problems including infertility, difficulty in maintaining intimate relationships (both emotional and physical) with their partners, psychological distress, negative emotions that could lead to suicidal ideation, low sense of self, low productivity at work, increased absenteeism, poor academic performance, social isolation, and low quality of life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to endometriosis\u0026rsquo;s impact on the woman\u0026rsquo;s life, it also has an impact on the woman\u0026rsquo;s partner\u0026rsquo;s life. The negative emotions that have been reported among patients\u0026rsquo; partners include depression, anxiety, helplessness, frustration, worry, and anger [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, partners of women with endometriosis have reported negative effects on their sex life (i.e., lack of communication about sexuality, sexual dysfunction, avoidance of sexual intercourse), intimacy, and the couple\u0026rsquo;s relationship [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, as endometriosis is a shared experience within the couple [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], several researchers have explored dyadic relations and marital satisfaction in the context of endometriosis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. For example, Facchin and colleagues [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] revealed that women who perceived their partner as being more interested and actively involved in the management of their endometriosis (for instance by accompanying them to medical visits) reported greater relational satisfaction and better dyadic coping.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough it seems clear that endometriosis is a physically and mentally debilitating disease, with high emotional costs for both patients and partners [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], less is known about patients\u0026rsquo; and partners\u0026rsquo; pre-diagnosis experience, and whether the pre-diagnosis period impacts the acceptance of the diagnosis as well as the post\u0026ndash;diagnosis period. Thus, in the current study we sought to explore the experience of patients and their partners over the course of their endometriosis \u0026ldquo;journey\u0026rdquo; \u0026ndash; from pre-diagnosis to receipt of the diagnosis to post-diagnosis management. Gaining a deeper understanding of the experiences of both couple members will provide professionals in the field with knowledge regarding the design of suitable interventions addressing both patients\u0026rsquo; and partners' needs.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study we used a qualitative-phenomenological approach [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], exploring participants\u0026rsquo; experiences with endometriosis so as to understand the phenomenon. This approach allows researchers to gain a rich understanding of the interviewees and uncover meaningful insights about the complex phenomenon under study [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePurposive sampling [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] was used, and the inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) having received a diagnosis of endometriosis at least nine months prior to the study, 2) being aged 18 and above, and 3) being in a heterosexual cohabiting relationship for at least one year. Given the dyadic nature of the study, both partners were asked for consent to participate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample included 10 dyads (20 participants) aged 21\u0026ndash;45 (men aged 21\u0026ndash;39; women aged 22\u0026ndash;45). Five couples were married, and two of them also had children. Years of education for all participants ranged between 12\u0026ndash;20. Time elapsed since the endometriosis diagnosis ranged from 9 months to 17 years. Three couples were in a cohabiting relationship only post-diagnosis (for more details see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic characteristics of participants (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDyad number\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNames\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYears of education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003echildren\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime since diagnosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther chronic disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGili\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot married\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiabetes, psoriasis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTom\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJenny\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFibromyalgia, allergy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJacob\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMili\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot married\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsomnia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRobert\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLili\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot married\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolycystic ovaries, arthritis, adenomyosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJack\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot married\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFibromyalgia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDorin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoshe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMika\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot married\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrritable bowel syndrome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRivi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYuval\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEran\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e**Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e about here**\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eProcedure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter obtaining approval from the Ethics Committee (Authorization No. 072202), participants were recruited from August-October 2022 through the Endo Israel Community Association, which advertised the study on its Facebook and Instagram pages. Because the data was collected via social networks, we could not assess the response rate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe