New Upper Palaeolithic rock art complex in the Tejo Valley, Central Portugal

New Upper Palaeolithic rock art complex in the Tejo Valley, Central Portugal | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Short Report New Upper Palaeolithic rock art complex in the Tejo Valley, Central Portugal Telmo Pereira, Sara Garcês, Dionysios Danelatos, Hipólito Giraldo Collado, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4542408/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Mar, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology → Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The Ocreza Valley (Lower Tejo River), central Portugal provides evidence for a new Upper Palaeolithic rock art complex in western Iberia. Recently discovered panels, comprising several engraved zoomorphic figures that includes an auroch (Panel OCR20), another with a horse figure (Panel OCR22) and a bolder with another engraved auroch figure (Panel OCR21). These discoveries substantially increase the previous number of engravings that included a headless horse found in 2000 (Panel OCR15). The style of the engravings is identical to Upper Palaeolithic open-air engravings from other areas of western Iberia, including, Côa, Sabor, Tua, Siega Verde, La Salud, Zêzere valleys and Vale Boi of northern, central and southern Portugal. These new discoveries indicate the existence of concentrated assemblages of Upper Palaeolithic rock art in the Tejo Valley, overlapping the territory of an already known Holocene-dated Tejo Rock Art Complex (Garcês 2017). Similarities in setting, production, and style with other Western Iberian sites imply potential long-range contact and exchange networks involving the new ideas in artistic endeavour that are coherent with population clustering in central-western Iberia during the LGM. Engravings Iberian Peninsula Palaeolithic Rock art Tejo basin Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction Artistic endeavour is considered a hallmark of humanity and a trait of complex human behaviour. The Iberian Upper Palaeolithic presents a notable amount of rock art divided between paintings and engravings inside caves and rock shelters (and overhangs), including one particularly important but isolated cave site (Escoural) and mostly, engravings at open-air sites, with these previously concentrated in the Douro River Basin (Aubry et al., 2022) ( Figure 1 ). The already known Holocene-dated Tejo Rock Art Complex has 1636 panels which include 7000 engravings and are distributed across 120 km expanse of river catchment, representing ca. 2000 km² of landscape. The chronology of this imagery is between the Epipaleolithic (Mesolithic) and the Bronze Age (Garcês, 2017). Until 2021, only one figure (Panel OCR15) was of Upper Palaeolithic date, representing the outline of a horse that was assigned by style and technique to the Solutrean period [c. 25 to 19 ka cal BP] (Baptista, 2001; Santos, 2017) and is located on the northern banks of the Ocreza River (a tributary of Tejo River). Between 2021 and 2024, fieldwork exposed more Paleolithic rock art nearby. The Ocreza River is 64 km long and covers 1422 km². The river flows into the Tejo River at around 48 m a.s.l. The bedrock comprises schist, greywacke, metagreywacke, and quartzite, resulting in a moulded landscape based on tectonic folds and faults creating subvertical outcrops. It is within this area, especially between the confluence of the Ocreza and Tejo Rivers that the Upper Paleolithic rock art is concentrated, forming a distinctive cluster. Materials And Methods The excavation area from 2021 was targeted over a colluvial deposit, near Panel OCR15. The area was gridded into four 1 x 1m squares. Sediments were excavated in 5 cm spits, following stratigraphic units and dry sieved with a 3 mm mesh, with individual bagging of finds. Sediment from the charcoal and ash pit was floated using a 0.01 mm mesh to collect charcoal samples for potential radiocarbon dating. Recording of the engravings included 2D and 3D photographic and digital methods. Due to visibility issues, direct acetate tracing was employed for Panel OCR20. Indirect tracing was undertaken using high-resolution photographs, orthophotos and the creation of 3D models using Agisoft TM Metashape® and post-processing using Meshlab®. Additional data collection adhered to standard procedures and earlier research (Danelatos, 2022). A survey in 2023 was undertaken upstream, on a platform at a similar level above the river as Panels OCR15 and OCR20. Later, in February 2024, we undertook an excavation of additional 20m2 within an area adjacent to the excavation undertaken in 2021, using similar field methodologies. Results In 2021, the excavation of a colluvial deposit located close to Panel OCR15, revealed a new Upper Palaeolithic rock art panel with a complex set of engraved figures (Panel OCR20). In 2023, the field survey revealed an engraved auroch (Panel OCR21) at ca. 1.3 km upstream and, in 2024, an engraved horse (Panel OCR22) was also exposed during the expansion of excavation trenching in 2021 ( Figure 2 and 3 ). These discoveries indicate a previously unknown concentration of Upper Palaeolithic rock art in the Lower Tejo Basin. The panels are on vertical to subvertical schist outcrops, contrasting with the Holocene ones that are mostly in horizontal and sub-horizontal panels. Panel OCR15 and Panel OCR21 were exposed, while Panels OCR20 and OCR22 were covered by Holocene colluvial deposits. At panel OCR20, the deposit had nine stratigraphic units corresponded with three horizons: an accumulated historical colluvium covering the panel with three undiagnostic flakes (one made of chert and two of quartzite) ( Figure 4 ), and a charcoal and ash pit (with the charcoal taxonomically identified as Erica arbaea ) of Roman age over the remnants of a Quaternary terrace (Table 1) . In terms of style, the four panels show figures with animals depicted in absolute profile, in a side-on stance, with prominent bellies, dorsal lines and upper leg thigh sections, the torso and legs with the lower leg sections and hoofs rarely represented. The engraving method is always pecking. Discussion and final remarks The absence of a preserved stratigraphic unit with Upper Palaeolithic artifacts and radiometric dates adjacent to the engravings is problematic, meaning that, for now, the chronology of this cluster must be inferred by cross-referencing with others using style and engraving techniques, and the natural river dynamics. The basal sedimentary unit lies at 61 to 53 m.a.s.l., consisting of gravels and coarse grain sand filling voids in the bedrock. These are the remnants of the last terrace deposit (referred to as T6) and its abrasion platform, dated between 60 to 30 ka (Cunha et al., 2016; Gouveia et al., 2021). Between the terrace and the riverbed is a 5 m vertical section likely formed due to regional tectonics (Martins et al., 2017) and the lowing of sea level following the LGM (Lambeck et al., 2014) (Fig. 2). So far, no other Upper Palaeolithic engravings have been discovered on this rock-exposed upper terrace or at the riverbed, only Holocene engravings (Garcês, 2017). Palaeolithic engravings are usually found on the outcrop of the abrasion platform. Therefore, they had to be made when the river was already cutting into the banks and eroding a 5 m incision. However, this natural erosion occurred before the riverbed was formed and Holocene rock art was executed ( Figure 5 ). Based on style and technique, we can find reliable parallels in Solutrean contexts from other regions, including Foz Côa (Ribeira de Pisco: Rocks 3 and 13; Fariseu: Rock 1; Vale de Figueira: Rock 6; Canada do Inferno: Rock 16; Quinta da Barca: Rock 1, 2, 22 and 56; Penascosa: Rock 3, 6, 7), Sabor, Tua (Redor do Porco; Fraga Escrevida 4-5, 10-12), Siega Verde, La Salud, Zêzere valleys and Vale Boi (Baptista & Reis, 2001; Baptista & Varela Gomes, 1996; Santos, 2017; Santos et al., 2015). The new Ocreza panels contribute to an emerging cluster of Upper Palaeolithic rock art within this region of the western Iberian Peninsula. Additional Upper Palaeolithic figures in the Tejo Basin, such as those in the Zêzere Valley extend this influence, possibly even reaching the pre-Magdalenian phase of Côa (Baptista, 2009). The largest river basins that cross the Iberian Peninsula through a variety of landscapes, such as the Douro, the Tejo and the Guadiana, closer to Escoural and with an important upper Palaeolithic cluster (Collado Giraldo, 2008) played a fundamental role during the Upper Palaeolithic as attested by the vast number of sites. The fact that Upper Palaeolithic sites other than these are still unknown in a radius of more than 15 km of this cluster, suggests lack of fieldwork and research, rather than the absence of evidence and much less of the absence of human occupation. Similarities in landscape settings, methods, and styles with other Western Iberian sites imply long-range contact and exchange mechanisms (Reis, 2021), potentially involving the exchange of ideas in terms of artistic endeavour, coherent with population clustering in the central-western Iberian Peninsula during the LGM. The new discoveries indicates that the area within the Ocreza catchment may yield more engraved rock art from this and other river tributaries that feed into the Tejo River. Declarations Acknowledgements The field research was funded by the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT: project UIDB/00073/2020 - doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/00073/2020, UIDP/00073/2020 - doi.org/10.54499/UIDP/00073/2020 both to CGeo and UI/BD/150841/2021 to OA). The authors thank the Instituto Terra e Memória