Digital Radiographic Evaluation of Mandibular Ramus for Sex Determination: An Observational Retrospective Cohort Study

Digital Radiographic Evaluation of Mandibular Ramus for Sex Determination: An Observational Retrospective Cohort Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Digital Radiographic Evaluation of Mandibular Ramus for Sex Determination: An Observational Retrospective Cohort Study Rupali Pandey, Ashish Aggarwal, Sowmya GV, Deepankar Misra, Akansha Budakoti, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6479678/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract BACKGROUND: One of the preferred methods of forensic analysis is sex identification where the skull and mandible are the most sexually dimorphic bones. Given that it holds its shape well over time, the mandible is a strong and resilient bone that is frequently employed in anthropological and forensic research. OBJECTIVE: The study aims to assess and compare different mandibular ramus measurements using digital panoramic radiograph. METHODS: 200 digitalized panoramic radiographs were chosen randomly after applying set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Condylar height, coronoid height, ramal breadth and height were measured using a software. Both male and female sex determination equations were built based on the data collected and the results were statistically analysed. RESULTS: The results showed that each variable was a significant predictor in the classification of a particular sample (P < 0.025). Furthermore, the discriminant functional analysis yielded prediction accuracy of 70.5%. Sectioning point for distinguishing between male and female was -0.524. CONCLUSION: The results provided compelling evidence that the ramus can be utilized to determine a person's sex in forensic investigation. Facial Bone Gender Determination Mandibular Ramus Panoramic Radiograph Skull Figures Figure 1 INTRODUCTION Sex estimation of the bone is a crucial component of research in the fields of anthropology and forensic sciences, since it serves as the basis for additional interpretations and analyses (Kapur et al 2021 ). After adolescence, it is discovered that sex determination becomes a priority and is more specialised for the study of medical-legal issues involving severely deformed bodies, such as accidents, natural disaster investigations, and nuclear explosions. It can also be employed in numerous ethnic studies (Damera et al. 2016 ). Sex identification is typically the initial step in adult skeleton identification because age and stature estimating techniques later in the process is sex dependant. Whenever the entire skeletal remains are accessible for scientific research, sex can be determined with absolute precision. However, in mass disasters, where bones are typically fragmented, sex determination is not achievable with 100% precision and is mostly dependent on the sections of the skeleton that are available (Karagah et al 2022 ). The mandible, out of all the skeletal features employed, determines the sex of the legitimate portions of the skull. The mandible is the strongest cranial bone which bends convexly, horizontally, and upward from the ramus area towards the rear of the mandibular corpus (Gamba et al 2026). Dimorphism can be shown in the mandibular scale, where male bones are often broader and denser. The mandibular condyle and ramus exhibit the most morphological variation, and because they are resistant to injury and the disintegration process, these regions reflect sex differences (Albalawi et al. 2019 ). Dentofacial radiography in dental, medical and hospital clinics has become a standard practice. For a detailed overview of the maxillofacial complex, rotational panoramic radiography is commonly used. Due to the clear visualisation of the mandibular, maxillary, and dental arches, panoramic radiography is frequently used (De Oliveira et al. 2015 ). Forensic anthropology compares antemortem and post-mortem gender estimation using several radiographic techniques. But it is well known that skeletal features do vary between distinct populations. All antemortem panoramic radiographies still use the anatomy of the mandibular ramus as one of their tests for determining sex (Küchler et al 2024 ). There is a study done by few authors where the sex of adult dry mandibles was determined, however only few studies have used a digital panoramic radiograph to assess the mandible's ramus. (De Oliveira et al. 2015 , Küchler et al 2024 ) When assessed using OPG, mandibular ramus morphometry demonstrates clear sexually dimorphic traits that are dependable for determining gender. It is hypothesized that males and females will differ significantly in a few specific linear measurements of the mandibular ramus. As a result, there is a need for population-specific study because these parameters cannot be effectively generalised. The present research was carried out with a primary objective to determine the efficacy of the mandibular ramus in the determination of sex within a specific population group. MATERIALS AND METHOD Sample Collection The present retrospective study falls under the category of quantitative research using a cross-sectional technique and an analytical observational design and was conducted in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Dental sciences, Bareilly (U.P). Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Committee (Ref. no. 125/IDS/ ECC/2024). Since the study used randomised dental records, informed consent from each participant was not obtained. Every step in the data management process was created to protect the privacy of participants and adhere to the principles of ethics set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki. A total of 200 digital panoramic radiographs (OPGs) were taken from the archives of department. The sample included 100 male and 100 female subjects equally considered to enhance the reliability and validity of findings. Standardised image quality was ensured by acquiring the OPGs in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations for placement of patients and exposure parameters. Inclusion Criteria Complete dentate patients Age ranging from 20 to 50 years of age. Patient give consent to participate in the study Exclusion Criteria Patients with deformed and edentulous mandibles Patients with a history of extraction, fracture, and any other severe developmental disturbances leading to variation in the size of mandible. Radiographs with any lesion in the mandible. Radiographs with artifacts Methodology All scans were analysed with the Allengers SMART PANDR panoramic system at a magnification of 200%. The following morphometric parameters were measured by moving the mouse and drawing lines using chosen points on the digital panoramic radiograph) method according to Prem Kumar A et at 2023. (Fig. 1 ) Maximum Ramus breadth (MxRB)- The distance between the line that connects the most posterior point on the condyle with the most anterior point on the ramus. Minimum Ramus breadth (MnRB)- Smallest anterior posterior diameter of the ramus. Condylar height/maximum ramus height (CnH)- Height of the mandibular ramus from the tubercle, or the most projecting part of the inferior border of the ramus, to the most superior point on the condyle. Projective height of ramus (PrHR)- between the highest point of the mandibular condyle and lower margin of the bone. Coronoid height (CrH)- projective distance between coronion and lower wall of the bone. Statistical Analysis The data underwent systematic organization and rigorous statistical scrutiny. The data was entered in a excel spread sheet. Inferential statistics like independent t-test was used to find out the statistical difference between the two independent groups using SPSS version 21. Significance was attributed to values of P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS A total of 200 OPGs were analysed for the measurements with equal sex distribution. Descriptive data of five mandibular ramus measurements and associated univariate F ratios for both the sexes are showing significant values for minimum ramus breadth and highly significant values for all the other variables for both males and females. In classifying a particular sample, we observed that every parameter was a reliable predictor (P < 0.025). [Table 1 ]. Projective height of the ramus, condylar height, and coronoid height were the mandibular metrics that showed the largest sexual dimorphism, according to the F statistics value. Linear discriminant function analysis is done for both the sexes using which equation can be made [Table 2 ]. Equations shown below can be used to calculate the sex: Table 1 Descriptive Data Variable Male Female Wilks' Lambda F P Value Mean Standard Deviation Mean Standard Deviation Max. ramus Breadth 130.6643 93.4180 288.8112 266.5447 241.8556 15.67539 12.55996 22.32929 23.21892 18.76630 125.3098 17.72774 0.975 5.105 .025* Min. ramus breadth 86.5709 13.53194 0.935 13.728 .000** Condylar Ht. 269.5620 21.55675 0.837 38.477 .000** Projective Ht. Of Ramus 244.5898 21.72766 0.806 47.712 .000** Coronoid Ht. 225.2933 20.18288 0.846 36.049 .000** *significant values **highly significant values Table 2 Linear Discriminant Function Analysis Gender Variable Male Female Max. ramus Breadth 0.448 0.433 Min. ramus breadth -0.224 -0.245 Condylar Ht. 0.125 0.170 Projective Ht. Of Ramus 0.225 0.157 Coronoid Ht. 0.309 0.291 (Constant) -104.877 -92.123 D Male :- − 104.877 + 0.448 (Maximum Ramus Breadth) – 0.224(Minimum Ramus Breadth) + 0.125 (Condylar Height) + 0.225 (Projective Height of Ramus) + 0.309 (Coronoid Height) D Female :- − 92.123 + 0.433(Maximim Ramus Breadth) – 0.245 (Minimum Ramus Breadth) + 0.170 (Condylar Height) + 0.157 (Projective Height of Ramus) + 0.291 (Coronoid Height) For classifying the given samples as males or females, the higher or the maximum value of both the equations are considered. When all factors are taken into account, the prediction accuracy for sex determination is 70.5%.[Table 3 ] Standardized, structured and raw coefficients were analysed for both the sexes in original sample [Table 4 ]. The sectioning point is found to be -0.524. Males are indicated by values higher than this sectioning point, whereas females are indicated by values lower than this point. Table 3 Prediction Accuracy True Gender Predicted Gender Total % Accuracy Male Female Male 68 30 98 70.5% Female 29 73 102 Total 97 103 200 Table 4 Standardized and unstandardized coefficients Raw Coefficients Standardized Coefficients Structure Coefficients Sectioning Point Variable Max. ramus Breadth 0.014 0.226 0.913 -0.524 Min. ramus breadth 0.020 0.268 0.820 Condylar Ht. -0.042 -0.930 0.794 Ht. Of Ramus 0.063 1420 0.490 Coronoid Ht. 0.017 0.337 0.299 (Constant) -11.910 DISCUSSION Sex identification from human remains is essential in anthropology and forensic medicine, especially when missing persons investigations and attempts to recover the lives of former populations are involved. The ability to identify sex from shattered jaws and dentition is one of the crucial parts of forensic science (Lin et al 2014 ). One of the first methods in forensics for determining sex is morphological assessment, which makes it difficult to infer sex from broken bones. However, sex determination cannot be done with 100% precision in circumstances of mass disasters where fragmented skeletal bones are discovered, making the task problematic (Lopez-Capp et al 2018 ). The most dimorphous bone, the skull, is used to determine sex, followed by the pelvic. In circumstances where entire skulls are not present, the mandible is an important factor in determining sex. The mandible is chosen for this investigation for two straightforward reasons: one, it seems that few standards use these components, and second, the bone is mostly intact (Okkesim et al 2020). In the current study, the ramus of mandible was evaluated to determine sex. Digital Panoramic Radiographs were taken and the following measurements such as MxRB, MnRB, CnH, PrHR, CrH were measured on both sides with mouse driven