Minimum work associated with separating nitrogen from air: An exergy analysis

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Many companies in these industries obtain nitrogen via on-premises air separation processes. The three main processes for separating nitrogen from ambient air are cryogenic distillation, membrane separation, and pressure-swing adsorption (PSA). Improvements to these processes will likely focus on increasing efficiency, resulting in reduced environmental impact owing to less electrical power demand and opportunities for economic incentives. Regardless of the process utilized, a minimum theoretical amount of work input is required to obtain nitrogen gas at different pressures and concentrations compared to ambient conditions. Methods An equation was derived to evaluate the total exergy (including thermo-mechanical and chemical exergy) of product and exhaust mixtures resulting from air separation, indicating the minimum theoretical work input as a function of the product pressure, purity, and process recovery rate. This analysis considered an air separation system as a black box, with the input, output, and exhaust assumed to be ideal gas mixtures of nitrogen and oxygen at 15°C. The analysis applies to cryogenic distillation if the product and exhaust mixtures return to the gas phase. Results In general, the minimum required work input increases with product purity and recovery rate. Plots of minimum theoretical work versus product purity and recovery rate were made for two product pressures (atmospheric and 800 kPa) to show the behavior of the derived equation. Conclusions The analysis allows for direct efficiency (based on the second law of thermodynamics) comparisons between existing processes and future technological innovations in the field of air separation. Actual air separation systems have low efficiencies compared to ideal systems; actual PSA systems were estimated to have second law efficiencies of 5.5–11.2%. Therefore, there is great potential for improvements to current air separation systems. " } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/13-158/v1", "name": "Minimum work associated with separating nitrogen from air: An exergy..." } } ] } Home Browse Minimum work associated with separating nitrogen from air: An exergy... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Rinker G. Minimum work associated with separating nitrogen from air: An exergy analysis [version 1; peer review: 3 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :158 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.145337.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Minimum work associated with separating nitrogen from air: An exergy analysis [version 1; peer review: 3 not approved] Garrett Rinker https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4701-4023 Garrett Rinker https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4701-4023 PUBLISHED 01 Mar 2024 Author details Author details South-Tek Systems, Wilmington, North Carolina, 28401, USA Garrett Rinker Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS Abstract Background Nitrogen is essential for a variety of industries, including heat treatment, laser cutting, fire protection, and food packaging. Many companies in these industries obtain nitrogen via on-premises air separation processes. The three main processes for separating nitrogen from ambient air are cryogenic distillation, membrane separation, and pressure-swing adsorption (PSA). Improvements to these processes will likely focus on increasing efficiency, resulting in reduced environmental impact owing to less electrical power demand and opportunities for economic incentives. Regardless of the process utilized, a minimum theoretical amount of work input is required to obtain nitrogen gas at different pressures and concentrations compared to ambient conditions. Methods An equation was derived to evaluate the total exergy (including thermo-mechanical and chemical exergy) of product and exhaust mixtures resulting from air separation, indicating the minimum theoretical work input as a function of the product pressure, purity, and process recovery rate. This analysis considered an air separation system as a black box, with the input, output, and exhaust assumed to be ideal gas mixtures of nitrogen and oxygen at 15°C. The analysis applies to cryogenic distillation if the product and exhaust mixtures return to the gas phase. Results In general, the minimum required work input increases with product purity and recovery rate. Plots of minimum theoretical work versus product purity and recovery rate were made for two product pressures (atmospheric and 800 kPa) to show the behavior of the derived equation. Conclusions The analysis allows for direct efficiency (based on the second law of thermodynamics) comparisons between existing processes and future technological innovations in the field of air separation. Actual air separation systems have low efficiencies compared to ideal systems; actual PSA systems were estimated to have second law efficiencies of 5.5–11.2%. Therefore, there is great potential for improvements to current air separation systems. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Air Separation, Exergy, Nitrogen Generation Corresponding Author(s) Garrett Rinker ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Garrett Rinker Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2024 Rinker G. