Water Spring Quality and its Distribution around Semarang City
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Abstract The increasing need for clean water cannot be balanced with a sustainable supply. Big cities in the world and Indonesia commonly experience it. Semarang is also one of the big cities needing help maintaining a clean water supply. The clean water supply managed by the Regional Enterprise of Semarang City can only reach some areas evenly. Therefore, many residents use alternative water sources (springs), which are spread across several locations in the Semarang area. However, the phenomenon of climate change has the potential to threaten the existence of these springs. In this study, ten samples of water springs were taken, which were used by the community as an alternative to meet their daily needs. The research results show that most of these springs have sufficient quantity potential with relatively stable water conditions throughout the year so that they can be used to meet people's daily needs. However, in terms of quality, most of them have fecal and total coliform values higher than the quality standards. It means that the water springs have the potential for contamination and, therefore, require further treatment before being used.
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Big cities in the world and Indonesia commonly experience it. Semarang is also one of the big cities needing help maintaining a clean water supply. The clean water supply managed by the Regional Enterprise of Semarang City can only reach some areas evenly. Therefore, many residents use alternative water sources (springs), which are spread across several locations in the Semarang area. However, the phenomenon of climate change has the potential to threaten the existence of these springs. In this study, ten samples of water springs were taken, which were used by the community as an alternative to meet their daily needs. The research results show that most of these springs have sufficient quantity potential with relatively stable water conditions throughout the year so that they can be used to meet people's daily needs. However, in terms of quality, most of them have fecal and total coliform values higher than the quality standards. It means that the water springs have the potential for contamination and, therefore, require further treatment before being used. clean water water spring water quality water quantity INTRODUCTION Clean water is a crucial need in everyday life. The increase in population is directly proportional to the increase in the need for clean water for domestic and non-domestic needs. Meeting the need for clean water cannot be separated from various problems, such as limited raw water sources, pollution of water sources, high operational costs, and conflicts of interest between regions and stakeholders [ 1 ]–[ 7 ]. A common problem in urban areas is the imbalance between supply and demand [ 8 ]–[ 11 ]. Likewise, what happened in the city of Semarang, Indonesia. As an illustration, in 2010, based on a report from the Semarang City Regional Drinking Water Company, the need for clean water for the residents of Semarang City was around 61.7 million m3 / year or 170 thousand m3 / day [ 12 ]. Meanwhile, Semarang City PDAM's ability to supply clean water is only 49 million m3 / year. This condition results in a few households in Semarang City that can access or obtain clean water services, namely around 120,003 or 29% of all households in Semarang City in 2010 [ 13 ]. The limited number of potential raw water sources in Semarang City causes this problem. Limited raw water sources are one of the causes of limited service coverage. Apart from that, PDAM water quality decreases/worsens during the rainy season. Moreover, during the dry season, clean water services often do not flow for 24 hours. These various conditions have resulted in some people in Semarang City choosing other alternative sources to meet their clean water needs, namely using dug wells, drilled wells, or artificial wells. Some use water spring sources [ 14 ]. Another area for improvement in providing clean water in Semarang City is pollution in raw water sources. It has resulted in increasing cases of clean water scarcity. According to the research results of Rusydi et al. [ 15 ], the Kaligarang River, one of the raw water sources for PDAM Semarang City, experiences low-level pollution in the upstream to middle parts and experiences medium-level pollution in the downstream part. The source of pollution in the upper and middle Kaligarang Rivers is thought to be domestic solid waste, which is dumped on the riverbank. Meanwhile, the source of pollution in the downstream Kaligarang River is thought to come from the generation of solid waste and liquid waste from residents. The problem of limited raw water sources and water pollution cannot be separated from the changes in land use in urban areas and their surroundings (buffer areas). It also happened in Semarang City. Changes in land use in the Upper Semarang area and urban growth towards the outskirts have reduced the number of water catchment areas, thereby reducing raw water discharge. As a result, during the dry season, several sub-districts in Semarang City experience drought. This research aims to test the quality and quantity of water spring sources in some locations in Semarang City. MATERIALS AND METHODS Locations This research was carried out in the Semarang City area, with a locus at a number of