and the Municipality of Mação for their logistical and financial support. Author Contributions: T.P., S.G. designed research; T.P., S.G., D.D., H.G.C. G.H.N., O.A., H.G., P.M., performed research. T.P., S.G., D.D., H.G.C. G.H.N., O.A., P.M., H.G. analyzed data; T.P., S.G., D.D., H.G.C. G.H.N., O.A., H.G., P.M., L.O. wrote the paper. Competing Interest Statement: The authors declare no competing interest. References Aubry, T., Moreno, J. J. F., Santos, A. T., & Maeso, C. V. (2022). Côa & Siega Verde - Limitless art . Consejería de Cultura, Turismo y Deporte. Junta de Castilla y León. Baptista, A. M. (2001). Ocreza (Envendos, Mação, Portugal central): um novo sítio com arte paleolítica de ar livre. Arkeos , 11 , 163–192. Baptista, A. M. (2009). O Paradigma Perdido: O Vale do Côa e a arte paleolítica de ar livre em Portugal (P. A. do V. do Côa (ed.)). Edições Afrontamento. Baptista, A. M., & Reis, M. (2001). A rocha gravada de Redor do Porco. Um novo sítio com arte paleolítica de ar livre no rio Águeda (Escalhão, Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo). Côavisão , 13 , 15–20. Baptista, A. M., & Varela Gomes, M. (1996). Arte Rupestre. In J. Zilhão (Ed.), Arte rupestre e Pré-história do Vale do Côa. Trabalhos de 1995-1996. (pp. 211–406). Ministério da Cultura. Collado Giraldo, H. (2008). De Maltravieso al valle del Guadiana. Un repaso al Arte Rupestre Paleolítico de Extremadura. Memorias Del Museo de Cáceres. Congreso: El Mensaje de Maltravieso 50 Años Después (1956-2006) , 8 , 27–56. Cunha, P. P., Martins, A. A., & Gouveia, M. P. (2016). As escadarias de terraços do Ródão à Chamusca (Baixo Tejo) – caracterização e interpretação de dados sedimentares, tectónicos, climáticos e do paleolítico. Estudos Do Quaternário-Revista Da Associação Portuguesa Para o Estudo Do Quaternário , 14 , 1–24. Danelatos, D. (2022). The Upper Palaeolithic rock art in the Tagus Valley Rock Art Complex ( context , style and chronology ) . Intituto Politécnico de Tomar. Garcês, S. (2017). Cervídeos : Símbolos e Sociedade nos primórdios da agricultura no Vale do Tejo . Gouveia, M. P., Cunha, P. P., Martins, A. A., Falguères, C., Gomes, A. A., Voinchet, P., & Bahain, J. J. (2021). Correlation between the fluvial terrace staircases of the lower Tejo River and the marine terrace staircases adjacent to the river mouth (westernmost Iberia). In FLAG Biennial Meeting: Evolution of fluvial systems at different time scales: abstracts (pp. 26–28). Lambeck, K., Rouby, H., Purcell, A., Sun, Y., & Sambridge, M. (2014). Sea level and global ice volumes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 111 (43), 15296–15303. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1411762111 Martins, A. A., Cabral, J., Cunha, P. P., Stokes, M., Borges, J., Caldeira, B., & Martins, A. C. (2017). Geomorphology Tectonic and lithological controls on fluvial landscape development in central-eastern Portugal: Insights from long profile tributary stream analyses. Geomorphology , 276 , 144–163. Reis, M. (2021). Palaeolithic Art in Portugal and its zoomorphic figures Animals in prehistoric art: The Euro-Mediterranean region and its surroundings. In D. Sigari & S. Garcês (Eds.), ArkeoGazte: Revista de arqueología-Arkelogia aldizkaria, 11 (pp. 19–46). Santos, A. T. (2017). A arte paleolítica ao ar livre da bacia do Douro à margem direita do Tejo: uma visão de conjunto. Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto. Santos, A. T., De Jesus Sanches, M., & Teixeira, J. C. (2015). The upper palaeolithic rock art of portugal in its iberian context. Prehistoric Art as Prehistoric Culture: Studies in Honour of Professor Rodrigo de Balbín-Behrmann , November , 123–133. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvr43m2m.18 Tables Table 1. Radiocarbon date from the charcoal sample recovered from stratigraphic unit 4 of OCR21. Lab code Species dC13 Years BP Years cal BP (95.4%) Years cal BP (99.7%) Wk54118 Ericacea (possible Erica arborea) 80.5± 0.2* 1746±16 1705-1585 1710-1548 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Mar, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 20 Jun, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 07 Jun, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 07 Jun, 2024 First submitted to journal 06 Jun, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4542408","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Short Report","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":316739580,"identity":"6fd1ce64-aee7-4350-ad6b-3bbffbac4b62","order_by":0,"name":"Telmo Pereira","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFAC5gYGBh4I8wADgw2QYmw8gE8DDwMjipY0kJYGIrQgwGGYXtzAnr2xdcMHmXt5/NKHDx6uqDlvt7b9MNCWGptonLbwHGy7OYOnuFiyLy3h4Jljt5O3nUkEajmWltuAS4tEYtttHp6ExA1neAwONrDdTjY7ANTC2HAYtxb5hxAt+8/wfzjY8O9cstn5hwS0SDBCbeHhYTjY2HbAzuwGIVvOJIL8klAscYbN4GBjX3KC2Q2gLQl4/MLefvjYjY89CXn8PcyPPzZ8s7M3O5/+8MGHGhucWsCAsYchAcZOBKtMwKESAX4g1NgTVDwKRsEoGAUjDgAASSVonIr1v7sAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Telmo","middleName":"","lastName":"Pereira","suffix":""},{"id":316739581,"identity":"bc551bc1-681b-41b3-b83e-ffe9694a4a57","order_by":1,"name":"Sara