interviews were conducted by five female interviewers, four of whom had themselves been diagnosed with endometriosis and who served as members of the Endo Israel Community Association (the first author was the fifth interviewer). All interviewers had prior training in qualitative interviewing including the conducting of mock interviews prior to the start of this study. Ongoing supervision and mentoring regarding interviewing style were provided by S.S.A., a social worker with extensive experience in qualitative research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe interviewers contacted each patient and partner by phone to explain the study's aims and procedure. Once both partners agreed to participate, the interviewers scheduled a separate interview with each one. The same interviewer interviewed both members of each couple. For ethical reasons, each participant received information regarding the purpose of the study and signed a letter of consent that included an explanation stating that data would be used for research purposes only and that confidentiality would be preserved by changing identifying details. Participants were informed they could withdraw from the study at any time and could refuse to answer any question. None of the participants dropped out. No incentives were offered. Each interview was conducted via Zoom and lasted 60\u0026ndash;90 minutes. Each partner was interviewed separately, and each interview was analyzed individually and as part of a dyad.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe interviews were conducted in Hebrew, recorded, and then translated into English.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEach translation was reviewed by two native speakers, including a professional translator. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was achieved, meaning that additional interviews no longer produced new material for analysis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch tools and instruments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study's qualitative data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. The research team opted for interviews as the primary method to explore and understand participants' experiences (see Appendix 1 and Appendix 2). The interviews followed a flexible guide that included significant key areas to facilitate a dialogue between the interviewer and the interviewee and enable meaningful self-expression [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dyadic interview analysis method [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] was used to analyze the data. This method involves following the initial steps of qualitative interview analysis, such as reading and re-reading the interviews, making notes, and coding the data to identify units of meaning and their corresponding titles. This process was repeated for each partner's interview, and all 20 interviews were analyzed. The analysis focused on the endometriosis diagnosis journey, resulting in three themes. The analysis was conducted on both individual and dyadic levels to examine the data from different perspectives [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eAt the individual level\u003c/em\u003e, each partner's quotes were analyzed in an in-depth fashion, with content, structure, linguistics, grammar, and metaphors being taken into consideration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. This process involves deriving interpretations directly from the data. The same analysis was conducted for quotes from the other partner. \u003cem\u003eAt the dyadic level\u003c/em\u003e, the focus was on examining the contrasts and overlaps between the partners' quotes. Doing so involved exploring the text and subtext, as well as the partners' descriptions and interpretations within each theme and sub-theme [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. The themes were identified on the basis of the content and structure of the quotes specifically related to the endometriosis diagnosis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo ensure the trustworthiness of the study findings, the researchers employed multiple methods. These included verbatim transcription of interview data, conducting in-depth interviews for a comprehensive understanding of participants' experiences, and adhering to credibility criteria (i.e., presenting data in a dense and detailed manner). Triangulation through the use of two different sources of interviews and dyadic analysis further enhanced the trustworthiness of the data [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe qualitative analysis of the interviews yielded three main themes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTheme 1: \u0026ldquo;Relationship in the shadow of uncertainty\u0026rdquo;: Coping with health symptoms prior to the formal endometriosis diagnosis\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe couples talked about a joint coping journey that started pre-diagnosis. This period was marked by an arduous quest for answers, as the disease\u0026rsquo;s symptoms were taking a severe toll on the women's physical and emotional well-being. All of the women talked about the physical discomfort they had experienced in various regions of their bodies, to the extent that it hindered their daily functioning. Furthermore, the women, along with their partners, expressed a great deal of unease over the ambiguity and meaning of these symptoms. During this difficult period, the women in four couples began to distance themselves from their partners. The partners responded with understanding, recognizing the women's need for space and time to process their emotions. Despite the temporary distance between them, the partners remained committed to supporting each other.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRivi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYuval\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;After giving birth, my body changed drastically. My periods became excruciatingly painful, and I experienced constant pain throughout my body. It was debilitating, and I couldn't even get out of bed in the morning. I felt confused and lost, not knowing what was happening to me. I spent a lot of time searching online for answers and trying to make sense of it all. During this period, I became so absorbed in my own struggles that I became disconnected from Yuval and the world around me.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;It took us a long time, about a year, to realize it was endometriosis. We, including the doctors, were confused. Seeing her in pain was tough, so I gave her space, as she needed it from me and the children.