springs in Candisari District, Banyumanik District, Gunungpati District, and Mijen District. Population and Sample The population of this research is springs in Semarang City, which based on the research results of Martuti, et al [ 14 ] there are 139 water springs throughout Semarang City. Meanwhile, determining the research sample was carried out using purposive sampling. The assumptions used in determining the sample are considering large water discharges with existing forms of utilization that have been carried out by the surrounding community (springs that are still functional and used consistently/continuously). Parameter Analysis The parameters used to test water springs samples use clean water parameters according to Indonesian Minister of Health Regulation Number 32 of 2017 concerning environmental health quality standards and water health requirements for sanitation hygiene purposes. The detailed parameters are as follows (Table 1 ). Table 1 Parameter for Water Spring Analysis Parameter Unit Quality Standards Physical Parameter Turbidity NTU 25 Temperature 0 C air temperature ± 3 Smell - no smell Taste - no taste TDS mg/L 1,000 Colour Pt-Co 50 Chemical Parameter pH - 6.5–8.5 Iron (fe) mg/L 1 Fluoride mg/L 1.5 Hardness (CaCO 3 ) mg/L 500 Mangan (Mn) mg/L 0.5 Nitrate, as N mg/L 10 Nitrite, as N mg/L 1 Detergent mg/L 0.05 Cadmium (Cd) mg/L 0.005 Chromium (valence 6) mg/L 0.05 Zinc (Zn) mg/L 15 Sulfate (SO 4 ) mg/L 400 Plumbum (Pb) mg/L 0.05 Organic substances mg/L 10 Biology Parameter Fecal coliform total/100 mL 0 Total coliform total/100 mL 50 Other Parameter Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg/L - Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/L - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The Physical Quality and Quantity of Water Springs in Semarang There are 10 (ten) water springs that become the object of this research. According to the observation data and laboratory test analysis, the result showed in Table 2 . Table 2 Quantity and Physical Quality of Water Springs in Semarang Water Springs Debit (L/s) Turbidity (NTU) Temp. ( 0 C) Smell Taste TDS (mg/L) Color (Pt-Co) Tumpang 50 0.30 25 no no 385 < 7.48 Sendang Mintoloyo 4 0.45 25 no no 389 < 7.48 Belik Genuk Krajan 4 0.76 25 no no 368 < 7.48 Pleburan 5 0.29 25 no no 513 < 7.48 Sendang Stoom 15 0.73 27 no no 264 < 7.48 Asri 18 0.47 25 no no 189 < 7.48 Persen 225 0.49 27 no no 247 < 7.48 Kalikidang 225 0.15 27 no no 251 < 7.48 Turusan Mangunsari 45 0.45 27 no no 49.7 < 7.48 Ngandeman Putri 325 1.29 27 no no 164 < 7.48 source: laboratory test result & analysis, 2023 Data and analysis results show that the most significant water discharge springs are in Ngandeman Putri, Persen, and Kalikidang, respectively, at 325 L/second and 225 L/second. It is supported by the condition of the area with topographic characteristics in the form of a wavy area with a height of around 100 meters above sea level. Based on information from the Geological Map Sheet of Magelang and Semarang, Java, this area is a wreck area of the Kerek Formation, which consists of climbing stone, marl, tuffaceous sandstone, conglomerate, volcanic breccia, and limestone, with a total thickness exceeding 400 meters and originating from the Middle Miocene period. The structure around the spring is folded, close to the vertical layers of the Kerek Formation, and cracks in the breccia rock on the surface. The springs with the lowest discharge are Sendang Mintoloyo and Belik Genuk Krajan Springs, amounting to 4 L/second. The low water discharge in the two springs is likely due to the surrounding land use conditions in densely populated residential areas. It means that the condition of the land cover around the two springs in the form of built-up land results in a lack of water absorption. Based on turbidity conditions, on average, springs in Semarang City show low turbidity values, even far below the quality standard limit. It means that the springs are still maintained. Physically, from observations in the field, the spring water is still evident. Meanwhile, in terms of smell and taste, all the springs observed showed normal conditions, with no smell or taste. Meanwhile, based on the total dissolved solids (TDS) analysis, the highest is at Pleburan Springs. The lowest is at Ngademan Putri Springs. Based on conditions in the field, Pleburan Springs is one of the ones that are less well maintained than other springs, so this condition is in line with the TDS, which is relatively higher than the others. Although, in general, the TDS values for the ten springs are still below the quality standard, so in principle, they are still safe to use. Meanwhile, the following physical element analyzed is the color of the water, which is measured using the Visual Comparison Method, namely by comparing the sample water with standard colors made from platinum (Pt) and cobalt (Co). Based on quality standards, the color value of these spring water sources is < 7.48, which means it is still within the value range of less than 15 Pt-Co, which is ideal for using these water sources as drinking water. The Chemical and Biological Quality of Water Springs in Semarang Beside analysis on physical parameters, the ten springs spread across the Semarang City area were also tested and analyzed for their quality using chemical and biological parameters. The test results of chemical and biological parameters are shown in Table 3 . Table 3 Chemical and Biological Quality of Water Springs in Semarang Water Springs pH