One case report of giant atypical leiomyoma of the ovary.

The patient is a 58-year-old woman, G4P1. At the age of 40 years old, the patient underwent hysterectomy due to “hysteromyoma” and secondary anemia. After the operation, the patient recovered well. The patient was admitted to our hospital due to palpation of lower abdominal mass and abdominal distention. The patient denied any family disease history or allergies history. Gynecologic examination results: The vaginal stump healed well. A mass could be touched in the pelvic cavity, the upper margin reached the level one finger width higher than the umbilicus, the texture was hard, the mass could move when pushed, no tenderness was felt, and the left margin reached the anterior axillary line, while the right margin reached the ventral median line. Vital signs were normal. Tumor markers (AFP, CEA, CA125, SCC, and CA199) and HE4 were all in the normal range. Pelvic ultrasonography revealed a mass with heterogeneous echo in the pelvis, with a size of 166.0 × 124.0 × 114.0 mm, which had an intact capsule, and was closely connected to the left appendage area. Color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI): Rich blood flow signals were observed in the mass (Fig. 1 ). Total abdominal computed tomography (CT) results: A quasi-round soft tissue mass with heterogeneous density was observed in the pelvic and abdominal cavities, which had relatively distinct margins (Fig. 2 ), and the enhanced scan revealed heterogeneous enhancement (Fig. 3 ). Pelvic cavity resection and right adnexectomy were performed through the abdominal approach under general anesthesia. The intraoperative findings were as follows: a large mass of approximately 20 × 18 cm was found in the pelvic cavity, which closely adhered to the bowel and bladder; no uterus was found; the mass had a smooth surface and solid texture, the fallopian tube structure was observed on the surface of the mass, no oviduct fimbria structure was observed, and no obvious ovarian structure was observed. Suspensory ligament was observed on the top of the mass, and a round ligament was found on the side of the mass close to the side wall of the pelvic cavity. A part of the tumor was frozen during the operation. Frozen results suggested endometrial stromal sarcoma. After the operation, the mass was dissected, and the results were as follows: the thickness of the wall of the capsule was approximately 1 to 3 cm, the color was white, the texture was tough, and a necrotic tissue of approximately 6 × 5 cm was found in the center of the tumor, which was dark red, had a fragile texture, and part of the tissue was yellow. Postoperative pathology drew a diagnosis of left ovarian atypical leiomyoma, and immunohistochemistry was strongly positive for SMA. The operative procedure was smooth, and no complications occurred during and after the operation. The stitches were removed 8 days later. She was discharged home 12 days after the operation. Without radiotherapy or chemotherapy, there were no signs of tumor recurrence in a 9-month follow-up period. Ethics Approval: This study was conducted in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki. This study was conducted with approval from the Ethics Committee of The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. B ultrasonography reveals a mass with heterogeneous echo in the pelvic cavity, which closely connects to the left appendage. CT reveals a quasi-round mass shadow with heterogeneous density in the pelvic cavity, the boundary is relatively clear. CT = computed tomography. Enhanced CT scan reveals the heterogeneous enhancement of the mass. CT = computed tomography.

Data curation: Qiu -Man Wang. Formal analysis: Qiu -Man Wang. Methodology: Ye Zhao. Writing – original draft: Qiu -Man Wang, Ye Zhao, Ying Ma, Li-Ting Yao, Xiao Han. Writing – review & editing: Qiu -Man Wang, Ye Zhao, Ying Ma, Li-Ting Yao, Xiao Han.

Ovarian leiomyoma is a rare ovarian tumor. When a solid mass appears in appendage tissues, ovarian leiomyoma should be considered. This tumor is difficult to be diagnosed by preoperative imaging examination. Hence, intraoperative frozen section would be helpful for determining the scope of the surgery, and pathology and immunohistochemistry can be used for diagnosis. The prognosis of this disease is good.