method. The mean value for the sexes in the current investigation was greater for men. This was reliable with study results by (Poongodi V et al. in 2015 and Ulusoy AT et al. in 2022) Condylar height had the highest value in the current study, followed by ramus projective height, while ramus breadth had the lowest value. (Poongodi V et al. in 2015 Gamba Tde O et al. 2016) had the values as same as that of the current study. In variance to the present study, a study by (Rajkumari S et al 2019 ) showed the maximum value for PrHR. This was because the patients they looked at were in their 2nd and 3rd decades of life, whereas in our study, patients were looked at in their first and second decades of life, where Projective height of ramus increases in males and decreases thereafter. Research done by (Karagah A et al. 2022 ) the coronoid height had a maximum value, unlike the current investigation. The study was conducted on Egyptians; therefore, the geographic disparity may be to blame. In the current study, the sex prediction accuracy was 70.5%. This was fairly close to the study by (Okkesim A & Sezen Erhamza T 2020 ) who found that 72% of predictions were accurate. Other investigations that, with minor differences, revealed findings comparable to those of my study include (Prem Kumar A et al. 2023) prediction accuracy of 76%, (Lin C et al. 2014 ) prediction accuracy of 70.93%, and (Rajkumari S et al. 2019 ) prediction accuracy of 75%. Contrary to this conclusion, research by (Damera et al. 2016 ) found that prediction accuracy was 83.3%. This was based on a smaller sample size. According to a study by (Poongodi et al. 2015 ) the prediction accuracy was 87.5%. This could possibly be as a result of the lesser sample size since they only used 40 males and 40 females OPG for evaluation. The (Vallabh et al. 2020 ) study's prediction accuracy was found to be about 82.2%. The study was conducted on dry mandibles rather than OPG, which may account for this variance. Bone production and appearance are known to be influenced by socio environmental variables, including nutrition, diet, climate, and illnesses due to which skeletal characteristics differ throughout populations. 16,18 Limitations of the study The smaller sample size and inclusion of a very small area for sex estimation were the study's limitations. Other methods and more variables for determining gender should have been included and compared in this study. Future Prospects It was observed in our study that determining sex using measures of the ramus of mandible taken with orthopantomographs was accurate. Therefore, in order to help ascertain sex, we strongly recommend using the ramus as a tool for forensic testing. However in future, further studies on diverse populations with large samples and assessments of various other parameters should be carried out for definitive results. CONCLUSION Using Orthopantomographs, this study used 200 individuals to compare sexual differences in the various morphometric characteristics of the jaw in female and male patients. Skull with mandible is second only to pelvis in importance for determining age, sex, and race. It is the skull's strongest and most mobile component. The capacity to resist injury and disintegration processes makes the mandibular ramus a valuable tool for determining sex. The stages of mandibular development, growth rates, and duration are noticeably different in both sexess, allowing the mandibular ramus to distinguish between them. Reproducible panoramic radiographs provide precise linear and angular measures of the mandible. Panoramic radiographs are used in dentistry for a variety of purposes beyond disease diagnosis and treatment planning; forensic odontologists are particularly interested in the variety of anatomical landmarks. Abbreviations OPG Orthopantomograph MxRB Maximum Ramus breadth MnRB Minimum Ramus breadth CnH Condylar height/maximum ramus height PrHR Projective height of ramus CrH Coronoid height Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: All procedures performed in this study followed the ethical standards of the Institutional Research Committee and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards (approval number 125/IDS/ ECC/2024) of the Research Ethics Committee, IDS, Bareilly. Consent for publication: Not applicable Funding: Not Applicable Author Contribution All authors reviewed and approved the manuscript, R.P. and D.M. wrote the main and finalizing the manuscript, A.A and S.G prepared methods and discussion of this manuscript, A.B and A.V interpreted the OPGs and formulated results and tables. References Albalawi AS, Alam MK, Vundavalli S et al (2019) Mandible: An Indicator for Sex Determination - A Three-dimensional Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study. Contemp Clin Dent 10(1):69–73. https://doi.org/10.4103/ccd.ccd_313_18 Damera A, Mohanalakhsmi J, Yellarthi PK et al (2016) Radiographic evaluation of mandibular ramus for gender estimation: Retrospective study. J forensic Dent Sci 8(2):74–78. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-1475.186369 De Oliveira FT, Soares MQ, Sarmento VA et al (2015) Mandibular ramus length as an indicator of chronological age and sex. Int J Legal Med 129(1):195–201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-014-1077-y Gamba TdeO, Alves MC, Haiter-Neto F (2016) Mandibular sexual dimorphism analysis in CBCT scans. J Forensic Leg Med 38:106–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2015.11.024 Kapur M, Shah RA, Ferro A et al (2021) Sexual dimorphism and geographical variance: their impact on the reliability of the antilingula as a landmark in human mandibular surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 59(8):898–904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.08.024 Karagah A, Tabrizi R, Pourahmadali F et al (2022) Correlation of radiomorphometric indices of the mandible and mandibular angle fractures. Heliyon 8(9):e10549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10549 Küchler EC, Kirschneck C, Marañón-Vásquez et al (2024) Mandibular and dental measurements for sex determination using machine learning. Sci Rep 14(1):9587. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-59556-9 Lin C, Jiao B, Liu S et al (2014) Sex determination from the mandibular ramus flexure of Koreans by discrimination function analysis using three-dimensional mandible models. Forensic science international, 236, 191.e1–191.e1916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.12.015 Lopez-Capp TT, Rynn C, Wilkinson C et al (2018) Discriminant analysis of mandibular measurements for the estimation of sex in a modern Brazilian sample. Int J Legal Med 132(3):843–851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-017-1681-8 Okkesim A, Sezen Erhamza T (2020) Assessment of mandibular ramus for sex determination: Retrospective study. J oral biology Craniofac Res 10(4):569–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobcr.2020.07.019 Pamukçu H, Tunçer Nİ, Pelin İC et al (2022) Cephalometric Mandibular Dimensions in Growing Turkish Children: Trends of Change, Sex-Specific Differences, and Comparisons with Published Norms. Turkish J Orthod 35(3):198–206. https://doi.org/10.5152/TurkJOrthod.2022.21083 Poongodi V, Kanmani R, Anandi et al (2015) Prediction of age and gender using digital radiographic method: A retrospective study. J Pharm bioallied Sci 7(Suppl 2):S504–S508. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.163518 Premkumar A, Doggalli N, Rudraswamy S (2023) Sex determination using mandibular ramus flexure in South Indian population - A retrospective study. J Forensic Odonto-Stomatol 41(2):2–9 Rajkumari S, Nikitha K, Monisha S (2019) Role of Orthopantamograph in Forensic Identification: A Retrospective Study Among Chennai Population. J Pharm bioallied Sci 11(Suppl 2):S393–S396. https://doi.org/10.4103/JPBS.JPBS_43_19 Stăncioiu AA, Motofelea AC, Hușanu A et al (2025) Associations of Digital Measurements: Analysis of Orthopantomography Versus Lateral Cephalograms for Evaluation of Facial Asymmetry. J Clin Med 14(4):1296. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14041296 Ulusoy AT, Ozkara E (2022) Radiographic evaluation of the mandible to predict age and sex in subadults. Acta Odontol Scand 80(6):419–426. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016357.2021.2024877 Vallabh R, Zhang J, Fernandez J et al (2020) The morphology of the human mandible: A computational modelling study. Biomech modelling Mechanobiol 19(4):1187–1202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10237-019-01133-5 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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After adolescence, it is discovered that sex determination becomes a priority and is more specialised for the study of medical-legal issues involving severely deformed bodies, such as accidents, natural disaster investigations, and nuclear explosions. It can also be employed in numerous ethnic studies (Damera et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSex identification is typically the initial step in adult skeleton identification because age and stature estimating techniques later in the process is sex dependant. Whenever the entire skeletal remains are accessible for scientific research, sex can be determined with absolute precision. However, in mass disasters, where bones are typically fragmented, sex determination is not achievable with 100% precision and is mostly dependent on the sections of the skeleton that are available (Karagah et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe mandible, out of all the skeletal features employed, determines the sex of the legitimate portions of the skull. The mandible is the strongest cranial bone which bends convexly, horizontally, and upward from the ramus area towards the rear of the mandibular corpus (Gamba et al 2026). Dimorphism can be shown in the mandibular scale, where male bones are often broader and denser. The mandibular condyle and ramus exhibit the most morphological variation, and because they are resistant to injury and the disintegration process, these regions reflect sex differences (Albalawi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDentofacial radiography in dental, medical and hospital clinics has become a standard practice. For a detailed overview of the maxillofacial complex, rotational panoramic radiography is commonly used. Due to the clear visualisation of the mandibular, maxillary, and dental arches, panoramic radiography is frequently used (De Oliveira et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eForensic anthropology compares antemortem and post-mortem gender estimation using several radiographic techniques. But it is well known that skeletal features do vary between distinct populations. All antemortem panoramic radiographies still use the anatomy of the mandibular ramus as one of their tests for determining sex (K\u0026uuml;chler et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). There is a study done by few authors where the sex of adult dry mandibles was determined, however only few studies have used a digital panoramic radiograph to assess the mandible's ramus. (De Oliveira et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, K\u0026uuml;chler et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen assessed using OPG, mandibular ramus morphometry demonstrates clear sexually dimorphic traits that are dependable for determining gender. It is hypothesized that males and females will differ significantly in a few specific linear measurements of the mandibular ramus. As a result, there is a need for population-specific study because these parameters cannot be effectively generalised. The present research was carried out with a primary objective to determine the efficacy of the mandibular ramus in the determination of sex within a specific population group.