Fe (mg/L) Fluoride (mg/L) CaCO 3 (mg/L) Mn (mg/L) Nitrat (mg/L) Nitrit (mg/L) Detergen (mg/L) Cd (mg/L) Cr (mg/L) Zn (mg/L) SO 4 (mg/L) Pb (mg/L) Organic (mg/L) Fecal Coliform (/100 ml) Total Coliform (/100 ml) Tumpang 6.87 < 0.3 0.278 135.71 0.18 5.6 0.04 < 0.025 < 0.01 0.03 < 0.05 24.98 0.16 4.74 800 2,200 Sendang Mintoloyo 6.62 < 0.3 0.263 150 0.352 7.7 0.009 < 0.025 < 0.01 0.04 < 0.05 17.31 < 0.01 5.37 0 300 Belik Genuk Krajan 6.65 < 0.3 0.372 142.86 0.352 5.73 < 0.007 < 0.025 < 0.01 0.05 < 0.05 16.59 0.07 5.06 0 0 Pleburan 6.93 < 0.3 < 0.062 214.29 0.222 4.55 < 0.002 < 0.025 < 0.01 0.02 < 0.05 24.2 < 0.01 4.42 900 3,400 Sendang Stoom 6.81 < 0.3 0.263 250 0.052 < 0.2 < 0.002 < 0.025 < 0.01 0.393 < 0.05 3.94 < 0.01 25.28 1,200 2,100 Asri 5.83 < 0.3 0.293 328.57 0.328 4.76 < 0.002 < 0.025 < 0.01 0.03 < 0.05 9.98 < 0.01 3.16 0 1,700 Persen 7.16 < 0.3 0.481 321.43 < 0.01 < 0.2 < 0.002 < 0.025 < 0.01 0.295 < 0.05 2.48 < 0.01 9.796 0 1,200 Kalikidang 6.47 < 0.3 < 0.068 321.43 < 0.01 < 0.2 < 0.002 < 0.025 < 0.01 0.295 < 0.05 2.06 0.021 10.428 0 800 Turusan Mangunsari 6.02 < 0.3 < 0.068 192.86 0.021 < 0.2 < 0.002 < 0.025 < 0.01 0.131 < 0.05 < 1.03 < 0.01 26.86 0 400 Ngandeman Putri 6.57 < 0.3 0.43 271.43 0.060 < 0.2 < 0.002 < 0.025 < 0.01 0.333 < 0.05 < 1.03 0.07 25.596 0 0 source: laboratory test result & analysis, 2023 The surface water acidity measurements show a minimum pH of 5.83 and a maximum of 6.93. It means that the upper limit is still within the pH range of 6.5 and 8.5, while the lower limit is outside. From the results of other parameters for Cadnium, all springs have Cadnium values exceeding the specified limit of 0.005 mg/L, and Cr6 + in several springs has high values exceeding the quality standard of 0.05 mg/L. Springs that have Cr6 + include Jl. Kawi, Persen, Kalikidang, Mangunsari Turusan, Jatibarang Ngademan Putri. Meanwhile, the Lead Parameters (Pb) that exceed the Quality Standard of 0.05 mg/L are Tumpang, Belik, and Jatibarang Ngademan Putri. Springs with organic substances exceeding quality standards are springs in Sendang Stoom, Kalikidang, Turusan Mangunsari, and Ngademan Putri. Suppose an in-depth test is carried out regarding organic substances. In that case, it is carried out using a BOD and COD test, which can show organic substances that are biodegradable and non-degradable. The results of the COD and BOD tests show that all spring water exceeds the class 2 quality standards of PP 22 of 2021, namely above 3 mg/L for BOD and 25 mg/L for BOD. Data from COD and BOD analysis are presented in Table 4 . Table 4 BOD and COD Value of Water Springs in Semarang Water Springs BOD (mg/L) COD (mg/L) Tumpang 6.5 30.95 Sendang Mintoloyo 7.94 44.11 Belik Genuk Krajan 8.51 70.95 Pleburan 8.28 43.58 Sendang Stoom 10.88 36.74 Asri 7.17 29.89 Persen 15 50.42 Kalikidang 8.12 26.21 Turusan Mangunsari 14.99 48.84 Ngandeman Putri 27 81.47 source: laboratory test result & analysis, 2023 CONCLUSIONS Based on the observations and analysis of ten springs in the Semarang City area, they show relatively good quality physical conditions. The reference parameter values show that all springs are below the quality standard threshold for hygienic water. However, chemically, some of these springs have almost the same potential for contamination as indicated by high total coliform numbers. This potential pollution could damage the quality of springs in the area. This increase in pollution needs to be a concern if the spring is used as a water source. The correct step in using water as a spring source is to carry out physical water treatment with a rapid-slow filter using several layers to avoid contamination for daily use of the water source. Declarations ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research supported by funding from the DPA LPPM Universitas Negeri Semarang Number DPA 023.17.2.690645/2023.10 REVISION 2, with a Letter of Agreement on Assignment to Implement Basic Research, DPA LPPM UNNES Funds for 2023 Number 117.12.4/UN37/PPK.10/2023. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT The results of laboratory testing on water quality of the 10 springs in Semarang are available on the following link: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1GfMYmn7AQID-DC8oBu1V4Sa4LcmrH_G-?usp=drive_link References Department of Cipta Karya and Spatial Planning Central Java Province, “Kebijakan dan Strategi Daerah Pengembangan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum Provinsi Jawa Tengah (Regional Policies and Strategies for the Development of Drinking Water Supply Systems in Central Java Province),” Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia, 2015. J. H. Spencer, “Household strategies for securing clean water: The demand for piped water in Vietnam’s Peri-Urban settlements,” J. Plan. Educ. Res. , vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 213–224, 2008, doi: 10.1177/0739456X08321793. S. Tiwale, M. Rusca, and M. Zwarteveen, “The power of pipes: Mapping urban water inequities through the material properties of networked water infrastructures - The case of Lilongwe, Malawi,” Water Altern. , vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 314–335, 2018. J. U. Ahmed, W. S. Tinne, M. Al-Amin, and M. Rahanaz, “Social innovation and SONO filter for drinking water,” Soc. Bus. Rev. , vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 15–26, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1108/SBR-08-2017-0060. B. Balaei, S. Wilkinson, and R. Potangaroa, “Social capacities in fostering