Ovarian leiomyoma is rare, and accounts for 0.5% to 1.0% of all ovarian tumors. Ovarian leiomyoma can be classified into 2 types: primary and secondary. Primary ovarian leiomyoma is mainly derived from ovarian tissues, and the vast majority of scholars have considered that it is derived from smooth muscle cells in the walls of ovarian vessels. Other theories have stated that it is derived from smooth muscle cells in the ovarian ligament, the smooth muscle cells in the ovarian stroma, the undifferentiated reproductive cells and cortical smooth muscle cells, or the smooth muscle cells in the smooth muscle metaplasia or ovarian endometriosis. [ 2 , 4 , 6 – 8 ] Secondary ovarian leiomyoma is derived from extra-ovarian tissues, and attaches to the ovary. In the present report, the patient underwent hysterectomy due to “hysteromyoma.” For its tumor origin, it may also be a pedicled subserous hysteromyoma. The tumor cells fell off from the uterus and connected to the ovaries, which gradually grew. Most scholars have considered that estrogen plays an important role in the development and progression of this tumor. A scholar reported that a pregnant woman had her tumor increased by 2 cm in a year, including pregnancy. [ 7 ] Other scholars [ 8 ] have reported that in a patient with leiomyoma, in a time period of one year before menstruation, the tumor did not significantly increase, but the tumor diameter increased from 4.5 to 6.5 cm as the menstruation came. Furthermore, the increase in progesterone and estrogen may stimulate the growth of the tumor. Another scholar [ 9 ] reported 2 gestational sac (GS) patients with ovarian leiomyoma. Due to the lack of cases, merely about 70 patients have been reported worldwide. The origin and mechanism of this type of tumor needs to be further explored through large sample size studies. The tumor usually has no clinical symptoms, and patients visit a doctor generally due to the discovery of lower abdominal masses during physical examination, or when occasionally touching masses. The patient in the present report mainly presented with massive compression symptoms, such as lower abdominal distension, frequency of urine and constipation, etc. The compression of the ureter may lead to hydronephrosis, which may also be accompanied by pleural effusion and ascites, and elevated CA125 levels. [ 10 ] The cause of ascites may be similar to the pathogenesis of Meigs syndrome. Furthermore, the tumor may cause severe acute abdomen due to torsion-induced necrosis. [ 3 , 11 ] Hence, this disease should be considered as one of the causes of acute abdomen. Due to the rare nature and variability of ovarian leiomyoma, preoperative imaging diagnosis is often very difficult, and the diagnosis mainly depends on postoperative pathology and immunohistochemistry. Typical imaging methods include ultrasonography, CT, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ultrasonography suggests pelvic solid tumors, which has an echo similar with the myometrium of the uterus. Therefore, it is difficult to distinguish the pedicled subserous hysteromyoma. MRI is the main preoperative diagnostic method of ovarian leiomyoma. [ 12 ] When MRI reveals ovarian tumors similar to hysteromyoma, ovarian leiomyoma should be considered. MRI can also help distinguish between benign and malignant tumors. In addition, some scholars have suggested that [ 13 ] frozen section histology should be performed during laparoscopic surgery, in order to understand the nature of the tumor and determine the scope of the surgery. The tumor was generally solid, and may be accompanied by secondary damage such as hyaline degeneration, bleeding, calcification, and cystic degeneration. The pathology reported by most scholars is similar to that of ordinary uterine leiomyoma. The case reported in the present study was a special uterine hysteromyoma type-atypical leiomyoma. Atypical leiomyoma is in the scope between benign leiomyoma and malignant leiomyosarcoma. The cytology was atypical, no coagulable necrosis was found, and <10 mitosis could be found in every 10 high power field (HPF). [ 14 ] Ovarian leiomyoma must be distinguished from leiomyosarcoma, which is mainly determined by mitotic count, cell atypia, and coagulable necrosis. The pathological test results of the present case suggests that the tumor had a staggered arrangement of spindle cells, which was similar to leiomyoma, the partial area was dense in cells, the nuclei presented with mild dysplasia, the mitotic image was approximately 4 to 6/10 HPF, and no coagulable necrosis could be found (Fig. 4 ). The tumor was a staggered arrangement of spindle cells, the nuclei presented with mild dysplasia, and the nuclear mitosis was <10 HPF (H&E ×200). It was difficult to identify this tumor from ovarian thecoma and ovarian fibroma, which was determined by immunohistochemistry. [ 5 , 7 ] Immunohistochemistry can reveal positive results for vimentin, desmin, and smooth muscle actin. [ 15 ] In order to distinguish this tumor from ovarian sex cord stromal tumors, the combined staining of SMA, desmin and α-inhibin should be performed. If α-inhibin is positive, this suggests sex cord stromal tumors. If SMA or desmin is strongly positive, and α-inhibin is negative, it can be diagnosed as leiomyoma. The clinical treatment principle of ovarian leiomyoma is associated to age. For middle-aged and elderly patients, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is the gold standard. [ 2 ] After complete resection, ovarian leiomyoma rarely recurs, postoperative adjuvant therapy is not required, and the prognosis is good. For women who strongly requires to retain their reproductive functions, conservative surgery is unable to completely remove the tumor. In this case, it remains to be determined whether antiestrogen therapy, such as GnRH analogue, can be given to prevent relapse. No literature has been reported on this, and further studies are required.

Ovarian leiomyoma is a rare ovarian tumor, which occurs in 20 to 65-year-old women. [ 1 ] Ovarian leiomyoma usually occurs on one side. Compared with elderly patients, bilateral tumors more likely occurs in young patients. [ 2 ] The mass of this type of tumor is small, [ 3 ] and patients usually have no clinical symptoms. Furthermore, patients are often complicated with a history of hysteromyoma or hysterectomy, [ 4 ] and coexisting peritoneal disseminated leiomyoma and ovarian leiomyoma have also been reported. [ 5 ] The histology of leiomyomas ranges from benign to borderline to malignant. In most reports on this type of tumor, ovarian myoma has a benign histology. Herein,we describe a case of ovarian atypical leiomyoma.