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHOD","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eSample Collection\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present retrospective study falls under the category of quantitative research using a cross-sectional technique and an analytical observational design and was conducted in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Dental sciences, Bareilly (U.P). Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Committee (Ref. no. 125/IDS/ ECC/2024). Since the study used randomised dental records, informed consent from each participant was not obtained. Every step in the data management process was created to protect the privacy of participants and adhere to the principles of ethics set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of 200 digital panoramic radiographs (OPGs) were taken from the archives of department. The sample included 100 male and 100 female subjects equally considered to enhance the reliability and validity of findings. Standardised image quality was ensured by acquiring the OPGs in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations for placement of patients and exposure parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eInclusion Criteria\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eComplete dentate patients\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge ranging from 20 to 50 years of age.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003ePatient give consent to participate in the study\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eExclusion Criteria\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003ePatients with deformed and edentulous mandibles\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003ePatients with a history of extraction, fracture, and any other severe developmental disturbances leading to variation in the size of mandible.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eRadiographs with any lesion in the mandible.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eRadiographs with artifacts\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMethodology\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll scans were analysed with the Allengers SMART PANDR panoramic system at a magnification of 200%. The following morphometric parameters were measured by moving the mouse and drawing lines using chosen points on the digital panoramic radiograph) method according to \u003cb\u003ePrem Kumar A\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eet at\u003c/b\u003e 2023. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaximum Ramus breadth (MxRB)- The distance between the line that connects the most posterior point on the condyle with the most anterior point on the ramus.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eMinimum Ramus breadth (MnRB)- Smallest anterior posterior diameter of the ramus.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eCondylar height/maximum ramus height (CnH)- Height of the mandibular ramus from the tubercle, or the most projecting part of the inferior border of the ramus, to the most superior point on the condyle.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eProjective height of ramus (PrHR)- between the highest point of the mandibular condyle and lower margin of the bone.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoronoid height (CrH)- projective distance between coronion and lower wall of the bone.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data underwent systematic organization and rigorous statistical scrutiny. The data was entered in a excel spread sheet. Inferential statistics like independent t-test was used to find out the statistical difference between the two independent groups using SPSS version 21. Significance was attributed to values of \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 200 OPGs were analysed for the measurements with equal sex distribution. Descriptive data of five mandibular ramus measurements and associated univariate F ratios for both the sexes are showing significant values for minimum ramus breadth and highly significant values for all the other variables for both males and females. In classifying a particular sample, we observed that every parameter was a reliable predictor (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.025). [Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Projective height of the ramus, condylar height, and coronoid height were the mandibular metrics that showed the largest sexual dimorphism, according to the F statistics value. Linear discriminant function analysis is done for both the sexes using which equation can be made [Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Equations shown below can be used to calculate the sex:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescriptive Data\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWilks' Lambda\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP Value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStandard Deviation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStandard Deviation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax. ramus Breadth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e130.6643\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.4180\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e288.8112\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e266.5447\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e241.8556\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.67539\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.55996\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.32929\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.21892\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.76630\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e125.3098\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.72774\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.975\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.105\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.025*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin. ramus breadth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.5709\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.53194\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.935\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.728\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCondylar Ht.