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Rinker G. Minimum work associated with separating nitrogen from air: An exergy analysis [version 1; peer review: 3 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :158 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.145337.1 ) First published: 01 Mar 2024, 13 :158 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.145337.1 ) Latest published: 01 Mar 2024, 13 :158 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.145337.1 ) Introduction Nitrogen is essential for a variety of industries, including heat treatment, laser cutting, fire protection, and food packaging. The nitrogen requirements for a process are usually specified by purity (expressed as the percentage form of the mole fraction) and flow rate at a certain pressure. Most processes require nitrogen purities in the range of 95–99.999%. The three main processes for obtaining nitrogen from ambient air are cryogenic distillation, membrane separation, and pressure-swing adsorption (PSA). The selection of the process depends on the product flow rate, purity, and state (liquid or gas). Cryogenic distillation was first introduced by Carl von Linde in 1895 and patented in 1903. 1 PSA and membrane separation technologies became more popular in the 1980s, and these technologies can provide sufficient nitrogen purity and flow rates for a wide range of applications at a much lower cost than cryogenics. 2 Cryogenic distillation is the most energy intensive of the three main air separation processes; cryogenic systems typically have an energy consumption of 2.56 kWh/kg of liquid nitrogen, whereas PSA systems typically require 0.31–0.63 kWh/kg of nitrogen gas. 3 This usually makes cryogenic distillation economically viable for large-scale production. However, cryogenic distillation can provide greater nitrogen purity (>99.999% 4 ) than membrane separation and PSA. In addition, some industries require nitrogen in the liquid form, which cannot be obtained via membrane separation or PSA. Membrane systems operate via selective permeation, where differences in gas molecule diffusion rates drive separation through a packed container of hollow fibers. Membrane systems typically provide nitrogen with a purity range of 95–99.5%. 4 PSA systems typically utilize two sieve beds filled with carbon molecular sieves (CMS), a material that selectively adsorbs gas molecules at pores on its surface. PSA systems can provide nitrogen purities in the range of 95–99.999%. 5 Many examples of exergy analyses performed for gas separation via cryogenic distillation, 6 – 9 PSA, 10 – 12 and membrane systems 13 – 15 exist in the literature, most of which focus on specific realistic processes. Entropy generation (directly proportional to exergy destruction) has also been used to describe the performance of gas separation systems. 16 Weber et al . 17 utilized the concept of a “physical optimum” to compare the energy efficiencies of cryogenic and PSA processes for oxygen production. This “physical optimum” identifies avoidable and unavoidable losses as modifications of exergy analysis. Regardless of the approach, a minimum theoretical amount of work input is required to obtain gas at different pressures and concentrations than under ambient conditions. This article presents a theoretical exergy analysis of air separation, indicating the minimum theoretical work input as a function of the product pressure, purity, and process recovery rate. This analysis considered an air separation system as a black box, with the input, output, and exhaust assumed to be ideal gas mixtures of nitrogen and oxygen at 15°C. Methods Mathematical modeling Assumptions The following assumptions will be made for the analysis: • Air is composed of 79% nitrogen and 21% oxygen (all other constituents were neglected). • Gas mixtures will be treated as ideal gases. • The feed (initial state) air was standard atmospheric air at zero gauge pressure (15°C and 101.325 kPa), 18 representing the dead state. • The exhaust and product mixtures were equal to that of the dead state temperature. • The exhaust gas pressure will be equal to that of the dead state. • Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. • Only the initial and final states of gas mixtures are required. Performance of air separation systems For this analysis, the minimum theoretical work required to obtain nitrogen at the specified purities and pressures was determined by calculating the useful work potential (exergy) of the product and exhaust gas mixtures. Exergy describes how much work a reversible system could produce as the contents of the system proceed from a specified state to the dead state, a condition in which the contents are in thermodynamic equilibrium with the environment. Under reversible conditions, the work required to separate a gas mixture is equal to that required for the mixing of its individual components. The efficiency of a work-consuming device (such as an air separation system) in terms of the second law of thermodynamics can be described by: (1) η II = W rev W a where η II is the second law efficiency, W rev is the theoretical reversible work required for a process, and W a is the actual work input to the process. The purity and recovery of nitrogen in the product affect the amount of work required to perform the separation process. Purity (θ) is equivalent to the mole fraction of nitrogen in the product gas ( Equation 2 ). The recovery (r) of nitrogen from the input air is given by Equation 3 . (2) θ = y N 2 , P = 1 − y O 2 , P (3) r = N N 2 , P N N 2 , F = N N 2 , P N N 2 , P + N N 2 , E N is the number of moles, and the subscripts F, P, and E represent the feed (input), product, and exhaust, respectively. 