William J. Ledger

Oocyte-secreted growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) are critical paracrine regulators of female fertility. Recent studies demonstrated that serum concentrations are associated with the number of …

BackgroundIn vitro fertilization (IVF) is a well-established method to treat various causes of infertility. Some previous retrospective studies suggested a lower ovarian response in Asian women compared to Caucasian women. However, the ovar…

Endometriosis is a condition in which functional endometrial glands are located outside the uterine cavity. Common sites are the pelvic peritoneum, the ovaries, uterine ligaments and rectovaginal septum.

Hydrosalpinx is a fluid accumulation in the fallopian tube which has become blocked, at the fimbrial end and the isthmus. This blockage can be caused by infection, sexually transmitted disease, previous sterilisation, endometriosis or surge…

BACKGROUND: Chronic cyclic pelvic pain (CCPP) affects women's quality of life and pituitary downregulation is often used for symptomatic relief. However, prolonged suppression of ovarian function is associated with menopausal side effects a…

BackgroundEctopic pregnancy (EP) is the leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality during the first trimester and the incidence increases dramatically with in vitro fertilisation and embryo transfer (IVF-ET). The co-existence of an E…

OBJECTIVE: To report reproductive outcomes following laparoscopic surgical excision of histologically confirmed r-ASRM stage III-IV endometriosis. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study was performed at the Royal Hospital for Women, a u…

BACKGROUND: Overweight and obese women have been shown to have an increased risk of recurrent miscarriage as well as other adverse reproductive outcomes, but it is yet unclear whether this is due to an effect on the endometrium, embryo or b…

BACKGROUND: Pelvic adhesions are found in up to 50% of women with CPP during investigative surgeries and adhesiolysis is often performed as part of their management although the causal or casual association of adhesions, and the clinical be…

OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and efficacy of long-term use of long-acting GnRH agonist in women with chronic cyclical pelvic pain using immediate versus delayed add-back hormonal replacement therapy (HRT). DESIGN: A prospective randomise…

BACKGROUND: Ectopic pregnancy is a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality with increasing incidence worldwide. We have investigated whether epithelia from Fallopian tubes (FTs) bearing an ectopic pregnancy differ from normal tubes …

PurposeTo determine whether ovarian response to previous clomifene treatment could influence the selection of the starting dose of gonadotropins in subsequent in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intra uterine insemination (IUI).MethodsForty thr…

OBGYN.net Conference Coverage From First Congress on Controversies in Obstetrics, Gynecology & Infertility Prague CZECH REPUBLIC - October, 1999

Cytokines are proteins important in cell‐cell signalling. They are involved in many physiological processes such as ovulation, menstruation and pregnancy. Equally, they play an important role in conditions such as preterm labour, pre‐eclamp…

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessop Hospital for Women, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK Correspondence to Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessop Hospital for Women, University of Sheffield, Tree Root Walk, Sheffi…

Despite improvement in the success of IVF, reproductive surgery will remain an important option and complement to assisted reproductive technologies (ART) for many couples. Reproductive surgery should be considered as the first-line treatme…

BACKGROUND: Pelvic adhesions are a significant cause of morbidity and are associated with infertility and pain. The three pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha are involved in adhesion fo…