Garcês","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CGeo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sara","middleName":"","lastName":"Garcês","suffix":""},{"id":316739582,"identity":"5269e0de-fed3-4c50-bcee-8958895b65ea","order_by":2,"name":"Dionysios Danelatos","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CGeo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dionysios","middleName":"","lastName":"Danelatos","suffix":""},{"id":316739583,"identity":"52192f18-bf1b-4a04-b215-7646c4e99edf","order_by":3,"name":"Hipólito Giraldo Collado","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Junta de Extremadura, Sección de Arqueología","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hipólito","middleName":"Giraldo","lastName":"Collado","suffix":""},{"id":316739584,"identity":"1b4aa682-b63f-4572-9624-28d43651331f","order_by":4,"name":"George H. 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Sampaio; 2. Pousadouro; 3. Fraga Escrevida; 4. Foz do Tua; 5. Foz do Sabor; 6. Ribeira da Sardinha; 7. Mazouco; 8. Foz Coa complex; 9. Redor do Porco; 10. La Salud; 11. Faia; 12. Siega Verde complex; 13. Poço do Caldeirão e Costalta; 14. Vale Boi.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4542408/v1/0302fc1318b9ee9500149075.png"},{"id":59073932,"identity":"4862f341-13f0-475e-93c0-4827be33870a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-26 05:33:39","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2575461,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLocation of Ocreza palaeolithic rock art panels along the right margin of the river. a) OCR15, b) OCR20; c) OCR21, d) OCR22.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4542408/v1/378581e25d21a6e5d1c4b7ae.png"},{"id":59073568,"identity":"0f9906fa-6182-4d81-b36b-c58df5a17be6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-26 05:25:39","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1469818,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePalaeolithic rock art from Ocreza Valley. a) Panels OCR15, b) OCR20; c) OCR21; d) OCR22.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4542408/v1/11bb9b200153ea739b2617e6.png"},{"id":59074324,"identity":"d8384c50-8f3f-4c96-a7e1-173d458630f3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-26 05:41:39","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":657549,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTwo undiagnostic quartzite flakes and one undiagnostic chert flake found during the excavation around Panel OCR20.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4542408/v1/04654a862c669f043ba4e7a9.png"},{"id":59073567,"identity":"5302dcf6-5f1f-4571-ad83-414ea81d825d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-26 05:25:39","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2201315,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOcreza Valley: a) east-west view; b) Aerial view of Panels OCR20 and OCR22; c) Detail of Panels OCR20 and OCR22; 1) Abrasion platform; 2) Panels OCR20; 3) OCR22; 4) OCR15; 5) Colluvial deposit; 6) cliff; 7) Ocreza riverbed.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4542408/v1/99f93b09b4fdf388d9a112d9.png"},{"id":79120719,"identity":"a0043113-5e49-4f22-a981-c1f3396e3a04","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-24 16:11:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":11213894,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4542408/v1/6db2cc7a-d2a8-42cf-8ff7-64bf1bbe7825.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"New Upper Palaeolithic rock art complex in the Tejo Valley, Central Portugal","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eArtistic endeavour is considered a hallmark of humanity and a trait of complex human behaviour. The Iberian Upper Palaeolithic presents a notable amount of rock art divided between paintings and engravings inside caves and rock shelters (and overhangs), including one particularly important but isolated cave site (Escoural) and mostly, engravings at open-air sites, with these previously concentrated in the Douro River Basin\u0026nbsp;(Aubry et al., 2022)\u0026nbsp;(\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 1\u003c/strong\u003e). The already known Holocene-dated Tejo Rock Art Complex has 1636 panels which include 7000 engravings and are distributed across 120 km expanse of river catchment, representing ca. 2000 km\u0026sup2; of landscape. \u0026nbsp; The chronology of this imagery is between the Epipaleolithic (Mesolithic) and the Bronze Age (Garc\u0026ecirc;s, 2017). Until 2021, only one figure (Panel OCR15) was of Upper Palaeolithic date, representing the outline of a horse that was assigned by style and technique to the Solutrean period [c. 25 to 19 ka cal BP] (Baptista, 2001; Santos, 2017) and is located on the northern banks of the Ocreza River (a tributary of Tejo River). Between 2021 and 2024, fieldwork exposed more Paleolithic rock art nearby.