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe individual experience (as opposed to the dyadic experience) during the pre-diagnosis period was reflected in five of the women preferring to handle their emotions and cope with the situation alone, rather than burdening their partners: They often chose to undergo medical tests on their own and refrained from sharing their emotional struggles with their significant others. Five male partners discussed the dilemma regarding the emotional distance that was created between them as a result: They expressed their wish to support their female partners and be part of the process but also acknowledged their partners' need for space. Despite the emotional difficulty and their limited understanding of the situation, given the female nature of the as-yet undiagnosed disease, five partners emphasized that they would have preferred to be involved in the process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMika\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;During this period I preferred to be alone.. I didn't share with Ben what I was going through. ..I went to the doctors alone, cried alone.. I felt that it was mine and that no one could understand me. I think in retrospect that it must have been difficult for him (Ben) but honestly I was concentrating on myself.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;She was very aggressive in the period before the diagnosis, really attacking me verbally and I get defensive in such situations... It's not that we didn't love each other during that time but we were distant from each other... mainly because of her... She preferred to be alone and I respected that even though I wanted to be there for her more... I think it's also because she thought I couldn't understand her, after all the symptoms she was experiencing were female-related\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u0026ldquo;we\u0026rdquo; of the experience even in the pre-diagnosis phase was expressed among five dyads who described that due to how significantly the disease was impacting the women\u0026rsquo;s functioning, the couple together tried to find a name for it (i.e., a diagnosis), on the basis of the women\u0026rsquo;s physical and emotional symptoms. One of the most prominent features during this period was running from doctor to doctor together, a feeling of uncertainty, and a lack of control in the face of various proposed diagnoses, some of which in retrospect were wrong and only led to more frustration. The couples described a common experience around the search for a diagnosis; both the women and their partners described a shared marital experience.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabc\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGili\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTom\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;We went to see gastroenterologists and a few gynecologists to figure out what was wrong. They didn't think it was endometriosis, but then we learned about doctors on Facebook who specialized in this area and could diagnose it. We felt lost and helpless during this time, like we were losing control. Finally, when we discovered that it was endometriosis, it brought us a sense of relief as a couple. It gave us an anchor in the storm and a name for what we were facing.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"It was a turbulent time for us as a couple as well, we really suffered... and I can say it was hard for me to see her like this... a year of pain until we received the diagnosis \u0026hellip; a disease with an actual name, endometriosis. She, me, and us as a couple had some relief\u0026hellip;but up until the diagnosis, our relationship was living in the shadow of uncertainty.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLili and Ron also described a joint couple experience on the way to receiving a diagnosis. Their shared experience could be described as \"we\u0026rsquo;re in it together for better and worse.\" Their relationship experience during this period of uncertainty was enveloped in mutual loyalty and commitment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabd\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLili\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Ron has been my rock throughout this journey. He's been there for every doctor's visit and examination, supporting me every step of the way. When I received the diagnosis, he showed a vulnerable side, shedding tears and worrying about my health. It strengthened our bond, and I realized that he's there for me no matter what.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"She felt pain, severe pain in the pelvic area ... We ran straight to the hospital for all kinds of tests, until one of the doctors diagnosed it as endometriosis.. we were together the whole time.. loyal and committed to each other.. After we realized that it was a disease, Lili was able to explain to me more about what she was going through.\"\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore receiving the diagnosis, six women experienced internal conflict. They wanted to understand whether there was a name for their physical symptoms and whether it was recognized in the medical literature. They felt frustrated and confused that their symptoms did not seem to be taken seriously by healthcare providers or society. However, they also feared the potential consequences of receiving a diagnosis and worried about how it might impact their lives. This inner turmoil caused them to feel guilty for not facing the situation and not allowing their partners to be more involved. The partners, on the other hand, were simply \u0026ldquo;hungry\u0026rdquo; for information; they wished to fully comprehend their partner's health status, educating themselves about the disease they were facing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabe\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEran\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;The uncertainty of whether to seek a diagnosis or not felt like walking on a tightrope. There was fear that naming the condition would have consequences, and maybe it would be a serious illness. But then I thought about my partner and it didn\u0026rsquo;t seem fair that he had to experience the symptoms while I avoided knowing what they meant. This struggle between getting a diagnosis or not caused me confusion, anger, and self-blame.