11 Equations 4 and 5 represent the component balances for the nitrogen and oxygen involved in the separation process, respectively. (4) N N 2 , F = N N 2 , P + N N 2 , E (5) N O 2 , F = N O 2 , P + N O 2 , E Derivation of the exergy equation Pal 19 described the exergy of a gas mixture φ as being composed of two parts, namely the thermo-mechanical exergy φ TM and chemical exergy φ C : (6) φ = φ TM + φ C On a unit mass basis, the thermo-mechanical exergy of a closed system is expressed as 20 : (7) φ TM = u − u 0 + P 0 v − v 0 − T 0 s − s 0 + ke + pe where u is the specific internal energy (kJ/kg), P is the pressure (kPa), v is the specific volume (m 3 /kg), T is the temperature (K), s is the specific entropy (kJ/kg · K), ke is the specific kinetic energy, and pe is the potential energy. The subscript 0 refers to the dead state conditions. The kinetic and potential energy changes are assumed to be negligible: (8) φ TM = u − u 0 + P 0 v − v 0 − T 0 s − s 0 The portion of Equation 8 concerning the specific volume can be written as (assuming an ideal gas): (9) P 0 v − v 0 = P 0 R m T P − R m T 0 P 0 = R m P 0 T P − T 0 P 0 where R m (kJ/kg · K) is the gas constant of the mixture. The entropy change of an ideal gas with a constant specific heat approximation from a specified state to a dead state is: (10) s − s 0 = c p , avg ln T T 0 − R m ln P P 0 Substituting Equation 9 and Equation 10 into Equation 8 : (11) φ TM = u − u 0 + R m P 0 T P − T 0 P 0 − T 0 c p , avg ln T T 0 − R m ln P P 0 Following the assumption that the temperature of all states is equal to that of the dead state, the specific internal energy terms in Equation 11 are eliminated because the specific internal energy of an ideal gas is only a function of temperature. Simplifying Equation 11 with the constant temperature assumption: (12) φ TM = R m T 0 P 0 P − 1 + R m T 0 ln P P 0 = R m T 0 P 0 P + ln P P 0 − 1 Pal 19 expressed the molar chemical exergy of an ideal gas mixture as follows: (13) φ ¯ C = R ¯ T 0 ∑ y i ln y i / y i , 0 where R ¯ is the universal gas constant, y i is the molar concentration of gas species in the mixture, and y i,0 is the molar concentration of gas species in the reference environment. Assuming that nitrogen and oxygen were the only gases in the system: (14) φ ¯ C = R ¯ T 0 ∑ y i ln y i / y i , 0 = R ¯ T 0 y N 2 ln y N 2 y N 2 , 0 + y O 2 ln y O 2 y O 2 , 0 Considering the process shown in Figure 1 , one can observe the minimum work required to obtain the separated product and exhaust gas mixtures is the sum of their exergy values. Note that the exhaust gas mixture has no thermomechanical exergy, as it is at the dead state temperature and pressure. Therefore, in this case, Equation 6 becomes: (15) φ = φ TM + φ C P + φ C E Figure 1. Reversible separation and mixing processes. Equation 15 is expanded to determine the total exergy (Φ) of the product and exhaust mixtures as follows: (16) Φ = m m φ TM + N m φ ¯ C P + N m φ ¯ C E Substituting Equation 12 and Equation 14 into Equation 16 : (17) Φ = m m R m T 0 P 0 P + ln P P 0 − 1 + N m R ¯ T 0 y N 2 ln y N 2 y N 2 , 0 + y O 2 ln y O 2 y O 2 , 0 P + N m R ¯ T 0 y N 2 ln y N 2 y N 2 , 0 + y O 2 ln y O 2 y O 2 , 0 E The following expression can be substituted into Equation 17 to obtain terms with similar units: (18) m m = N m R ¯ R m Substituting: (19) Φ = N P R ¯ T 0 P 0 P + ln P P 0 − 1 + y N 2 , P ln y N 2 , P y N 2 , 0 + y O 2 , P ln y O 2 , P y O 2 , 0 + N E R ¯ T 0 y N 2 , E ln y N 2 , E y N 2 , 0 + y O 2 , E ln y O 2 , E y O 2 , 0 Equations 20 through 24 can be utilized to express Equation 19 in terms of product pressure, total volume (V), purity, and recovery: (20) N P = PV R ¯ T 0 (21) N E = N P θ r y N 2 , 0 − 1 (22) N N 2 , E = θ N P 1 r − 1 (23) y O 2 , E = 1 − y N 2 , E (24) y N 2 , E = θ y N 2 , 0 1 − r θ − r y N 2 , 0 Substituting into Equation 19 and simplifying: (25) Φ = PV P 0 P + ln P P 0 − 1 + θln θ y N 2 , 0 + 1 − θ ln 1 − θ y O 2 , 0 + θ y N 2 , 0 1 − r ln θ 1 − r θ − r y N 2 , 0 + 1 y N 2 , 0 − r θ + r − 1 ln 1 y O 2 , 0 − θ y N 2 , 0 1 − r y O 2 , 0 θ − r y N 2 , 0 The second-law efficiency of an actual air separation system can be determined via Equation 1 by utilizing the calculated values from Equation 25 as W rev , provided the final state of the product from the actual process as a gas at the dead state temperature. Expressing Equation 25 in kJ/m 3 : (26) Φ kJ / m 3 = P P 0 P + ln P P 0 − 1 + θln θ y N 2 , 0 + 1 − θ ln 1 − θ y O 2 , 0 + θ y N 2 , 0 1 − r ln θ 1 − r θ − r y N 2 , 0 + 1 y N 2 , 0 − r θ + r − 1 ln 1 y O 2 , 0 − θ y N 2 , 0 1 − r y O 2 , 0 θ − r y N 2 , 0 Equations 25 and 26 are valid within the following ranges for the purity and recovery: θ 0.79 ≤ θ < 1 r 0 < r < 1 Results A source code for plotting results for Equation 26 has been made available on Zenodo. 21 Figure 2 and 3 show graphical depictions of Equation 26 for the product nitrogen gas at atmospheric pressure and 800 kPa, respectively. Figure 2 shows the condition in which the product gas has no thermomechanical exergy. It can be observed that no work input is required at 79% product purity, regardless of the recovery rate, because it was assumed that the ambient air is 79% nitrogen; therefore, the product gas has neither thermomechanical exergy nor chemical exergy. As shown in Figure 3 , the work input is still required for a product purity of 79%, which essentially represents the reversible compression of ambient air. This work input value is constant at a product purity of 79% for any value of recovery and is determined using Equation 12 . Figure 2. Reversible work input to obtain nitrogen gas at 101.325 kPa. Figure 3. Reversible work input to obtain nitrogen gas at 800 kPa. Discussion The work input for actual air separation systems will always be greater than the value determined by utilizing Equation 26 , owing to irreversibility. Cryogenic distillation, membrane separation, and PSA all experience heat loss, friction, and unrestrained gas expansion, among other irreversibilities. Friction exists at all locations where there is relative motion between a fluid and a solid, and all gases exhausted to the atmosphere represent an unrestrained expansion of gas. One of the most notable sources of irreversibility is during compression, as heat rejection from a compressor is usually within 60–90% of the power input. 