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Ocreza River is 64 km long and covers 1422 km\u0026sup2;. The river flows into the Tejo River at around 48 m a.s.l. The bedrock comprises schist, greywacke, metagreywacke, and quartzite, resulting in a moulded landscape based on tectonic folds and faults creating subvertical outcrops. It is within this area, especially between the confluence of the Ocreza and Tejo Rivers that the Upper Paleolithic rock art is concentrated, forming a distinctive cluster.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials And Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe excavation area from 2021 was targeted over a colluvial deposit, near Panel OCR15. The area was gridded into four 1 x 1m squares. Sediments were excavated in 5 cm spits, following stratigraphic units and dry sieved with a 3 mm mesh, with individual bagging of finds. Sediment from the charcoal and ash pit was floated using a 0.01 mm mesh to collect charcoal samples for potential radiocarbon dating.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRecording of the engravings included 2D and 3D photographic and digital methods. Due to visibility issues, direct acetate tracing was employed for Panel OCR20. Indirect tracing was undertaken using high-resolution photographs, orthophotos and the creation of 3D models using Agisoft TM Metashape\u0026reg; and post-processing using Meshlab\u0026reg;. Additional data collection adhered to standard procedures and earlier research\u0026nbsp;(Danelatos, 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA survey in 2023 was undertaken upstream, on a platform at a similar level above the river as Panels OCR15 and OCR20.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLater, in February 2024, we undertook an excavation of additional 20m2 within an area adjacent to the excavation undertaken in 2021, using similar field methodologies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn 2021, the excavation of a colluvial deposit located close to Panel OCR15, revealed a new Upper Palaeolithic rock art panel with a complex set of engraved figures (Panel OCR20). In 2023, the field survey revealed an engraved auroch (Panel OCR21) at ca. 1.3 km upstream and, in 2024, an engraved horse (Panel OCR22) was also exposed during the expansion of excavation trenching in 2021 (\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 2 and 3\u003c/strong\u003e). These discoveries indicate a previously unknown concentration of Upper Palaeolithic rock art in the Lower Tejo Basin.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe panels are on vertical to subvertical schist outcrops, contrasting with the Holocene ones that are mostly in horizontal and sub-horizontal panels. Panel OCR15 and Panel OCR21 were exposed, while Panels OCR20 and OCR22 were covered by Holocene colluvial deposits. At panel OCR20, the deposit had nine stratigraphic units corresponded with three horizons: an accumulated historical colluvium covering the panel with three undiagnostic flakes (one made of chert and two of quartzite) (\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 4\u003c/strong\u003e), and a charcoal and ash pit (with the charcoal taxonomically identified as \u003cem\u003eErica arbaea\u003c/em\u003e) of Roman age over the remnants of a Quaternary terrace \u003cstrong\u003e(Table 1)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn terms of style, the four panels show figures with animals depicted in absolute profile, in a side-on stance, with prominent bellies, dorsal lines and upper leg thigh sections, the torso and legs with the lower leg sections and hoofs rarely represented. The engraving method is always pecking.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion and final remarks","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe absence of a preserved stratigraphic unit with Upper Palaeolithic artifacts and radiometric dates adjacent to the engravings is problematic, meaning that, for now, the chronology of this cluster must be inferred by cross-referencing with others using style and engraving techniques, and the natural river dynamics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe basal sedimentary unit lies at 61 to 53 m.a.s.l., consisting of gravels and coarse grain sand filling voids in the bedrock. These are the remnants of the last terrace deposit (referred to as T6) and its abrasion platform, dated between 60 to 30 ka\u0026nbsp;(Cunha et al., 2016; Gouveia et al., 2021). Between