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e269.5620\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.55675\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.837\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.477\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProjective Ht. Of Ramus\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e244.5898\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.72766\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.806\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.712\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoronoid Ht.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e225.2933\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.18288\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.846\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.049\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e*significant values **highly significant values\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinear Discriminant Function Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax. ramus Breadth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.448\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.433\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin. ramus breadth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.224\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.245\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCondylar Ht.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.170\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProjective Ht. Of Ramus\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.225\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.157\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoronoid Ht.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.309\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.291\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Constant)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-104.877\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-92.123\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eD\u003csub\u003eMale\u003c/sub\u003e :- \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;104.877\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.448 (Maximum Ramus Breadth) \u0026ndash; 0.224(Minimum Ramus Breadth)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.125 (Condylar Height)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.225 (Projective Height of Ramus)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.309 (Coronoid Height)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eD\u003csub\u003eFemale\u003c/sub\u003e :- \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;92.123\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.433(Maximim Ramus Breadth) \u0026ndash; 0.245 (Minimum Ramus Breadth)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.170 (Condylar Height)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.157 (Projective Height of Ramus)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.291 (Coronoid Height)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor classifying the given samples as males or females, the higher or the maximum value of both the equations are considered. When all factors are taken into account, the prediction accuracy for sex determination is 70.5%.[Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] Standardized, structured and raw coefficients were analysed for both the sexes in original sample [Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The sectioning point is found to be -0.524. Males are indicated by values higher than this sectioning point, whereas females are indicated by values lower than this point.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrediction Accuracy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrue Gender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePredicted Gender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% Accuracy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStandardized and unstandardized coefficients\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRaw Coefficients\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStandardized Coefficients\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStructure Coefficients\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSectioning Point\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMax. ramus Breadth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.226\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.913\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.524\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMin. ramus breadth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.268\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.820\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCondylar Ht.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.042\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.930\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.794\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHt. Of Ramus\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.063\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1420\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.490\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoronoid Ht.