Impact of WNT1-inducible signaling pathway protein-1 (WISP-1) genetic polymorphisms and clinical aspects of breast cancer.

Data curation: Yan Wang, Szu-Yu Chien, Chen-Ming Su. Formal analysis: Szu-Yu Chien. Investigation: Xiao-Fang Dong, Yong-Ming Zhao. Methodology: Shi-Hui Yang, Ping-Wen Hsu. Resources: Yan Wang, Chao-Qun Wang. Software: Chen-Ming Su. Supervision: Chen-Ming Su, Chih-Hsin Tang. Writing – original draft: Chih-Hsin Tang. Writing – review & editing: Chen-Ming Su, Chih-Hsin Tang. Chih-Hsin Tang orcid: 0000-0002-7113-8352.

All study participants identified as Han Chinese ethnicity (Table 1 ). Most were nonsmokers (95.31%) and did not drink alcohol (96.09%). The mean age of the controls was significantly younger than that of the breast cancer cohort (37.98 years vs 53.67 years; P  < .001). Most patients (77.54%) had stage I/II breast cancer; 22.46% had stage III/IV disease (Table 1 ). Most patients (78.81%) had lymph node (N) N1–N3 metastasis. Nearly all tumors (97.03) were classified as non-metastatic (M0) (Table 1 ). Tumors were classified as ER + (69.07%), PR + (54.24%), or HER2 – (37.29%). (Table 1 ) Demographical characteristic in 128 controls and 236 patients with breast cancer. Table 2 depicts polymorphism frequencies. All genotypes were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium ( P  > .05). Of all study participants, most of those with the rs2977537, rs2929970, and rs2977530 SNPs were heterozygous for the AG genotype, most of those with the rs2929973 SNP were heterozygous for the GT genotype, and most of those with the rs62514004 SNP were homozygous for AA (Table 2 ). In analyses that adjusted for confounders, study participants with the AG or the AG + GG genotype of the WISP1 rs62514004 polymorphism were around twice as likely to develop breast cancer as compared with those who were AA homozygous (AOR: 2.003; 95% CI: 1.022-3.924 and 1.910; 1.101-3.314, respectively; P  < .05 for both comparisons). (Table 2 ) Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of Breast Cancer associated with WISP1 genotype frequencies. Conversely, in an evaluation of clinicopathological aspects and rs62514004 WISP1 genotypes, patients with the GG genotype were less likely than those with the AA genotype to develop stage III/IV disease (OR: 0.315; 95% CI: 0.105-0.949) (Table 3 ). However, the other genotypes did not have significant difference (data not shown). Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of a clinical status associated with genotypic frequencies of WISP1 in 236 Breast Cancer patients. ER, PR and HER2 staining can be used to categorize the subtype of breast cancer patients. We found that patients with the WISP1 rs2929973 GG + TT genotype were almost twice as likely as those with the GT genotype to have tumors with ER and PR positive status (AOR: 1.994; 95% CI: 1.137-3.497 and 1.947; 1.139-3.328, respectively; P  < .05 for both comparisons), while those carrying the WISP1 rs62514004 AG + GG genotype were likely as those with the AA genotype to develop HER2 positive status (AOR: 1.881; 95% CI: 1.102-3.211) (Table 4 ). However, the other genotypes did not have significant difference (data not shown). Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of a clinical status associated with genotypic frequencies of WISP1 in 236 Breast Cancer patients.

This study enrolled 236 Han Chinese women with breast cancer (cases) presenting to Dongyang People's Hospital (Dongyang, Zhejiang, China) and 128 healthy, community-dwelling women without cancer (controls) between 2014 and 2018; all participants provided one blood sample each at study entry. Tumors were graded by the Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grading system, while the World Health Organization breast tumor classification criteria were used for pathohistological diagnoses. [ 25 ] Immunohistochemical evaluations scored all tumors for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) and Ki-67 expression and subtyped them as Luminal A (ER-positive [ + ] and/or PR + , HER2-negative [ – ], Ki-67 <14%), Luminal B (ER + and/or PR + , HER2 – , Ki-67 ≥14%, ER + and/or PR + , HER2 + ), HER2-enriched (ER – , PR – , HER2 + ), or as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC; ER – , PR – , HER2 – ). [ 25 , 26 ] Clinicopathological information was collected from electronic medical records and from a standardized questionnaire providing sociodemographic data completed by all study participants at study entry. The study protocol was approved by the Dongyang People's Hospital Ethics Committee and all study procedures complied with guidelines and regulations. All study participants provided written informed consent at the time of study entry. Following the manufacturer's instructions, we used QIAamp DNA blood mini kits (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) to isolate total genomic DNA from whole blood specimens. TE buffer (10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.8) was used to dissolve DNA, which was stored at −20 °C until quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. Five WISP1 SNPs were selected for analysis (rs2977537, rs2929970, rs2929973, rs2977530, and rs62514004), as they have previously been found to correlate with oral cancer progression. [ 27 ] SNPs were genotyped by the TaqMan SNP genotyping assay (Applied Biosystems, Warrington, UK), according to the manufacturer's protocol. [ 28 , 29 ] qPCRs were performed as previously described in a total volume of 20 μL containing Master Mix (10 μL), probes (0.5 μL) and 10 ng of individual genomic DNA. Real-time PCR was performed as previously described, with an initial denaturation step at 95 °C for 10 minutes, then 40 amplification cycles at 95 °C for 15 seconds and 60 °C for 1 minute. [ 30 , 31 ] Between-group differences were treated as significant when P values were less than .05. The SNP genotype distributions were subjected to Chi-square analysis for determining Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Demographic comparisons between cases and controls were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Fisher exact test. Multiple logistic regression models adjusted for confounding variables estimated adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between genotype frequencies and the risk of breast cancer or clinicopathological characteristics. All data were analyzed using the software program Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) version 19 and are reported as the sample mean ± the standard deviation (SD).