the terrace and the riverbed\u0026nbsp;is a 5 m vertical section likely formed due to regional tectonics\u0026nbsp;(Martins et al., 2017)\u0026nbsp;and the lowing of sea level following the LGM\u0026nbsp;(Lambeck et al., 2014)\u0026nbsp;(Fig. 2). So far, no other Upper Palaeolithic engravings have been discovered on this rock-exposed upper terrace or at the riverbed, only Holocene engravings\u0026nbsp;(Garc\u0026ecirc;s, 2017). Palaeolithic engravings are usually found on the outcrop of the abrasion platform. Therefore, they had to be made when the river was already cutting into the banks and eroding a 5 m incision. However, this natural erosion occurred before the riverbed was formed and Holocene rock art was executed (\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 5\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on style and technique, we can find reliable parallels in Solutrean contexts from other regions, including Foz C\u0026ocirc;a (Ribeira de Pisco: Rocks 3 and 13; Fariseu: Rock 1; Vale de Figueira: Rock 6; Canada do Inferno: Rock 16; Quinta da Barca: Rock 1, 2, 22 and 56; Penascosa: Rock 3, 6, 7), Sabor, Tua (Redor do Porco; Fraga Escrevida 4-5, 10-12), Siega Verde, La Salud, Z\u0026ecirc;zere valleys and Vale Boi (Baptista \u0026amp; Reis, 2001; Baptista \u0026amp; Varela Gomes, 1996; Santos, 2017; Santos et al., 2015).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe new Ocreza panels contribute to an emerging cluster of Upper Palaeolithic rock art within this region of the western Iberian Peninsula. Additional Upper Palaeolithic figures in the Tejo Basin, such as those in the Z\u0026ecirc;zere Valley extend this influence, possibly even reaching the pre-Magdalenian phase of C\u0026ocirc;a (Baptista, 2009). The largest river basins that cross the Iberian Peninsula through a variety of landscapes, such as the Douro, the Tejo and the Guadiana, closer to Escoural and with an important upper Palaeolithic cluster (Collado Giraldo, 2008) played a fundamental role during the Upper Palaeolithic as attested by the vast number of sites. The fact that Upper Palaeolithic sites other than these are still unknown in a radius of more than 15 km of this cluster, suggests lack of fieldwork and research, rather than the absence of evidence and much less of the absence of human occupation. Similarities in landscape settings, methods, and styles with other Western Iberian sites imply long-range contact and exchange mechanisms (Reis, 2021), potentially involving the exchange of ideas in terms of artistic endeavour, coherent with population clustering in the central-western Iberian Peninsula during the LGM.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe new discoveries indicates that the area within the Ocreza catchment may yield more engraved rock art from this and other river tributaries that feed into the Tejo River.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe field research was funded by the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT: project UIDB/00073/2020 - doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/00073/2020, UIDP/00073/2020 - doi.org/10.54499/UIDP/00073/2020 both to CGeo and UI/BD/150841/2021 to OA). The authors thank the Instituto Terra e Mem\u0026oacute;ria and the Municipality of Ma\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o for their logistical and financial support.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Contributions:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT.P., S.G. designed research; T.P., S.G., D.D., H.G.C. G.H.N., O.A., H.G., P.M., performed research. T.P., S.G., D.D., H.G.C. G.H.N., O.A., P.M., H.G. analyzed data; T.P., S.G., D.D., H.G.C. G.H.N., O.A., H.G., P.M., L.O. wrote the paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interest Statement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interest.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAubry, T., Moreno, J. J. F., Santos, A. T., \u0026amp; Maeso, C. V. (2022). \u003cem\u003eC\u0026ocirc;a \u0026amp; Siega Verde - Limitless art\u003c/em\u003e. Consejer\u0026iacute;a de Cultura, Turismo y Deporte. Junta de Castilla y Le\u0026oacute;n.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaptista, A. M. (2001). Ocreza (Envendos, Ma\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o, Portugal central): um novo s\u0026iacute;tio com arte paleol\u0026iacute;tica de ar livre. \u003cem\u003eArkeos\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e, 163\u0026ndash;192.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaptista, A. M. (2009). \u003cem\u003eO Paradigma Perdido: O Vale do C\u0026ocirc;a e a arte paleol\u0026iacute;tica de ar livre em Portugal\u003c/em\u003e (P. A. do V. do C\u0026ocirc;a (ed.)). Edi\u0026ccedil;\u0026otilde;es Afrontamento.