water supply resilience in Vanuatu,” Disaster Prev. Manag. An Int. J. , vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 706–720, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1108/DPM-08-2018-0278. R. Y. Kasri, P. Wirutomo, H. Kusnoputranto, and S. S. Moersidik, “Citizen engagement to sustaining community-based rural water supply in Indonesia,” Int. J. Dev. Issues , vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 276–288, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.1108/IJDI-03-2017-0031. O. Saritas and L. N. Proskuryakova, “Water resources – an analysis of trends, weak signals and wild cards with implications for Russia,” foresight , vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 152–173, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.1108/FS-07-2016-0033. J. A. Silva Rodríguez de San Miguel, “Gender and water management in Mexico,” Manag. Environ. Qual. An Int. J. , vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 842–858, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1108/MEQ-10-2017-0112. J. A. Silva-Rodríguez de San Miguel, “Water management on the Mexico-US border: a review of the literature,” Manag. Environ. Qual. An Int. J. , vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 289–304, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1108/MEQ-03-2017-0025. J. A. Silva-Rodríguez de San Miguel, “Water management in Europe and Latin America,” Manag. Environ. Qual. An Int. J. , vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 348–367, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1108/MEQ-05-2017-0044. R. Mitra, “Communicative management of tensions by MSIs for water resilience,” Corp. Commun. An Int. J. , vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 257–273, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1108/CCIJ-04-2017-0041. F. Alihar, “Penduduk dan Akses Air Bersih di Kota Semarang (Population and Access to Clean Water in Semarang City),” J. Kependud. Indones. , vol. 13, no. Juni, pp. 67–76, 2018. Semarang Local Water Company, “Analisis Pelayanan Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum Kota Semarang. Semarang (Service Analysis of Semarang Municipal Water Supply Company),” Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia, 2010. N. K. T. Martuti, M. Rahayuningsih, and W. A. B. N. Sidiq, “Kajian Pemetaan Potensi Mata Air di Kota Semarang [The Study of Mapping the Potential of Springs in the City of Semarang],” J. Riptek , vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 1–7, 2021. A. F. Rusydi, D. Suherman, and M. R. Djuwansah, “Pencemaran Domestik di Kaligarang dan Kaligawe Kota Semarang (Domestic Pollution in Kaligarang and Kaligawe River of Semarang City),” in Prosiding Pemaparan Hasil Penelitian Puslit Geoteknologi-LIPI (Proceedings of the Presentation of Research Results of the Geotechnology Research Center-LIPI) , 2013, pp. 263–272. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4787971","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":345485975,"identity":"5f7133ff-e6c8-453b-b0af-39c8fd0641ba","order_by":0,"name":"Satya Budi Nugraha","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Universitas Negeri Semarang","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Satya","middleName":"Budi","lastName":"Nugraha","suffix":""},{"id":345485976,"identity":"adef6cf2-011a-4da9-9ce0-27ff9b05ecc9","order_by":1,"name":"Jamhur Jamhur","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitas Negeri Semarang","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jamhur","middleName":"","lastName":"Jamhur","suffix":""},{"id":345485977,"identity":"5d57780d-3f99-4d1d-9e46-65a3ca3be7a4","order_by":2,"name":"Ervando Tommy Al-Hanif","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitas Negeri Semarang","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ervando","middleName":"Tommy","lastName":"Al-Hanif","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-23 10:37:03","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4787971/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4787971/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":67835934,"identity":"561a073a-6160-46de-aab5-524fc885dcbe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-30 08:09:46","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":542903,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4787971/v1/b6c9256d-64ed-4515-a731-209444e90813.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Water Spring Quality and its Distribution around Semarang City","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eClean water is a crucial need in everyday life. The increase in population is directly proportional to the increase in the need for clean water for domestic and non-domestic needs. Meeting the need for clean water cannot be separated from various problems, such as limited raw water sources, pollution of water sources, high operational costs, and conflicts of interest between regions and stakeholders [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3 CR4 CR5 CR6\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u0026ndash;[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA common problem in urban areas is the imbalance between supply and demand [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR9 CR10\" citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u0026ndash;[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Likewise, what happened in the city of Semarang, Indonesia. As an