20 To compare realistic air separation processes to an ideal process, an average PSA system was assumed to provide 99.9% pure nitrogen at 800 kPa within a recovery range of 15–50%. As shown in Figure 4 , the minimum required work input for this process was between 1,151–1,198 kJ/m 3 (an average of 1,174.5 kJ/m 3 ). It is also assumed that the typical PSA input power range of 0.31–0.63 kWh/kg provided by Syakdani et al . 3 applies to these conditions. At 800 kPa, this input power range was equivalent to 10,446–21,228 kJ/m 3 . Utilizing Equation 1 , this represents a second law efficiency of only 5.5–11.2%. Figure 4. Reversible work input to obtain 99.9% nitrogen gas at 800 kPa. Conclusions A theoretical exergy analysis of air separation is presented in this article, indicating the minimum theoretical work input as a function of the product pressure, purity, and process recovery rate. The air separation system was considered a black box, with the input, output, and exhaust gases assumed to be binary mixtures of nitrogen and oxygen at 15°C. Equations 25 and 26 derived from this analysis are only valid for cases where the feed, product, and exhaust mixtures are in the gas phase and at a dead state temperature of 15°C. These equations are still valid for cryogenic distillation, even though the process involves phase changes, assuming that the feed to the system is ambient air and the product and exhaust mixtures are brought back to the gas phase. The following conclusions were drawn from this analysis: • This analysis may be utilized for direct efficiency (based on the second law of thermodynamics) comparisons between existing processes and future technological innovations in the field of air separation. • Actual air separation systems have low efficiencies compared to ideal systems; actual PSA systems were estimated to have second law efficiencies of 5.5–11.2%. Therefore, there is great potential for improvements in the current air separation systems. Data availability Underlying data All underlying data are available as part of the article and no additional source data are required. Software availability Source code available from: https://github.com/grinker4821/Isothermal-Air-Separation-Exergy/tree/Isothermal-Air-Separation-Exergy Archived source code at time of publication: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10619554 . 21 License: CC-BY 4.0 References 1. Linde C: Process of Producing Low Temperatures, the Liquefaction of Gases, and the Separation of the Constituents of Gaseous Mixtures. US Patent 727,650, 1903. 2. Ivanova S, Lewis R: Producing nitrogen via pressure swing adsorption. Chem. Eng. Prog. 2012; 108 (6): 38–42. 3. Syakdani A, Bow Y, Rusdianasari, et al. : Analysis of Cooler Performance in Air Supply Feed for Nitrogen Production Process Using Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Method. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2019; 1167 (1): 012055. Publisher Full Text 4. Tesch S, Morosuk T, Tsatsaronis G: Comparative Evaluation of Cryogenic Air Separation Units from the Exergetic and Economic Points of View. Low-Temperature Technologies. 2019. Publisher Full Text 5. Marcinek A, Guderian J, Bathen D: Performance determination of high-purity N2-PSA-plants. Adsorption. 2020; 26 (7): 1215–1226. Publisher Full Text 6. Cornelissen RL, Hirs GG: Exergy analysis of cryogenic air separation. Energy Convers. Manag. 1998; 39 (16–18): 1821–1826. Publisher Full Text 7. van der Ham LV , Kjelstrup S: Exergy analysis of two cryogenic air separation processes. Energy. 2010; 35 (12): 4731–4739. Publisher Full Text 8. Fu C, Gundersen T: Using exergy analysis to reduce power consumption in air separation units for oxy-combustion processes. Energy. 2012; 44 (1): 60–68. Publisher Full Text 9. Taniguchi M, Asaoka H, Ayuhara T: Energy saving air separation plant based on exergy analysis.2015. 10. Banerjee R, Narayankhedkar KG, Sukhatme SP: Exergy Analysis of Pressure Swing Adsorption Processes for Air Separation. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1990; 45 (2): 467–475. Publisher Full Text 11. McLean CR: Energy Efficiency of Gas Separation by Pressure Swing Adsorption. The University of British Columbia; 1996. 12. Kearns DT, Webley PA: Application of an adsorption non-flow exergy function to an exergy analysis of a pressure swing adsorption cycle. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2004; 59 (17): 3537–3557. Publisher Full Text 13. Xu J, Agrawal R: Gas Separation Membrane Cascades I. One-Compressor Cascades with Minimal Exergy Losses Due to Mixing. J. Membr. Sci. 1996; 112 (2): 115–128. Publisher Full Text 14. Siefert NS, Litster S: Exergy and Economic Analysis of Advanced IGCC-CCS and IGFC-CCS Power Plants. Appl. Energy. 2013; 107 : 315–328. Publisher Full Text 15. Vilardi G, Bassano C, Deiana P, et al. : Exergy and Energy Analysis of Three Biogas Upgrading Processes. Energy Convers. Manag. 