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaptista, A. M., \u0026amp; Reis, M. (2001). A rocha gravada de Redor do Porco. Um novo sítio com arte paleolítica de ar livre no rio Águeda (Escalhão, Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo). \u003cem\u003eCôavisão\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e, 15\u0026ndash;20.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaptista, A. M., \u0026amp; Varela Gomes, M. (1996). Arte Rupestre. In J. Zilh\u0026atilde;o (Ed.), \u003cem\u003eArte rupestre e Pré-história do Vale do Côa. Trabalhos de 1995-1996.\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 211\u0026ndash;406). Minist\u0026eacute;rio da Cultura.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCollado Giraldo, H. (2008). De Maltravieso al valle del Guadiana. Un repaso al Arte Rupestre Paleol\u0026iacute;tico de Extremadura. \u003cem\u003eMemorias Del Museo de C\u0026aacute;ceres. Congreso: El Mensaje de Maltravieso 50 A\u0026ntilde;os Despu\u0026eacute;s (1956-2006)\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e8\u003c/em\u003e, 27\u0026ndash;56.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCunha, P. P., Martins, A. A., \u0026amp; Gouveia, M. P. (2016). As escadarias de terra\u0026ccedil;os do R\u0026oacute;d\u0026atilde;o \u0026agrave; Chamusca (Baixo Tejo) \u0026ndash; caracteriza\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o e interpreta\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o de dados sedimentares, tect\u0026oacute;nicos, clim\u0026aacute;ticos e do paleol\u0026iacute;tico. \u003cem\u003eEstudos Do Quatern\u0026aacute;rio-Revista Da Associa\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o Portuguesa Para o Estudo Do Quatern\u0026aacute;rio\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e14\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;24.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDanelatos, D. (2022). \u003cem\u003eThe Upper Palaeolithic rock art in the Tagus Valley Rock Art Complex ( context , style and chronology )\u003c/em\u003e. Intituto Polit\u0026eacute;cnico de Tomar.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGarc\u0026ecirc;s, S. (2017). \u003cem\u003eCerv\u0026iacute;deos : S\u0026iacute;mbolos e Sociedade nos prim\u0026oacute;rdios da agricultura no Vale do Tejo\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGouveia, M. P., Cunha, P. P., Martins, A. A., Falgu\u0026egrave;res, C., Gomes, A. A., Voinchet, P., \u0026amp; Bahain, J. J. (2021). Correlation between the fluvial terrace staircases of the lower Tejo River and the marine terrace staircases adjacent to the river mouth (westernmost Iberia). In \u003cem\u003eFLAG Biennial Meeting: Evolution of fluvial systems at different time scales: abstracts\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 26\u0026ndash;28).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLambeck, K., Rouby, H., Purcell, A., Sun, Y., \u0026amp; Sambridge, M. (2014). Sea level and global ice volumes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene. \u003cem\u003eProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e111\u003c/em\u003e(43), 15296\u0026ndash;15303. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1411762111\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMartins, A. A., Cabral, J., Cunha, P. P., Stokes, M., Borges, J., Caldeira, B., \u0026amp; Martins, A. C. (2017). Geomorphology Tectonic and lithological controls on fluvial landscape development in central-eastern Portugal: Insights from long profile tributary stream analyses. \u003cem\u003eGeomorphology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e276\u003c/em\u003e, 144\u0026ndash;163.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReis, M. (2021). Palaeolithic Art in Portugal and its zoomorphic figures Animals in prehistoric art: The Euro-Mediterranean region and its surroundings. In D. Sigari \u0026amp; S. Garc\u0026ecirc;s (Eds.), \u003cem\u003eArkeoGazte: Revista de arqueolog\u0026iacute;a-Arkelogia aldizkaria, 11\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 19\u0026ndash;46).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSantos, A. T. (2017). \u003cem\u003eA arte paleol\u0026iacute;tica ao ar livre da bacia do Douro \u0026agrave; margem direita do Tejo: uma vis\u0026atilde;o de conjunto.\u003c/em\u003e Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSantos, A. T., De Jesus Sanches, M., \u0026amp; Teixeira, J. C. (2015). The upper palaeolithic rock art of portugal in its iberian context. \u003cem\u003ePrehistoric Art as Prehistoric Culture: Studies in Honour of Professor Rodrigo de Balb\u0026iacute;n-Behrmann\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eNovember\u003c/em\u003e, 123\u0026ndash;133. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvr43m2m.18\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eRadiocarbon date from the charcoal sample recovered from stratigraphic unit 4 of OCR21.