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.337\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.299\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Constant)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-11.910\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eSex identification from human remains is essential in anthropology and forensic medicine, especially when missing persons investigations and attempts to recover the lives of former populations are involved. The ability to identify sex from shattered jaws and dentition is one of the crucial parts of forensic science (Lin et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). One of the first methods in forensics for determining sex is morphological assessment, which makes it difficult to infer sex from broken bones. However, sex determination cannot be done with 100% precision in circumstances of mass disasters where fragmented skeletal bones are discovered, making the task problematic (Lopez-Capp et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The most dimorphous bone, the skull, is used to determine sex, followed by the pelvic. In circumstances where entire skulls are not present, the mandible is an important factor in determining sex. The mandible is chosen for this investigation for two straightforward reasons: one, it seems that few standards use these components, and second, the bone is mostly intact (Okkesim et al 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the current study, the ramus of mandible was evaluated to determine sex. Digital Panoramic Radiographs were taken and the following measurements such as MxRB, MnRB, CnH, PrHR, CrH were measured on both sides with mouse driven method.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe mean value for the sexes in the current investigation was greater for men. This was reliable with study results by (Poongodi V et al. in 2015 and Ulusoy AT et al. in 2022) Condylar height had the highest value in the current study, followed by ramus projective height, while ramus breadth had the lowest value. (Poongodi V et al. in 2015 Gamba Tde O et al. 2016) had the values as same as that of the current study. In variance to the present study, a study by (Rajkumari S et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) showed the maximum value for PrHR. This was because the patients they looked at were in their 2nd and 3rd decades of life, whereas in our study, patients were looked at in their first and second decades of life, where Projective height of ramus increases in males and decreases thereafter. Research done by (Karagah A et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) the coronoid height had a maximum value, unlike the current investigation. The study was conducted on Egyptians; therefore, the geographic disparity may be to blame. In the current study, the sex prediction accuracy was 70.5%. This was fairly close to the study by (Okkesim A \u0026amp; Sezen Erhamza T \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) who found that 72% of predictions were accurate. Other investigations that, with minor differences, revealed findings comparable to those of my study include (Prem Kumar A et al. 2023) prediction accuracy of 76%, (Lin C et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) prediction accuracy of 70.93%, and (Rajkumari S et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) prediction accuracy of 75%. Contrary to this conclusion, research by (Damera et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) found that prediction accuracy was 83.3%. This was based on a smaller sample size. According to a study by (Poongodi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) the prediction accuracy was 87.5%. This could possibly be as a result of the lesser sample size since they only used 40 males and 40 females OPG for evaluation. The (Vallabh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) study's prediction accuracy was found to be about 82.2%. The study was conducted on dry mandibles rather than OPG, which may account for this variance. Bone production and appearance are known to be influenced by socio environmental variables, including nutrition, diet, climate, and illnesses due to which skeletal characteristics differ throughout populations.\u003csup\u003e16,18\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLimitations of the study\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe smaller sample size and inclusion of a very small area for sex estimation were the study's limitations. Other methods and more variables for determining gender should have been included and compared in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFuture Prospects\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt was observed in our study that determining sex using measures of the ramus of mandible taken with orthopantomographs was accurate. Therefore, in order to help ascertain sex, we strongly recommend using the ramus as a tool for forensic testing. However in future, further studies on diverse populations with large samples and assessments of various other parameters should be carried out for definitive results.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eUsing Orthopantomographs, this study used 200 individuals to compare sexual differences in the various morphometric characteristics of the jaw in female and male patients. Skull with mandible is second only to pelvis in importance for determining age, sex, and race. It is the skull's strongest and most mobile component. The capacity to resist injury and disintegration processes makes the mandibular ramus a valuable tool for determining sex. The stages of mandibular development, growth rates, and duration are noticeably different in both sexess, allowing the mandibular ramus to distinguish between them. Reproducible panoramic radiographs provide precise linear and angular measures of the mandible. Panoramic radiographs are used in dentistry for a variety of purposes beyond disease diagnosis and treatment planning; forensic odontologists are particularly interested in the variety of anatomical landmarks.