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;I'm a rational type... looking for a logical explanation for everything... reading, studying... that's why I wanted to know what she had... what it was called, what the diagnosis was... not only for myself of course but also for her... with a diagnosis you can know what it\u0026rsquo;s about and start acting accordingly...I know she had a hard time making a decision about this [receiving a diagnosis].\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTheme 2: Coping together or alone when receiving the endometriosis diagnosis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis theme pertains to the experience of receiving an endometriosis diagnosis after a prolonged period of waiting. Six women were with their partners when they received the diagnosis, and four women were not in a relationship at the time of the diagnosis. Therefore, the latter group of women had to break the news about the disease to their partners (i.e., when they entered these relationships). The couples who were together described a common experience of relief upon receiving the diagnosis and the mutual support made possible by the partner\u0026rsquo;s presence (i.e., he too could hear what the doctor had to say about the disease). Even though endometriosis is a \u0026ldquo;female disease,\u0026rdquo; it also directly affects the partner in various ways, thus making the partner\u0026rsquo;s presence meaningful.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabf\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLili\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;After the doctor gave it a name, we both sat down and began to understand.. we asked questions, we were interested, and the doctor allowed us to ask everything.. it was so meaningful for us, a certain relief.. we were even able to see a light at the end of the tunnel because we understood from the doctor how to deal with various challenges\u0026hellip;for example, sex... we understood that the disease is for life, a chronic disease, but there is a lot that we can do about it...\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;We also started asking a lot of questions while he was explaining things to us. I'm a very technical person, so when I don't know something, I deeply analyze it. So, I asked the doctor, 'On a scale from one to ten, how bad is it? What are the dangers, on a scale from one and ten?' without too much emotion. I asked him to explain how we should deal with various challenges.. I was a participant in the conversation and it was meaningful for me.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor four couples, receiving the diagnosis was accompanied by feelings of stress and fear. They struggled between hiding their feelings, in order to appear strong in the face of this new information, and revealing their true feelings/fear.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabg\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDorin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoshe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;When we left the doctor after the diagnosis Moshe told me that it didn\u0026rsquo;t matter what he felt; only what I felt\u0026hellip; and we went down the stairs and I really cried.. I was afraid of what I would have to face now that we knew what it was and maybe it wasn\u0026rsquo;t good that I was crying like that.. maybe it was better to look strong, for me but also for him.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;When we were sitting in the doctor's office I felt pain, maybe because we had waited so long to understand what she had... it was an emotional pain, maybe it was a reaction to Dorin's physical pain, her suffering and what she went through to finally understand what she had... the doctor was very attentive. He was also sensitive to me and to my questions.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther couples talked about being together but feeling apart when they received the news. Physically they were both present in the doctor\u0026rsquo;s office, but emotionally/psychologically each was present in the situation mainly with himself/herself.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabh\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMika\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;I felt terribly alone... I realized that only I could really help myself, and that I couldn\u0026rsquo;t expect anything from anyone, and that I would have to take responsibility for myself\u0026hellip;I mean, I was happy that he [Ben] was sitting next to me and listening to the doctor, but in my feelings, I was alone... me and the disease.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;The doctor spoke, and I felt pressure, I didn't know what would happen, how she would manage with it, how I would manage with it, how we would manage with it together... I was thinking about her, about me, about us...however, the truth is that I didn't feel comfortable revealing my feelings, I'm not used to talking about feelings, I usually hide them.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong three dyads, the women received the diagnosis before being in a cohabiting relationship, and therefore they were the ones who actually informed their partners about their disease. The delivery of this news was more complex for these women than the others, as they were concerned that the partner would fear or be alarmed by the disease and its implications for their relationship. Among these unmarried couples there was a gap between the woman's fear of telling her partner about the disease and the partner\u0026rsquo;s desire to support and help his partner.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabi\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMili\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRobert\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;I was afraid to tell him that I had endometriosis. To be in the situation of having to \u0026lsquo;spread the word.\u0026rsquo; For me it meant actually being in this situation for the second time, only now I was the messenger. And if he panicked? And if he ran away? I had many fears but somewhere or other I had enough confidence in our relationship that he would understand.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;I was somewhat prepared for it because I knew she had female-related health issues. When she told me her diagnosis, I hugged her. I won't deny that I had some worries and occasional fears, but I'm here for her. I reassured her that I would be by her side, and I wouldn\u0026rsquo;t ever leave her because of the disease.