The prognosis of breast cancer patients depends on the clinical or pathological stage at diagnosis. Thus, individuals with hereditary breast cancer could benefit from epigenetic screening for early diagnosis and treatment that prevents the disease from developing. WISP1 polymorphisms have been identified in various cancers, including uterine cervical cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma, [ 22 – 24 ] but data are scant as to the involvement of WISP1 polymorphisms in breast cancer. As far as we are aware, our study is the first to investigate the distributions of the rs2977537, rs2929970, rs2929973, rs2977530, and rs62514004 SNPs and their associations with the development and progression of breast cancer in Chinese Han women. Here, we found that women carrying the AG or the AG + GG genotype of the WISP1 rs62514004 polymorphism were more likely than those with AA homozygotes to develop breast cancer. This evidence implicates critical roles for WISP1 polymorphisms in breast cancer. Between 2010 and 2014, 5-year relative survival rates for breast cancer were ∼90.2% in the USA [ 32 ] and ∼80% in China. [ 33 ] As the prognosis of breast cancer patients depends on their clinical and pathological status at diagnosis, early diagnosis is essential and is becoming ever more possible with improvements in screening strategies and the wider availability of epigenetic strategies. [ 34 ] We investigated possible associations between WISP1 polymorphisms, clinical and pathological markers, and susceptibility to breast cancer. We found that individuals carrying the GG genotype at the rs62514004 WISP1 polymorphism were more or less to develop stage III/IV disease. In addition, patients with the WISP1 rs2929973 GG + TT genotype were likely to develop ER and PR positive status. Furthermore, WISP1 rs62514004 AG + GG genotype were likely as those with the AA genotype to develop HER2 positive status. Our findings contribute to data concerning the correlation between WISP1 and pathological markers and susceptibility of breast cancer. The WISP-1 SNPs has been implicated with cancer progression and susceptibility. WISP1 SNPs rs16893344, rs2977530, rs2977537 and rs62514004 were significantly associated with susceptibility for lung cancer, while marked correlations were found between the following WISP1 SNPs and response to platinum-based chemotherapy in the lung cancer cohort. [ 21 ] In addition, the WISP-1 SNPs has been investigated to correlate with the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The study authors therefore suggested that WISP1 SNPs may serve as markers or therapeutic targets for HCC. [ 24 ] Furthermore, Lin et al, have suggested the predictive capacity of WISP1 SNPs for cervical cancer. [ 22 ] Our result also supports previous finding that WISP1 SNPs is plays critical role with cancer development and susceptibility. Our investigation demonstrates an association between WISP1 gene variants and susceptibility for breast cancer and its progression among Chinese Han women carrying the WISP1 rs62514004 polymorphism. WISP-1 appears to be a predictive marker for breast cancer treatment.

Global cancer estimates for 2018 document breast cancer as the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in women, accounting for around 11.6% of the total cancer incidence burden worldwide. [ 1 ] The risk of developing breast cancer is modified by various factors including age, reproductive and gynecological factors, physical activity, consumption of alcohol and tobacco, as well as family history [ 2 ] and by gynecological diseases such as adenomyosis and polycystic ovary syndrome. [ 3 , 4 ] Genetic testing and mammography screening have limited specificity and sensitivity for evaluating an individual's level of risk for breast cancer. [ 2 , 5 ] Instead, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping might better predict an individual's risk for breast cancer and guide disease management. [ 6 , 7 ] Certain SNPs influence the susceptibility to breast cancer. [ 8 ] The risk of breast cancer is higher in those carrying BRCA gene mutations [ 9 ] and the genetic polymorphisms, high-mobility group box protein 1 ( HMGB1 ) and fascin-1 ( FSCN1 ). [ 10 , 11 ] WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein-1 (WISP-1), also known as CCN4, is a cysteine-rich protein that belongs to the CCN superfamily. [ 12 ] WISP-1 is a Wnt-1 and β-catenin responsive gene that contains 5 exons and four introns and maps to human chromosome 8q24.1–8q24.3. [ 13 , 14 ] WISP-1 is expressed during the processes of embryonic development and tissue repair. [ 15 ] Aberrant WISP-1 expression is seen in various pathological conditions such as arthritis, fibrosis, and malignancy [ 16 ] and promotes the development of various cancers, including chondrosarcoma and oral squamous cell carcinoma. [ 17 – 19 ] WISP1 genetic polymorphisms are associated with the susceptibility to platinum-based chemotherapy responses as well as platinum-based chemotherapy toxicity in patients with lung cancer. [ 20 , 21 ] WISP1 SNPs also predict an individual's susceptibility to uterine cervical cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. [ 22 – 24 ] Up until now, no association has been observed between WISP1 gene polymorphisms as biomarkers or prognostic factors for breast cancer. This case-control study examined the involvement of five WISP1 SNPs and clinicopathological features in the susceptibility to breast cancer in a cohort of Han Chinese women.