illustration, in 2010, based on a report from the Semarang City Regional Drinking Water Company, the need for clean water for the residents of Semarang City was around 61.7\u0026nbsp;million m3 / year or 170 thousand m3 / day [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Meanwhile, Semarang City PDAM's ability to supply clean water is only 49\u0026nbsp;million m3 / year. This condition results in a few households in Semarang City that can access or obtain clean water services, namely around 120,003 or 29% of all households in Semarang City in 2010 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe limited number of potential raw water sources in Semarang City causes this problem. Limited raw water sources are one of the causes of limited service coverage. Apart from that, PDAM water quality decreases/worsens during the rainy season. Moreover, during the dry season, clean water services often do not flow for 24 hours. These various conditions have resulted in some people in Semarang City choosing other alternative sources to meet their clean water needs, namely using dug wells, drilled wells, or artificial wells. Some use water spring sources [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother area for improvement in providing clean water in Semarang City is pollution in raw water sources. It has resulted in increasing cases of clean water scarcity. According to the research results of Rusydi et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], the Kaligarang River, one of the raw water sources for PDAM Semarang City, experiences low-level pollution in the upstream to middle parts and experiences medium-level pollution in the downstream part. The source of pollution in the upper and middle Kaligarang Rivers is thought to be domestic solid waste, which is dumped on the riverbank. Meanwhile, the source of pollution in the downstream Kaligarang River is thought to come from the generation of solid waste and liquid waste from residents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe problem of limited raw water sources and water pollution cannot be separated from the changes in land use in urban areas and their surroundings (buffer areas). It also happened in Semarang City. Changes in land use in the Upper Semarang area and urban growth towards the outskirts have reduced the number of water catchment areas, thereby reducing raw water discharge. As a result, during the dry season, several sub-districts in Semarang City experience drought. This research aims to test the quality and quantity of water spring sources in some locations in Semarang City.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLocations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research was carried out in the Semarang City area, with a locus at a number of springs in Candisari District, Banyumanik District, Gunungpati District, and Mijen District.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePopulation and Sample\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe population of this research is springs in Semarang City, which based on the research results of Martuti, et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] there are 139 water springs throughout Semarang City. Meanwhile, determining the research sample was carried out using purposive sampling. The assumptions used in determining the sample are considering large water discharges with existing forms of utilization that have been carried out by the surrounding community (springs that are still functional and used consistently/continuously).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParameter Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe parameters used to test water springs samples use clean water parameters according to Indonesian Minister of Health Regulation Number 32 of 2017 concerning environmental health quality standards and water health requirements for sanitation hygiene purposes. The detailed parameters are as follows (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter for Water Spring Analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuality Standards\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical Parameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTurbidity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNTU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eair temperature\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmell\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno smell\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaste\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno taste\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTDS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColour\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePt-Co\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChemical Parameter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5\u0026ndash;8.