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTheme 3\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cb\u003e\u0026ldquo;The day after the diagnosis\u0026rdquo;\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cb\u003eMoving between adversity and growth\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter the endometriosis diagnosis, both partners experienced relief at finally understanding the cause of the women\u0026rsquo;s suffer. The women were pleased to learn they could receive treatment that would help reduce their symptoms, improving their quality of life and their ability to engage in sexual activity. Five partners also talked about feeling relieved that their female partner's condition was finally being addressed, and they felt more confident about providing support and care for her.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabj\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEran\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;The day after the diagnosis was a relief for both of us. It helped us understand what was happening to me and how it was impacting our relationship. It felt like finding a path forward because we discovered there were treatments that could help us. I'm currently trying new treatments to manage the pain and improve our sex life.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Today, now that we understand the disease Maya has, I feel more confident in helping her. For example, in sexual relations, I have a better understanding of the meaning of the disease and how it affects her sexual functioning. Our communication and openness really allow us to face the challenges.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the post-diagnosis period, six women also talked about having a new understanding of the challenges they faced in maintaining intimacy with their partners. They felt that the pain they experienced during intercourse \u0026ndash; which made sex unpleasant or even impossible \u0026ndash; now had more \u0026ldquo;legitimacy\u0026rdquo; (i.e., it now made more sense). Additionally, according to eight women, the physical and emotional toll of living with endometriosis led to feelings of anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem, which affected their ability to feel sexually confident and comfortable. It should be noted that the topic of sexual intimacy was discussed mainly by the women, and they went into detail and specifics; the male partners, however, discussed this issue in a limited and more general way. Five partners talked about their difficulty in understanding the extent of their partners\u0026rsquo; pain and discomfort, although they knew that such pain/discomfort was part of the disease. They felt helpless or frustrated when their partner was in pain, especially if there was little they could do to help.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabk\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;I understand that the pain during sex is attributed to the disease. Even though the consequences of the disease were explained to me at the diagnosis .. I still feel difficulty both physically and mentally. A real lack of confidence in sexual relations, even though this is part of the prognosis.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;The day after the diagnosis, I understand that part of the disease is living with pain and difficulty in having sex. The most frustrating thing is that I can't do much\u0026hellip; I am considerate, of course, but the whole issue of sexual relations over time becomes complex.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEight women described how in coping with the disease, they saw the opportunity for change and progress in their relationships, as a result of learning how to manage their physical and emotional symptoms. They sought and found effective pain management strategies such as medication, acupuncture, or physical therapy, and developed coping mechanisms to deal with the emotional toll of the condition. In addition, they learned to advocate for themselves in medical settings by asking questions, seeking second opinions, and exploring different treatment options. Their partners also saw the potential for change and progress. Their personal growth involved learning about the disease, its symptoms, and its impact on their partner's life, as well as providing emotional support and practical help. Partners\u0026rsquo; personal growth was also reflected in their ability to learn to communicate effectively with their partner about their needs, feelings, and concerns, and finding ways to be a supportive and loving partner in the face of endometriosis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabl\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMili\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRobert\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;I feel that today I am in a different, better place. As a couple too we know how to manage the symptoms of my disease together and I take part in treatments that will allow me and us as a couple to function.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;I feel that I went through a process.. I learned, I read about Mili's illness and I know how to communicate about this illness of hers, and this is how I feel I can support and help properly. It's a good feeling for me.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne factor the couples became aware of at diagnosis was that the disease could cause fertility problems. For seven of the women, fertility and bringing children into the world were seen as a fundamental part of their identity and sense of life fulfillment. Some of the women shared that the desire to have children was also tied to cultural and societal expectations, such as the expectation that they would become mothers at some point in their lives.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epresents the classification of main categories and subcategories.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGili\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTom\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Losing the chance to have kids feels like a shattered dream. It's a personal goal I now know won't happen. My body can't handle pregnancy, and adoption isn't an option. It's disappointing because society expects me to have children, but luckily, my partner Tom is supportive of me. Still, it's undeniably a sad situation for me.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;For some women, being a mother is a crucial part of who they are. But with endometriosis, it becomes a big obstacle. It's not like a broken bone or kidney problem; it directly impacts the ability to have children. Personally, it doesn't bother me much since I don't see myself as a parent, but it's still sad to know it's not even an option.