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eOPG\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrthopantomograph\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMxRB\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaximum Ramus breadth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMnRB\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMinimum Ramus breadth\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCnH\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCondylar height/maximum ramus height\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePrHR\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProjective height of ramus\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCrH\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoronoid height\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll procedures performed in this study followed the ethical standards of the Institutional Research Committee and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards (approval number 125/IDS/ ECC/2024) of the Research Ethics Committee, IDS, Bareilly.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll authors reviewed and approved the manuscript, R.P. and D.M. wrote the main and finalizing the manuscript, A.A and S.G prepared methods and discussion of this manuscript, A.B and A.V interpreted the OPGs and formulated results and tables.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlbalawi AS, Alam MK, Vundavalli S et al (2019) Mandible: An Indicator for Sex Determination - A Three-dimensional Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study. Contemp Clin Dent 10(1):69\u0026ndash;73. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.4103/ccd.ccd_313_18\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4103/ccd.ccd_313_18\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDamera A, Mohanalakhsmi J, Yellarthi PK et al (2016) Radiographic evaluation of mandibular ramus for gender estimation: Retrospective study. J forensic Dent Sci 8(2):74\u0026ndash;78. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.4103/0975-1475.186369\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4103/0975-1475.186369\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDe Oliveira FT, Soares MQ, Sarmento VA et al (2015) Mandibular ramus length as an indicator of chronological age and sex. Int J Legal Med 129(1):195\u0026ndash;201. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-014-1077-y\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s00414-014-1077-y\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGamba TdeO, Alves MC, Haiter-Neto F (2016) Mandibular sexual dimorphism analysis in CBCT scans. J Forensic Leg Med 38:106\u0026ndash;110. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2015.11.024\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jflm.2015.11.024\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKapur M, Shah RA, Ferro A et al (2021) Sexual dimorphism and geographical variance: their impact on the reliability of the antilingula as a landmark in human mandibular surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 59(8):898\u0026ndash;904. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.08.024\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.08.024\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKaragah A, Tabrizi R, Pourahmadali F et al (2022) Correlation of radiomorphometric indices of the mandible and mandibular angle fractures. 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Biomech modelling Mechanobiol 19(4):1187\u0026ndash;1202. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10237-019-01133-5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s10237-019-01133-5\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Facial Bone, Gender Determination, Mandibular Ramus, Panoramic Radiograph, Skull","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6479678/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6479678/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBACKGROUND: \u003c/strong\u003eOne of the preferred methods of forensic analysis is sex identification where the skull and mandible are the most sexually dimorphic bones. Given that it holds its shape well over time, the mandible is a strong and resilient bone that is frequently employed in anthropological and forensic research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOBJECTIVE: \u003c/strong\u003eThe study aims to assess and compare different mandibular ramus measurements using digital panoramic radiograph.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMETHODS: \u003c/strong\u003e200 digitalized panoramic radiographs were chosen randomly after applying set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Condylar height, coronoid height, ramal breadth and height were measured using a software. Both male and female sex determination equations were built based on the data collected and the results were statistically analysed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRESULTS:\u003c/strong\u003e The results showed that each variable was a significant predictor in the classification of a particular sample (P \u0026lt; 0.025). Furthermore, the discriminant functional analysis yielded prediction accuracy of 70.5%. Sectioning point for distinguishing between male and female was -0.524.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONCLUSION: \u003c/strong\u003eThe results provided compelling evidence that the ramus can be utilized to determine a person's sex in forensic investigation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Digital Radiographic Evaluation of Mandibular Ramus for Sex Determination: An Observational Retrospective Cohort Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-31 11:23:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6479678/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1f2eb810-aaae-4402-af9d-e25428d686d3","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 31st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-02T10:08:21+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-31 11:23:45","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6479678","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6479678","identity":"rs-6479678","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}