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIron (fe)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFluoride\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHardness (CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMangan (Mn)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrate, as N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrite, as N\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetergent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCadmium (Cd)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChromium (valence 6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZinc (Zn)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSulfate (SO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlumbum (Pb)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganic substances\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBiology Parameter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFecal coliform\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etotal/100 mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal coliform\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etotal/100 mL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOther Parameter\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical Oxygen Demand (COD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emg/L\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe Physical Quality and Quantity of Water Springs in Semarang\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are 10 (ten) water springs that become the object of this research. According to the observation data and laboratory test analysis, the result showed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantity and Physical Quality of Water Springs in Semarang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Springs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDebit\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(L/s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTurbidity (NTU)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmell\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaste\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTDS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eColor\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Pt-Co)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTumpang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSendang Mintoloyo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e389\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBelik Genuk Krajan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e368\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePleburan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e513\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSendang Stoom\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e264\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsri\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e189\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKalikidang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e251\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTurusan Mangunsari\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNgandeman Putri\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e325\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003esource: laboratory test result \u0026amp; analysis, 2023\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData and analysis results show that the most significant water discharge springs are in Ngandeman Putri, Persen, and Kalikidang, respectively, at 325 L/second and 225 L/second. It is supported by the condition of the area with topographic characteristics in the form of a wavy area with a height of around 100 meters above sea level. Based on information from the Geological Map Sheet of Magelang and Semarang, Java, this area is a wreck area of the Kerek Formation, which consists of climbing stone, marl, tuffaceous sandstone, conglomerate, volcanic breccia, and limestone, with a total thickness exceeding 400 meters and originating from the Middle Miocene period. The structure around the spring is folded, close to the vertical layers of the \u003cem\u003eKerek\u003c/em\u003e Formation, and cracks in the breccia rock on the surface. The springs with the lowest discharge are Sendang Mintoloyo and Belik Genuk Krajan Springs, amounting to 4 L/second. The low water discharge in the two springs is likely due to the surrounding land use conditions in densely populated residential areas. It means that the condition of the land cover around the two springs in the form of built-up land results in a lack of water absorption.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on turbidity conditions, on average, springs in Semarang City show low turbidity values, even far below the quality standard limit. It means that the springs are still maintained. Physically, from observations in the field, the spring water is still evident. Meanwhile, in terms of smell and taste, all the springs observed showed normal conditions, with no smell or taste. Meanwhile, based on the total dissolved solids (TDS) analysis, the highest is at Pleburan Springs. The lowest is at Ngademan Putri Springs. Based on conditions in the field, Pleburan Springs is one of the ones that are less well maintained than other springs, so this condition is in line with the TDS, which is relatively higher than the others. Although, in general, the TDS values for the ten springs are still below the quality standard, so in principle, they are still safe to use.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeanwhile, the following physical element analyzed is the color of the water, which is measured using the Visual Comparison Method, namely by comparing the sample water with standard colors made from platinum (Pt) and cobalt (Co). Based on quality standards, the color value of these spring water sources is \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;7.48, which means it is still within the value range of less than 15 Pt-Co, which is ideal for using these water sources as drinking water.