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLab code\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.649484536082475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edC13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYears BP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYears cal BP (95.4%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.649484536082475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYears cal BP (99.7%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWk54118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.649484536082475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEricacea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(possible Erica arborea)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.5\u0026plusmn; 0.2*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1746\u0026plusmn;16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.587628865979383%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1705-1585\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.649484536082475%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1710-1548\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-paleolithic-archaeology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jpla","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology](https://link.springer.com/journal/41982)","snPcode":"41982","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/41982/3","title":"Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Engravings, Iberian Peninsula, Palaeolithic, Rock art, Tejo basin","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4542408/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4542408/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"The Ocreza Valley (Lower Tejo River), central Portugal provides evidence for a new Upper Palaeolithic rock art complex in western Iberia. Recently discovered panels, comprising several engraved zoomorphic figures that includes an auroch (Panel OCR20), another with a horse figure (Panel OCR22) and a bolder with another engraved auroch figure (Panel OCR21). These discoveries substantially increase the previous number of engravings that included a headless horse found in 2000 (Panel OCR15). The style of the engravings is identical to Upper Palaeolithic open-air engravings from other areas of western Iberia, including, Côa, Sabor, Tua, Siega Verde, La Salud, Zêzere valleys and Vale Boi of northern, central and southern Portugal. These new discoveries indicate the existence of concentrated assemblages of Upper Palaeolithic rock art in the Tejo Valley, overlapping the territory of an already known Holocene-dated Tejo Rock Art Complex (Garcês 2017). Similarities in setting, production, and style with other Western Iberian sites imply potential long-range contact and exchange networks involving the new ideas in artistic endeavour that are coherent with population clustering in central-western Iberia during the LGM.","manuscriptTitle":"New Upper Palaeolithic rock art complex in the Tejo Valley, Central Portugal","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-26 05:17:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4542408/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-06-20T07:54:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-06-07T08:10:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-06-07T08:09:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology","date":"2024-06-06T20:48:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-paleolithic-archaeology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jpla","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology](https://link.springer.com/journal/41982)","snPcode":"41982","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/41982/3","title":"Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9e0e9fa3-bd3f-49a6-8631-c5f1b3e69d20","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 26th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-24T16:07:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4542408","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41982-025-00211-8","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-paleolithic-archaeology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology"},"publishedOn":"2025-03-20 15:58:17","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 20th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-26 05:17:35","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s41982-025-00211-8","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41982-025-00211-8","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4542408","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4542408","identity":"rs-4542408","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}