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cem\u003eabout here\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification of main categories and subcategories\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMain categories\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubcategories\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTheme 1: \u0026ldquo;Relationship in the shadow of uncertainty\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e: Coping with health symptoms prior to the formal endometriosis diagnosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003cem\u003eJoint journey of coping with pre-diagnosis symptoms\u003c/em\u003e: Couples navigated together the challenges of coping with endometriosis symptoms prior to diagnosis, with women experiencing physical discomfort and emotional distress, and partners providing understanding and support.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStruggles with the ambiguity of the symptoms and emotional turmoil\u003c/em\u003e: The absence of a formal diagnosis created emotional turmoil as women dealt with frustration and self-blame, choosing to handle their emotions alone, while partners respected their need for space but desired more involvement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShared experience in the search for answers\u003c/em\u003e: Couples faced uncertainty and frustration, running from doctor to doctor, but found solace in being together and sharing the journey, with partners expressing commitment, loyalty, and a desire to understand and support their female partners.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTheme 2: Coping together or alone when receiving the endometriosis diagnosis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003cem\u003eMutual support and relief\u003c/em\u003e: Couples who were together during the diagnosis experienced a sense of relief upon receiving the diagnosis, as they could support each other and ask questions together, gaining a better understanding of the disease and how to cope with its challenges.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*\u003cem\u003eInternal conflict\u003c/em\u003e: \u003cem\u003ehiding vs. revealing feelings\u003c/em\u003e: Some couples struggled with the dilemma of revealing their true feelings of stress and fear vs. appearing strong in front of their partner after receiving the diagnosis, leading to internal pressure and a conflict when responding to the news.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e*Subjective experience and individual coping\u003c/em\u003e: Despite physically being together, some couples felt emotionally distant from one another when receiving the diagnosis, with each partner mainly focused on their own thoughts and feelings, leading to a sense of being alone in their experience with the disease.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTheme 3: \"The day after the diagnosis\u0026rdquo;: Moving between adversity and growth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e*Enhanced understanding and relief\u003c/em\u003e: The endometriosis diagnosis brought relief to both couple members and a shared understanding of the difficulties in their relationship that had stemmed from the disease, with the women feeling pleased that treatment options existed and the partners feeling more confident in providing support.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e*Intimacy challenges and emotional struggles\u003c/em\u003e: The women felt that the endometriosis diagnosis had given legitimacy to the pain they experienced during intercourse, while the partners recognized their limited ability to understand and expressed frustration when unable to alleviate their partner's pain.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e*Opportunities for growth and coping\u003c/em\u003e: The endometriosis diagnosis and coping with it offered an opportunity for relationship progress and personal development/growth. The women developed strategies to manage symptoms, and the partners learned to be more supportive, fostering progress in the relationship and overall well-being.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study we explored the individual and dyadic experience of women with endometriosis as well as that of their partners in their journey of coping with the disease, from pre-diagnosis to receiving the diagnosis to post-diagnosis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the first theme, \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;Relationship in the shadow of uncertainty\u0026rdquo;: Coping with health symptoms prior to the formal endometriosis diagnosis,\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e the women presented a range of coping mechanisms, from detachment and handling their health symptoms on their own to recognizing the significance of collaboratively (i.e., with their partners), addressing the symptoms and their impacts. This duality between individualism and interdependence brought with it a spectrum of emotions, ranging from guilt and shame to feelings of acceptance and understanding that coping with these uniquely female symptoms needed to be a shared experience. In addition, the first theme\u0026rsquo;s findings point to the long and painful road that the women and their partners had to travel in order to receive a formal diagnosis. Indeed, previous studies have shown the complexity of receiving adiagnosis of endometriosis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. The findings of the current study reinforce these earlier findings by showing that there are also emotional and marital implications resulting from the mere seeking of an accurate diagnosis. Pre-diagnosis, the current study participants experienced feelings of uncertainty and stress. According to several previous studies, stress in couple relationships is no longer conceptualized as an individual phenomenon but rather as a \u003cem\u003edyadic stressor\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Dyadic coping entails mutual involvement of both partners: providing and receiving support from each other and engaging in joint problem-solving activities and shared emotion regulation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. In line with this notion, Bodenmann [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] coined the term \u0026ldquo;we-ness,\u0026rdquo; referring to the function of dyadic coping as enhancing mutual trust and intimacy, mutual attachment and commitment. Yet in our study some of the women preferred in the pre-diagnosis phase to face their symptoms alone, on an individual level, rather than as a couple.