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe Chemical and Biological Quality of Water Springs in Semarang\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeside analysis on physical parameters, the ten springs spread across the Semarang City area were also tested and analyzed for their quality using chemical and biological parameters. The test results of chemical and biological parameters are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical and Biological Quality of Water Springs in Semarang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"17\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c17\" colnum=\"17\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Springs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFluoride\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrat\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrit\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetergen\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCd\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePb\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganic\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFecal\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eColiform\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(/100 ml)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eColiform\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(/100 ml)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTumpang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSendang Mintoloyo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.352\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBelik Genuk Krajan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.372\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.352\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePleburan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.062\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e214.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.222\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSendang Stoom\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.263\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.393\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsri\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.293\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e328.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.328\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,700\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.481\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e321.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.295\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.796\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKalikidang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.068\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e321.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.295\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.428\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTurusan Mangunsari\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.068\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNgandeman Putri\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e271.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.596\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"17\"\u003esource: laboratory test result \u0026amp; analysis, 2023\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe surface water acidity measurements show a minimum pH of 5.83 and a maximum of 6.93. It means that the upper limit is still within the pH range of 6.5 and 8.5, while the lower limit is outside.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the results of other parameters for Cadnium, all springs have Cadnium values exceeding the specified limit of 0.005 mg/L, and Cr6\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;in several springs has high values exceeding the quality standard of 0.05 mg/L. Springs that have Cr6\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;include Jl. Kawi, Persen, Kalikidang, Mangunsari Turusan, Jatibarang Ngademan Putri. Meanwhile, the Lead Parameters (Pb) that exceed the Quality Standard of 0.05 mg/L are Tumpang, Belik, and Jatibarang Ngademan Putri.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSprings with organic substances exceeding quality standards are springs in Sendang Stoom, Kalikidang, Turusan Mangunsari, and Ngademan Putri. Suppose an in-depth test is carried out regarding organic substances. In that case, it is carried out using a BOD and COD test, which can show organic substances that are biodegradable and non-degradable. The results of the COD and BOD tests show that all spring water exceeds the class 2 quality standards of PP 22 of 2021, namely above 3 mg/L for BOD and 25 mg/L for BOD. Data from COD and BOD analysis are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBOD and COD Value of Water Springs in Semarang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Springs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBOD (mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOD (mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTumpang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSendang Mintoloyo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBelik Genuk Krajan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePleburan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSendang Stoom\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsri\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePersen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKalikidang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTurusan Mangunsari\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNgandeman Putri\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003esource: laboratory test result \u0026amp; analysis, 2023\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eBased on the observations and analysis of ten springs in the Semarang City area, they show relatively good quality physical conditions. The reference parameter values show that all springs are below the quality standard threshold for hygienic water. However, chemically, some of these springs have almost the same potential for contamination as indicated by high total coliform numbers. This potential pollution could damage the quality of springs in the area. This increase in pollution needs to be a concern if the spring is used as a water source. The correct step in using water as a spring source is to carry out physical water treatment with a rapid-slow filter using several layers to avoid contamination for daily use of the water source.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eACKNOWLEDGEMENTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research supported by funding from the DPA LPPM Universitas Negeri Semarang Number DPA 023.17.2.690645/2023.10 REVISION 2, with a Letter of Agreement on Assignment to Implement Basic Research, DPA LPPM UNNES Funds for 2023 Number 117.12.4/UN37/PPK.10/2023.\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of laboratory testing on water quality of the 10 springs in Semarang are available on the following link:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ehttps://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1GfMYmn7AQID-DC8oBu1V4Sa4LcmrH_G-?usp=drive_link\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDepartment of Cipta Karya and Spatial Planning Central Java Province, \u0026ldquo;Kebijakan dan Strategi Daerah Pengembangan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum Provinsi Jawa Tengah (Regional Policies and Strategies for the Development of Drinking Water Supply Systems in Central Java Province),\u0026rdquo; Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia, 2015.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJ. 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Sidiq, \u0026ldquo;Kajian Pemetaan Potensi Mata Air di Kota Semarang [The Study of Mapping the Potential of Springs in the City of Semarang],\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJ. Riptek\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 1\u0026ndash;7, 2021.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA. F. Rusydi, D. Suherman, and M. R. Djuwansah, \u0026ldquo;Pencemaran Domestik di Kaligarang dan Kaligawe Kota Semarang (Domestic Pollution in Kaligarang and Kaligawe River of Semarang City),\u0026rdquo; in \u003cem\u003eProsiding Pemaparan Hasil Penelitian Puslit Geoteknologi-LIPI (Proceedings of the Presentation of Research Results of the Geotechnology Research Center-LIPI)\u003c/em\u003e, 2013, pp. 263\u0026ndash;272.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"clean water, water spring, water quality, water quantity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4787971/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4787971/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe increasing need for clean water cannot be balanced with a sustainable supply. Big cities in the world and Indonesia commonly experience it. Semarang is also one of the big cities needing help maintaining a clean water supply. The clean water supply managed by the Regional Enterprise of Semarang City can only reach some areas evenly. Therefore, many residents use alternative water sources (springs), which are spread across several locations in the Semarang area. However, the phenomenon of climate change has the potential to threaten the existence of these springs. In this study, ten samples of water springs were taken, which were used by the community as an alternative to meet their daily needs. The research results show that most of these springs have sufficient quantity potential with relatively stable water conditions throughout the year so that they can be used to meet people's daily needs. However, in terms of quality, most of them have fecal and total coliform values higher than the quality standards. It means that the water springs have the potential for contamination and, therefore, require further treatment before being used.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Water Spring Quality and its Distribution around Semarang City","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-28 12:07:37","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4787971/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4f940cc1-c221-4cd0-94d6-5cb7a1f7571b","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 28th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-30T08:09:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-28 12:07:37","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4787971","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4787971","identity":"rs-4787971","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}
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