2020; 224 (15): 113323. Publisher Full Text 16. Magnanelli E, Wilhelmsen Ø, Johannessen E, et al. : Energy efficient design of membrane processes by use of entropy production minimization. Comput. Chem. Eng. 2018; 117 : 105–116. Publisher Full Text 17. Weber SA, Volta D, Kuck J: Comparison of the Energetic Efficiency of Gas Separation Technologies Using the Physical Optimum by the Example of Oxygen Supply Options. Energies. 2022; 15 (5). Publisher Full Text 18. Vaughan WW: Standard Atmosphere. Encycl. Atmos. Sci. 2003; 2107–2113. 19. Pal R: Chemical exergy of ideal and non-ideal gas mixtures and liquid solutions with applications. Int. J. Mech. Eng. Educ. 2019; 47 (1): 44–72. Publisher Full Text 20. Cengel YA, Boles MA: Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach. 6th ed.McGraw-Hill; 2008. 21. Rinker G: grinker4821/Isothermal-Air-Separation-Exergy: Code Release.2024. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 01 Mar 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details South-Tek Systems, Wilmington, North Carolina, 28401, USA Garrett Rinker Roles: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 01 Mar 2024, 13:158 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.145337.1 Copyright © 2024 Rinker G. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Rinker G. Minimum work associated with separating nitrogen from air: An exergy analysis [version 1; peer review: 3 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :158 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.145337.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 01 Mar 2024 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Kong F. Reviewer Report For: Minimum work associated with separating nitrogen from air: An exergy analysis [version 1; peer review: 3 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :158 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.159271.r293248 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-158/v1#referee-response-293248 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 10 Sep 2024 Fulin Kong , School of Energy and Environmental Engineering,, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China; Birmingham Centre of Energy Storage, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, UK Not Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.159271.r293248 This study presents the minimum theoretical power consumption for separating nitrogen from air. This work itself helps to understand the power consumption levels of existing nitrogen production technologies. 1. Different oxygen/nitrogen technologies do not have the same minimum energy ... Continue reading READ ALL This study presents the minimum theoretical power consumption for separating nitrogen from air. This work itself helps to understand the power consumption levels of existing nitrogen production technologies. 1. Different oxygen/nitrogen technologies do not have the same minimum energy consumption. This is because the technology itself cannot be separated from the equipment and process. Therefore, the calculation of the minimum energy consumption of oxygen/nitrogen technologies does not make sense, leaving aside the equipment and process. 2, I do not agree with the simplification in this study that air is composed mainly of oxygen, nitrogen, and argon, accounting for about 21%, 78%, and 0.9%, respectively. It is difficult to assess the reasonableness of considering only oxygen and nitrogen. Also, I have a bit of writing advice. Variables in formulas should be italicized, which is ignored in this paper. This article provided sufficient details of methods, and the source data underlying the results are available to ensure full reproducibility. So I thinks the conclusions are adequately supported by the results. (However, the method is not right.) Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? No Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: my research field is mainly in the direction of energy savings in air separation processes by cryogenic distillation, energy system energy conservation, which includes energy storage (heat and cold storage, liquid air energy storage), renewable energy sources (solar energy and wind energy), power grids, power generation, gas transmission and so on. Here is my intruduction: https://scholar.google.com.hk/scholar?start=10&q=fulin+kong&hl=zh-CN&as_sdt=0,5 I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Kong F. Reviewer Report For: Minimum work associated with separating nitrogen from air: An exergy analysis [version 1; peer review: 3 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :158 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.159271.r293248 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-158/v1#referee-response-293248 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Shingan B. Reviewer Report For: Minimum work associated with separating nitrogen from air: An exergy analysis [version 1; peer review: 3 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :158 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.159271.r289640 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-158/v1#referee-response-289640 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 15 Jul 2024 Bhalchandra Shingan , Energy Cluster UPES, Dehradun, Uttarkhand, India Not Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.159271.r289640 Comments for research paper- Minimum work associated with separating nitrogen from air: An exergy analysis. Major Comments In this study, Minimum work associated with separating nitrogen from air: An exergy analysis was presented. The research has ... Continue reading READ ALL Comments for research paper- Minimum work associated with separating nitrogen from air: An exergy analysis. Major Comments In this study, Minimum work associated with separating nitrogen from air: An exergy analysis was presented. The research has significant shortcomings. Notably, the literature review is inadequate. It is recommended to incorporate a more comprehensive background review of previous studies focused on improving the energy efficiency of cryogenic air separation units. Additionally, many references are outdated and do not adhere to the general standards of international publications. The manuscript's overall quality does not meet the standards of the F1000 research. Specific comments are given below [Comment 1] : Abstract: The abstract lacks research gaps which should be stated clearly. The authors may use a single paragraph as abstract to (1) present the significance of the study, let us know the important of the study. (2) present the aim of the study. (3) present the research methodology, and (4) present the major conclusion drawn from the study. [Comment 2] : There is no background information on previous studies regarding the energy efficiency of a cryogenic cycle which does not highlight the importance of this research paper. The introduction needs to be more emphasized the research work more with a detailed explanation of the past, present and how it can be controlled in the future. Additionally, the introduction does not have a strong literature review to provide research gaps and should be updated with more recent research papers. Some of the very important parameters are missing details in this paper. [Comment 3] : The methodology and analysis sections of the paper are inadequately presented. The description of the cryogenic air separation process is missing, and there is a need for a detailed flow diagram of the air separation process. [Comment 4]: Equations for Exergy analysis are not provided. [Comment 5]: As a reviewer, I have concerns regarding the assumptions made in the mathematical modeling. Specifically, the assumptions that "gas mixtures will be treated as ideal gases" that are not valid at higher pressures (800 kPa). Could the authors please provide the rationale behind these assumptions? [Comment 6]: The title of the research paper is “Minimum work associated with separating nitrogen from air: An exergy analysis. “However, we can’t find any results of exergy analysis? Exergy destruction? [Comment 7]: The Figure 2 & figure 3 are not explained in detail. [Comment 8]: The results presented in the article lack significance and fail to showcase any noteworthy findings. [Comment 9]: Authors are advised to add few different sections that includes details of symbols, dimensionless parameter, Greek symbols, subscripts and abbreviations in the nomenclature section. To make paper more readable also add full form of any abbreviation first time (like CNT) [Comment 10]: Authors are also advised to make pointwise conclusions, addressing research gap. In my personal opinion, authors have huge potential to update this article as per recommendations and can improve the quality of their work. As in its current form, the manuscript requires substantial revisions to address the highlighted issues in insight, novelty, methodology, analysis, results, presentation standards, and language. A thorough review and revision process is recommended to bring the research article up to acceptable standards for indexing. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? No Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Natural Gas Engineering, LNG, City Gas Distribution, Pipeline Engineering, Industrail Gases, Modelling, Simulation & Optimization. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Shingan B. Reviewer Report For: Minimum work associated with separating nitrogen from air: An exergy analysis [version 1; peer review: 3 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :158 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.159271.r289640 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-158/v1#referee-response-289640 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Ayub Y. Reviewer Report For: Minimum work associated with separating nitrogen from air: An exergy analysis [version 1; peer review: 3 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :158 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.159271.r289636 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-158/v1#referee-response-289636 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 04 Jul 2024 Yousaf Ayub , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Not Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.159271.r289636 The introduction section is haphazard and there is no proper literature review through which academic validity of the manuscript can be justified. Therefore, improve the academic validity of the manuscript through literature review. What others have done ... Continue reading READ ALL The introduction section is haphazard and there is no proper literature review through which academic validity of the manuscript can be justified. Therefore, improve the academic validity of the manuscript through literature review. What others have done and why are you doing this research? Introduction section: Summarize each paragraph in the last line of paragraph. What is minimum theoretical work? What is the logic behind the assumptions made in mathematical modelling? From where you have taken this definition? Add reference “Exergy describes how much work a reversible system could produce as the contents of the system proceed from a specified state to the dead state, a condition in which the contents are in thermodynamic equilibrium with the environment. Under reversible conditions, the work required to separate a gas mixture is equal to that required for the mixing of its individual components.” Support the Equation 1-5 with proper reference. It seems not reliable, and I am also not sure as a reader how you developed these equations? Similarly, for other equations which are not supported by literature. Add further explanation to the methodology section about your study framework. How do you differentiate between result and discussion section? Both sections seem the same, and the explanation needs further improvement. Conclusion is extremely concise, and it is not clear from current version whether you have achieved your study objectives or not? Study limitations are also missing. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? No Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Biomass waste valorization, Sustainability, Artificial Intelligence I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Ayub Y. Reviewer Report For: Minimum work associated with separating nitrogen from air: An exergy analysis [version 1; peer review: 3 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :158 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.159271.r289636 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-158/v1#referee-response-289636 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 01 Mar 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 Version 1 01 Mar 24 read read read Yousaf Ayub , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Bhalchandra Shingan , Energy Cluster UPES, Dehradun, India Fulin Kong , University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China; University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Kong F. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 10 Sep 2024 | for Version 1 Fulin Kong , School of Energy and Environmental Engineering,, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China; Birmingham Centre of Energy Storage, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England, UK 0 Views copyright © 2024 Kong F. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Not Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions This study presents the minimum theoretical power consumption for separating nitrogen from air. This work itself helps to understand the power consumption levels of existing nitrogen production technologies. 1. Different oxygen/nitrogen technologies do not have the same minimum energy consumption. This is because the technology itself cannot be separated from the equipment and process. Therefore, the calculation of the minimum energy consumption of oxygen/nitrogen technologies does not make sense, leaving aside the equipment and process. 2, I do not agree with the simplification in this study that air is composed mainly of oxygen, nitrogen, and argon, accounting for about 21%, 78%, and 0.9%, respectively. It is difficult to assess the reasonableness of considering only oxygen and nitrogen. Also, I have a bit of writing advice. Variables in formulas should be italicized, which is ignored in this paper. This article provided sufficient details of methods, and the source data underlying the results are available to ensure full reproducibility. So I thinks the conclusions are adequately supported by the results. (However, the method is not right.) Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? No Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise my research field is mainly in the direction of energy savings in air separation processes by cryogenic distillation, energy system energy conservation, which includes energy storage (heat and cold storage, liquid air energy storage), renewable energy sources (solar energy and wind energy), power grids, power generation, gas transmission and so on. Here is my intruduction: https://scholar.google.com.hk/scholar?start=10&q=fulin+kong&hl=zh-CN&as_sdt=0,5 I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Kong F. Peer Review Report For: Minimum work associated with separating nitrogen from air: An exergy analysis [version 1; peer review: 3 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :158 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.159271.r293248) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-158/v1#referee-response-293248 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Shingan B. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 15 Jul 2024 | for Version 1 Bhalchandra Shingan , Energy Cluster UPES, Dehradun, Uttarkhand, India 0 Views copyright © 2024 Shingan B. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Not Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Comments for research paper- Minimum work associated with separating nitrogen from air: An exergy analysis. Major Comments In this study, Minimum work associated with separating nitrogen from air: An exergy analysis was presented. The research has significant shortcomings. Notably, the literature review is inadequate. It is recommended to incorporate a more comprehensive background review of previous studies focused on improving the energy efficiency of cryogenic air separation units. Additionally, many references are outdated and do not adhere to the general standards of international publications. The manuscript's overall quality does not meet the standards of the F1000 research. Specific comments are given below [Comment 1] : Abstract: The abstract lacks research gaps which should be stated clearly. The authors may use a single paragraph as abstract to (1) present the significance of the study, let us know the important