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe second theme, \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eCoping together or alone when receiving the endometriosis diagnosis,\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e demonstrated how meaningful the presence of a partner during the diagnosis process was, as this presence enabled both partners to offer each other mutual support and also allowed the male partner to understand the meaning and consequences of the disease. Indeed, endometriosis is not solely a female disease; it also affects the partner in various ways, such as in terms of intimacy, fertility, and overall quality of life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. The presence of a partner during the diagnosis process can help alleviate some of the stress and anxiety associated with the disease and can facilitate open and honest communication about the disease\u0026rsquo;s impact on the relationship.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur findings also indicated that some couples struggled with a kind of tension between hiding their feelings upon receiving the diagnosis (so as to appear strong in the face of it) and revealing their true emotions/fears to their partner. This internal pressure and conflict between hiding vs. revealing feelings/fears may be related to societal expectations of how individuals should respond to a medical diagnosis, particularly as it pertains to gender roles and expectations. Studies have shown that gendered expectations can influence how individuals cope with illness and how they express their emotions (e.g., 31). Specifically, women are often expected to express their emotions more freely than men, who may be socialized to suppress their emotions and appear strong and stoic in the face of adversity. Indeed, such notions may apply to the findings of the current study, in which couples felt pressure to hide their emotions and appear strong in front of their partners, and this was particularly the case for the men. However, hiding emotions and appearing strong may not always be helpful in coping with the emotional impact of a diagnosis, as it may lead to feelings of isolation and lack of support [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe third theme, \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;The day after the diagnosis\u0026rdquo;: Moving between adversity and growth,\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e highlights the dialectical lens, viewing the adversity that accompanies the endometriosis diagnosis and the personal/couple growth as potentially coexisting phenomena. Specifically, both members of the couple reported that initially they felt relief that the disease finally had a name, particularly as it took so long to receive a diagnosis. The women hoped that now their medical treatment would be accurately targeted, and that their partners would be better able to support/understand them. However, when the exact meaning of the disease became clear to both couple members, and they became more informed, their distress became apparent once again: Women had to deal with anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem pertaining to the various implications of their diagnosis, and their partners had to deal with hopelessness and difficulty in relieving their partners\u0026rsquo; pain. In this context, Missmer and colleagues [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e] found that the most frequent symptoms that negatively affected various areas of the lives of women diagnosed with endometriosis, including their intimate relationships, were pelvic pain apart from menstruation, painful menstruation, and painful sexual intercourse.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistress and concern about fertility, in light of the endometriosis diagnosis, also emerged among both couple members. Indeed, women with a history of endometriosis have twice the risk of infertility compared with women without a history of endometriosis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. In this regard, Moradi and colleagues [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e] indicated that the worrying about the possibility of infertility adds to the burden of endometriosis, and negatively affects psychological health, marital relationships, and social interactions, and causes feelings of stigmatization and hopelessness. Thus, it was not surprising that once the symptoms received the \"endometriosis\" label, dealing with fertility became a cause for additional distress. Nevertheless, some of the positive impacts of receiving the diagnosis \u0026ndash; namely, personal and couple growth \u0026ndash; also became clear. Women showed self-efficacy in terms of finding tailored and personalized treatments, in addition to standard care, and handling the medical setting in a more effective way. Their partners indicated that finally having a diagnosis strengthened their ability to communicate with their partner, as well as the intimate relationship itself. Our findings echo previous findings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] regarding men\u0026rsquo;s descriptions of how they live with their partners\u0026rsquo; endometriosis. The researchers of that study stressed several positive impacts including the development of a supportive approach to the partner which strengthened the relationship, becoming a more sympathetic person and a better partner, and being closer to the partner. These results suggest the possibility of posttraumatic growth (PTG), which is defined as the positive psychological change experienced as a result of a struggle with highly challenging life circumstances [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. In this regard, Marki and colleagues [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e] revealed, via the use of focus groups with women who had a confirmed endometriosis diagnosis, that despite many difficulties and problems, women described positive impacts on their life, such as peace, patience, openness, personality development, and gratitude, after they had accepted the diagnosis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current study had a few limitations. First, the sample was composed mainly of heterosexual couples, with limited variability in socioeconomic status. Second, the endometriosis-specific information (e.g., disease stage/grading, confirmed diagnosis) was self-reported and not clinically confirmed. Third, most of the study\u0026rsquo;s interviewers were members of the Endo Israel Community Association. Thus, their personal experience of both having the disease and conducting the interviews must be taken into consideration. We would recommend, going forward, that additional experiences among both endometriosis patients and their partners in a more heterogeneous sample be examined.