of the study. (2) present the aim of the study. (3) present the research methodology, and (4) present the major conclusion drawn from the study. [Comment 2] : There is no background information on previous studies regarding the energy efficiency of a cryogenic cycle which does not highlight the importance of this research paper. The introduction needs to be more emphasized the research work more with a detailed explanation of the past, present and how it can be controlled in the future. Additionally, the introduction does not have a strong literature review to provide research gaps and should be updated with more recent research papers. Some of the very important parameters are missing details in this paper. [Comment 3] : The methodology and analysis sections of the paper are inadequately presented. The description of the cryogenic air separation process is missing, and there is a need for a detailed flow diagram of the air separation process. [Comment 4]: Equations for Exergy analysis are not provided. [Comment 5]: As a reviewer, I have concerns regarding the assumptions made in the mathematical modeling. Specifically, the assumptions that "gas mixtures will be treated as ideal gases" that are not valid at higher pressures (800 kPa). Could the authors please provide the rationale behind these assumptions? [Comment 6]: The title of the research paper is “Minimum work associated with separating nitrogen from air: An exergy analysis. “However, we can’t find any results of exergy analysis? Exergy destruction? [Comment 7]: The Figure 2 & figure 3 are not explained in detail. [Comment 8]: The results presented in the article lack significance and fail to showcase any noteworthy findings. [Comment 9]: Authors are advised to add few different sections that includes details of symbols, dimensionless parameter, Greek symbols, subscripts and abbreviations in the nomenclature section. To make paper more readable also add full form of any abbreviation first time (like CNT) [Comment 10]: Authors are also advised to make pointwise conclusions, addressing research gap. In my personal opinion, authors have huge potential to update this article as per recommendations and can improve the quality of their work. As in its current form, the manuscript requires substantial revisions to address the highlighted issues in insight, novelty, methodology, analysis, results, presentation standards, and language. A thorough review and revision process is recommended to bring the research article up to acceptable standards for indexing. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? No Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Natural Gas Engineering, LNG, City Gas Distribution, Pipeline Engineering, Industrail Gases, Modelling, Simulation & Optimization. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Shingan B. Peer Review Report For: Minimum work associated with separating nitrogen from air: An exergy analysis [version 1; peer review: 3 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :158 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.159271.r289640) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-158/v1#referee-response-289640 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Ayub Y. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 04 Jul 2024 | for Version 1 Yousaf Ayub , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong 0 Views copyright © 2024 Ayub Y. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Not Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The introduction section is haphazard and there is no proper literature review through which academic validity of the manuscript can be justified. Therefore, improve the academic validity of the manuscript through literature review. What others have done and why are you doing this research? Introduction section: Summarize each paragraph in the last line of paragraph. What is minimum theoretical work? What is the logic behind the assumptions made in mathematical modelling? From where you have taken this definition? Add reference “Exergy describes how much work a reversible system could produce as the contents of the system proceed from a specified state to the dead state, a condition in which the contents are in thermodynamic equilibrium with the environment. Under reversible conditions, the work required to separate a gas mixture is equal to that required for the mixing of its individual components.” Support the Equation 1-5 with proper reference. It seems not reliable, and I am also not sure as a reader how you developed these equations? Similarly, for other equations which are not supported by literature. Add further explanation to the methodology section about your study framework. How do you differentiate between result and discussion section? Both sections seem the same, and the explanation needs further improvement. Conclusion is extremely concise, and it is not clear from current version whether you have achieved your study objectives or not? Study limitations are also missing. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? No Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Biomass waste valorization, Sustainability, Artificial Intelligence I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Ayub Y. Peer Review Report For: Minimum work associated with separating nitrogen from air: An exergy analysis [version 1; peer review: 3 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :158 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.159271.r289636) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. 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