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eClinical implications\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e The research findings point to the importance of revising comprehensive treatment approaches for endometriosis; specifically, guidelines must be implemented for community physicians to expedite diagnosis, increase awareness, and normalize experiences. Doing so would help reduce diagnostic delays and provide support for individuals and couples. Individual and couple treatment protocols within endometriosis treatment centers, both in hospitals and in the community, should be developed, so as to address emotional needs and facilitate open communication. Additionally, healthcare professionals must deliver the diagnosis with sensitivity and provide information about the potential impacts of the disease on fertility, pregnancy, and childbirth, taking into consideration the couples\u0026rsquo; concerns. Offering information through workshops, virtual communities, lectures, and treatment centers can further enhance patient support.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study the experiences of women with endometriosis and their partners, from pre-diagnosis to post-diagnosis, were explored. The findings revealed that coping with health symptoms before receiving a formal diagnosis involved balancing individualism and interdependence. Couples experienced uncertainty and stress during the pre-diagnosis period. The presence of a partner when receiving the diagnosis played a crucial role in providing support and facilitating communication about the impact of endometriosis on the relationship. However, couples faced challenges in expressing their emotions authentically during the diagnosis process. After receiving the diagnosis, couples felt relief that the disease finally had a name, but they also experienced distress and concern about pain and fertility issues. The study emphasizes the coexistence of adversity and growth, as well as the importance of mutual coping in addressing the psychological effects of endometriosis.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eEthics approval was received from the Ethics Committee of Bar-Ilan University (approval No. 072202). Informed consent\u0026nbsp;was obtained from all subjects. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the co-responding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare no competing interest concerning this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;authors\u0026nbsp;received\u0026nbsp;no\u0026nbsp;funding\u0026nbsp;for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e S.S.A., Y.H.R., A.W., and B-E.F. were involved in designing this study. A.W. and B-E.F. helped recruit participants. S.S.A. and Y.H.R. were involved in the analysis and interpretation of data. This manuscript was drafted by S.S.A and Y.H.R. All authors approved the final draft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors thank S.S., S.L., A.S-E., and R.T-A. for helping in recruiting participants\u0026nbsp;as well as to all the participants who took part in this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Health Organization (WHO). International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11). Geneva: WHO; 2018.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZondervan KT, Becker CM, Missmer SA, Endometriosis. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1244\u0026ndash;1256. 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Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-01603-6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12905-022-01603-6\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"endometriosis, coping, qualitative method, dyadic interview analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3135952/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3135952/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndometriosis, impacting roughly 10% of reproductive-age women and girls globally, presents diagnostic challenges that can cause significant delays between symptom onset and medical confirmation. The aim of the current study was to explore the experience of women with endometriosis as well as that of their partners, from pre-diagnosis to diagnosis to post-diagnosis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 couples coping with endometriosis. Each partner was interviewed separately, and each interview was analyzed both individually and as part of a dyad, using the dyadic interview analysis method.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree main themes emerged: (i) \u003cem\u003e\u0026ldquo;\u003c/em\u003eRelationship in the shadow of uncertainty\u003cem\u003e\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e: Coping with health symptoms prior to the formal endometriosis diagnosis; (ii) Coping together or alone when receiving the endometriosis diagnosis; and (iii) \"The day after the diagnosis\u0026rdquo;: Moving between adversity and growth.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study's findings emphasize the importance of viewing the diagnosis from a dyadic perspective and comprehensively \u0026ndash; that is, from pre-diagnosis to accepting the formal diagnosis to post-diagnosis. This journey can have a profound impact on both couple members, affecting their day-to-day functioning, communication, emotional and physical intimacy, and fertility.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Her, His, and Their Journey with Endometriosis: A Qualitative Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-08-07 18:34:23","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3135952/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2356c9ad-299f-43a9-ae4c-3e24d94059de","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 7th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-25T17:51:41+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-08-07 18:34:23","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3135952","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3135952","identity":"rs-3135952","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"B-jG_2CBjPDmsCi4Wdhf-","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}